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Wu Z, Li XM, Yang SQ, Wang BG, Li X. Antibacterial Polyketides from the Deep-Sea Cold-Seep-Derived Fungus Talaromyces sp. CS-258. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:204. [PMID: 38786595 PMCID: PMC11122946 DOI: 10.3390/md22050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two fungal polyketide derivatives, including eleven new compounds, namely (3R,5'R)-5-hydroxytalaroflavone (1), talaroisochromenols A-C (3, 5, and 11), (8R,9R,10aR)-5-hydroxyaltenuene (13), (8R,9R,10aS)-5-hydroxyaltenuene (14), (8R,9S,10aR)-5-hydroxyaltenuene (15), nemanecins D and E (25 and 26), 2,5-dimethyl-8-iodochromone (27), and talarofurolactone A (29), together with one new naturally occurring but previously synthesized metabolite, 6-hydroxy-4-methoxycoumarin (28), were isolated and identified from the deep-sea cold-seep-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. CS-258. Among them, racemic ((±)-11) or epimeric (13-15, 25, and 26) mixtures were successfully separated by chiral or gradient elution HPLC. Meanwhile, compound 27 represents a rarely reported naturally occurring iodinated compound. Their planar structures as well as absolute configurations were determined by extensive analysis via NMR, MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Mosher's method, and ECD or NMR calculation (with DP4+ probability analysis). Possible biosynthetic routes of some isolated compounds, which are related to chromone or isochromone biosynthetic pathways, were put forward. The biological analysis results revealed that compounds 7, 9, 10, 18-22, 24, 30, and 31 showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against several human and aquatic pathogens with MIC ranges of 0.5-64 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenger Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.W.); (X.-M.L.); (S.-Q.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.W.); (X.-M.L.); (S.-Q.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sui-Qun Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.W.); (X.-M.L.); (S.-Q.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.W.); (X.-M.L.); (S.-Q.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.W.); (X.-M.L.); (S.-Q.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China
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Gribble GW. A Survey of Recently Discovered Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1285-1305. [PMID: 38375796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of naturally occurring organohalogen compounds has increased astronomically in the 55 years since they were first discovered─from fewer than 50 in 1968 to a combined 7,958 described examples in three comprehensive reviews. The present survey, which covers the period 2021-2023, brings the number of known natural organohalogens to approximately 8,400. The organization is according to species origin, and coverage includes marine and terrestrial plants, fungi, bacteria, marine sponges, corals, cyanobacteria, tunicates, and other marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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3
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Grkovic T, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:162-207. [PMID: 38285012 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00061c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Covering: January to the end of December 2022This review covers the literature published in 2022 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 645 citations (633 for the period January to December 2022) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, the submerged parts of mangroves and other intertidal plants. The emphasis is on new compounds (1417 in 384 papers for 2022), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of NP structure class diversity in relation to biota source and biome is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, and Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Tie Q, Wang M, Huang X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yang B, Li Y. A new indole alkaloid from Cladosporium sp. SCSIO41205. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-4. [PMID: 37746840 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2261610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A new indole compound, N-hydroxy-N-(2-(1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl acetamide (1), together with four known compounds, N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylacetamide (2), N-acetylamicoumacin C (3), N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide (4), and (2 R,3S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane-2,3-diol (5) were isolated from Cladosporium sp. SCSIO41205. Their structures were established by detailed analysis of the NMR and HR-ESI-MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Tie
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Mengqin Wang
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunqiu Li
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
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Li CP, Shi ZZ, Fang ST, Song YP, Ji NY. Lipids and Terpenoids from the Deep-Sea Fungus Trichoderma lixii R22 and Their Antagonism against Two Wheat Pathogens. Molecules 2023; 28:6220. [PMID: 37687050 PMCID: PMC10488430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new lipids, tricholixins A-E (1-5), and two known terpenoids, brasilane A (6) and harzianone A (7), were discovered from a deep-sea strain (R22) of the fungus Trichoderma lixii isolated from the cold seep sediments of the South China Sea. Their structures and relative configurations were identified by meticulous analysis of MS and IR as well as NMR data. The absolute configuration of 5 was ascertained by dimolybdenum-induced ECD data in particular. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the only two new butenolides from marine-derived Trichoderma, and they further add to the structural diversity of these molecules. Although 6 has been reported from a basidiomycete previously, it is the first brasilane aminoglycoside of Trichoderma origin. During the assay against wheat-pathogenic fungi, both 1 and 2 inhibited Fusarium graminearum with an MIC value of 25.0 μg/mL, and 6 suppressed Gaeumannomyces graminis with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Moreover, the three isolates also showed low toxicity to the brine shrimp Artemia salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Peng Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Sheng-Tao Fang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (C.-P.L.); (Z.-Z.S.); (S.-T.F.); (Y.-P.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Saline-Alkaline Land Modern Agriculture Company, Dongying 257345, China
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6
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Dong Y, Jin E, Wang R, Bao Y, Li H. New Olimycins from a Cold-Seep-Derived Streptomyces olivaceus. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300689. [PMID: 37354440 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Cold-seeps are areas of the ocean floor in which hydrogen sulfide and methane are released into the open water. The cold-seep microbes are an emerging source of novel bioactive natural products. Four new ansa-ring opened linear ansamycin analogues, named olimycins E-H (1-4) were isolated from the cold-seep-derived Streptomyces olivaceus OUCLQ19-3. The planar and stereochemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on extensive MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses together with ECD calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Enjing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Runyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yilei Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huayue Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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7
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Guo FW, Zhang Q, Gu YC, Shao CL. Sulfur-containing marine natural products as leads for drug discovery and development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102330. [PMID: 37257309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the large series of marine natural products (MNPs), sulfur-containing MNPs have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of a range of diseases. Herein, we reviewed 95 new sulfur-containing MNPs isolated during the period between 2021 and March 2023. In addition, we discuss that the widely used strategies and the emerging technologies including natural product-based antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), small-molecule-based proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), nanotechnology-based drug carriers, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery have been used for improving the efficiency and success rate of NP-based drug development. We also provide perspectives regarding the challenges and opportunities in sulfur-containing MNPs based drug discovery and development and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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8
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Liu Z, Li M, Wang S, Huang H, Zhang W. Sulfur-Containing Metabolites from Marine and Terrestrial Fungal Sources: Origin, Structures, and Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120765. [PMID: 36547912 PMCID: PMC9784856 DOI: 10.3390/md20120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur natural products (NPs) refer to the different kinds of small molecular-containing sulfur (S) elements. Sulfur-containing NPs tightly link to the biochemical processes and play an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. The majority of S-containing NPs are generally isolated from Alliaceae plants or bacteria, and those from fungi are still relatively rare. In recent years, an increasing number of S-containing metabolites have been discovered in marine and terrestrial fungi, but there is no comprehensive and targeted review to summarize the studies. In order to make it more straightforward to better grasp the fungal-derived S-containing NPs and understand the particularity of marine S-containing NPs compared to those from terrestrial fungi, we summarized the chemical structures and biological activities of 89 new fungal-derived S-containing metabolites from 1929 when the penicillin was discovered to the present in this current review. The structural and bioactive diversity of these S-containing metabolites were concluded in detail, and the preliminary mechanism for C-S bond formation in fungi was also discussed briefly.
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9
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Chen Y, Xu LC, Liu S, Zhang ZX, Cao GY. Halometabolites isolated from the marine-derived fungi with potent pharmacological activities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1038487. [PMID: 36267169 PMCID: PMC9576957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1038487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Halometabolites, usually produced in marine environment, are an important group of natural halogenated compounds with rich biological functionality and drugability and thus play a crucial role in pharmaceutical and/or agricultural applications. In the exploration of novel halometabolites from marine microorganisms, the growing number of halogenated compounds makes it necessary to fully present these metabolites with diverse structures and considerable bioactivities. This review particularly focuses on the chemodiversity and bioactivities of halometabolites from marine-derived fungi. As a result, a total of 145 naturally halogenated compounds, including 118 chlorinated, 23 brominated, and four iodinated compounds, were isolated from 17 genera of marine-derived fungi. Interestingly, many of halometabolites, especially for the brominated and iodinated compounds, are generated by the substitution of bromide and iodide ions for the chloride ion in cultivation process. In addition, these compounds possess diverse structural types, which are classified into polyketides (62.7%), phenols (16.6%), alkaloids (14.5%), and terpenoids (6.2%). Their cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities indicate the high potential of these halogenated compounds as lead compounds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Lian-Cheng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
| | - Zi-Xiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guan-Yi Cao, ; Zi-Xiang Zhang,
| | - Guan-Yi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
- *Correspondence: Guan-Yi Cao, ; Zi-Xiang Zhang,
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Cong M, Pang X, Zhao K, Song Y, Liu Y, Wang J. Deep-Sea Natural Products from Extreme Environments: Cold Seeps and Hydrothermal Vents. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:404. [PMID: 35736207 PMCID: PMC9229347 DOI: 10.3390/md20060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea has been proven to be a great treasure for structurally unique and biologically active natural products in the last two decades. Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, as typical representatives of deep-sea extreme environments, have attracted more and more attention. This review mainly summarizes the natural products of marine animals, marine fungi, and marine bacteria derived from deep-sea cold seeps and hydrothermal vents as well as their biological activities. In general, there were 182 compounds reported, citing 132 references and covering the literature from the first report in 1984 up to March 2022. The sources of the compounds are represented by the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Streptomyces sp., and so on. It is worth mentioning that 90 of the 182 compounds are new and that almost 60% of the reported structures exhibited diverse bioactivities, which became attractive targets for relevant organic synthetic and biosynthetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (M.C.); (X.P.); (K.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (M.C.); (X.P.); (K.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (M.C.); (X.P.); (K.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yue Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (M.C.); (X.P.); (K.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (M.C.); (X.P.); (K.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (M.C.); (X.P.); (K.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
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