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Zaitsev KV, Makarov IS, Oprunenko YF, Tafeenko VA, Lermontova EK, Churakov AV. Structural Motifs in Aryl Organogermanium Ge-O Derivatives for Material Design. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13575. [PMID: 37686386 PMCID: PMC10487558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to understand the main structural features and ways of formation of Ge-O bonds in organogermanium compounds under the conditions of ArnGeHal4-n (Hal = halide) hydrolysis. The structural types of these compounds were considered, providing 11 blocks (A-K). The molecular structures of the novel compounds [(p-FC6H4)3Ge]2O (1), [(p-F3CC6H4)3Ge]2O (2), and cyclo-[(p-F3CC6H4)2GeO]4 (3) were studied through XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis. The molecular structure of [(p-F3CC6H4)3GeO]4Ge (4), representing a novel structural type, was also investigated. The data presented in this study will be important in the design of materials with useful properties based on group 14 element derivatives with element-oxygen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Zaitsev
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (Y.F.O.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Igor S. Makarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Yuri F. Oprunenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (Y.F.O.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Victor A. Tafeenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (Y.F.O.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Elmira Kh. Lermontova
- N.S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (E.K.L.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N.S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (E.K.L.); (A.V.C.)
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Feige F, Kögel JF, Lork E, Beckmann J. Thermally stable polyfluorinated monoalkoxysilanetriols and dialkoxydisiloxanetetrols. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:18186-18193. [PMID: 34860226 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the polyfluorinated lithium triarylmethanolates Ar3COLi (Ar = C6F5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) with SiCl4 provided the monosubstituted products Ar3COSiCl3 (1a, Ar = C6F5; 1b, Ar = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3). The hydrolysis of 1a and 1b produced the silanetriols Ar3COSi(OH)3 (2a, Ar = C6F5; 2b, Ar = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) without the aid of an HCl scavenger. The reaction of two equivalents of Ar3COLi (Ar = C6F5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) with (Cl3Si)2O afforded the disubstituted products [(C6F5)3COSiCl2]2O (3a) and {[(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)3CO]SiCl2}2O (3b), the hydrolysis of which gave the corresponding disiloxanetetraols [(C6F5)3COSi(OH)2]2O (4a) and [(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)3COSi(OH)2]2O (4b). At high concentrations in the presence of HCl, 2b undergoes controlled condensation to yield 4b. In the solid-state, 2a, 4a and 4b are mainly associated by hydrogen bonds of the type SiO-H⋯O(H)Si whereas the competing SiO-H⋯O(C)Si type was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Feige
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Julius F Kögel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Feige F, Al‐Issa J, Kögel JF, Lork E, Rychagova E, Ketkov S, Beckmann J. Perfluorinated Dialkoxysilanediols Resisting Self‐Condensation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Feige
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Jeen Al‐Issa
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Julius F. Kögel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Elena Rychagova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS 49 Tropinin St. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS 49 Tropinin St. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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T MS, Mondal T. Radiation curable polysiloxane: synthesis to applications. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6284-6297. [PMID: 34160540 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00269d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the different types of specialty polymers, polysiloxane finds its position in the pyramid's apex in terms of its performance attributes. Its unique structural features result in it having superior performance benefits over wide operational conditions. Hence, polysiloxanes are used in various industries. Like other polymers, to effectively use polysiloxanes, curing is a non-negotiable fact. Therefore, polysiloxanes are cured using different chemistries such as addition, condensation, and peroxy-mediated methods, etc. However, recently, it has been noted that there is a strong impetus towards developing radiation-curable polysiloxanes. A faster turnover time, higher yield, and marginal involvement in the release of any toxic by-products has resulted in the widespread acceptance of radiation curing techniques. This review article provides insight into the various facets of polysiloxane chemistry, the synthesis of radiation curable polysiloxane, and the curing methodology of polysiloxane using radiation sources such as ultraviolet, electron beam, and gamma radiation. We further provide an account of the various applications of such radiation-curable polysiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthamil Selvan T
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Titash Mondal
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Köhler T, Gutacker A, Mejía E. Industrial synthesis of reactive silicones: reaction mechanisms and processes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicones are used in many applications, from consumer products to medicinal and electronic devices. In this review we describe the most relevant reactions and industrial processes to furnish them, focusing specially on OH-terminated polysiloxanes.
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Igarashi M, Matsumoto T, Yagihashi F, Yamashita H, Ohhara T, Hanashima T, Nakao A, Moyoshi T, Sato K, Shimada S. Non-aqueous selective synthesis of orthosilicic acid and its oligomers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:140. [PMID: 28747652 PMCID: PMC5529440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthosilicic acid (Si(OH)4) and its small condensation compounds are among the most important silicon compounds but have never been isolated, due to their instability. These compounds would be highly useful building blocks for advanced materials if they became available at high purity. Here we show a simple procedure to selectively synthesize orthosilicic acid and its dimer, cyclic trimer and tetramer in organic solvents. Isolation of orthosilicic acid, the dimer and the cyclic tetramer as hydrogen-bonded crystals with tetrabutylammonium halides and the cyclic trimer as solvent-containing crystals is also described. The solid-state structures of these compounds are unambiguously clarified by single crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. The usefulness of orthosilicic acid and its oligomers prepared by the new procedure is demonstrated by the synthesis of functionalized oligosiloxanes. Orthosilicic acid is essential to many natural and synthetic materials but notoriously difficult to isolate, limiting its use in materials synthesis. Here, the authors successfully synthesize and stabilize orthosilicic acid and its oligomers, making available a new family of building blocks for silicon oxide-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Igarashi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Fujio Yagihashi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohhara
- Neutron Science Section, J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Shirakata-shirane 2-4, Tokai, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takayasu Hanashima
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, IQBRC Building, Shirakata 162-1, Tokai, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakao
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, IQBRC Building, Shirakata 162-1, Tokai, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taketo Moyoshi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, IQBRC Building, Shirakata 162-1, Tokai, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Shimada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan.
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Kather R, Rychagova E, Sanz Camacho P, Ashbrook SE, Woollins JD, Robben L, Lork E, Ketkov S, Beckmann J. Increasing the Brønsted acidity of Ph2PO2H by the Lewis acid B(C6F5)3. Formation of an eight-membered boraphosphinate ring [Ph2POB(C6F5)2O]2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10992-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strong acid (C6F5)3BOPPh2OH, was prepared in situ by the reaction of the rather weak Brønsted acid Ph2PO2H with the strong Lewis acid B(C6F5)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kather
- Institut of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- Bremen University
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Elena Rychagova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russian Federation
| | | | | | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaStChem. School of Chemistry
- University of St. Andrews
- Fife KY16 9ST
- UK
| | - Lars Robben
- Institut of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- Bremen University
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- Bremen University
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Sergey Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russian Federation
- N. I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography
- Bremen University
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
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Kořenková M, Mairychová B, Růžička A, Jambor R, Dostál L. Synthesis of heteroboroxines with MB₂O₃ core (M = Sb, Bi, Sn)--an influence of the substitution of parent boronic acids. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7096-108. [PMID: 24671260 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure of stiba-, stanna- and bismaheteroboroxines of a general formula L(E)M[(OBR)2O] supported by a N,C,N-chelating ligand L [where L = C6H3-2,6-(CH2NMe2)2, M, E = Sb, lone pair or Sn, Ph or Bi, lone pair] is reported. The target compounds are prepared by straightforward one-step reactions between oxides (LMO)2 (M = Sb or Bi) or organotin(iv) carbonate L(Ph)Sn(CO3) with four or two molar equivalents of corresponding organoboronic acid. All compounds were characterized with the help of elemental analysis, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and on several occasions the molecular structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The influence of both the substitution of the parent organoboronic acid and the central atom used on the feasibility of the condensation reaction was addressed. Furthermore, several heteroboroxines containing nitrogen donor functionality (i.e. NH2, NMe2, CN or 4-pyridyl) included in the boronic acid residue were synthesized and characterized with the aim to prepare boroxine-based covalent frameworks (through intermolecular N→B interactions) containing metal atoms in their structures. Although no such intermolecular bonding was detected in solution of these compounds, it was shown that the organotin(iv) heteroboroxine substituted by 4-pyridyl group forms an infinite polymeric chains via N→B interactions in the solid state. This polymer collapsed back to monomeric units upon dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kořenková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Fridrichová A, Mairychová B, Padělková Z, Lyčka A, Jurkschat K, Jambor R, Dostál L. Straightforward synthesis of novel cyclic metallasiloxanes supported by an N,C,N-chelating ligand. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:16403-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dostál L, Jambor R, Růžička A, Erben M, Jirásko R, Černošková E, Holeček J. Efficient and Reversible Fixation of Carbon Dioxide by NCN-Chelated Organoantimony(III) Oxide. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om9000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
| | - Eva Černošková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
| | - Jaroslav Holeček
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. Legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic,and Joint Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry of Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, vvi, and University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, CZ-532 10 Pardubice,
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Beckmann J, Grabowsky S. Supramolecular Silanol Chemistry in the Gas Phase. Topological (AIM) and Population (NBO) Analyses of Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes between H3SiOH and Selected O- and N-Acceptor Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2011-9. [PMID: 17305322 DOI: 10.1021/jp0672712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding of the type SiO-H...A (A = O, N) has been studied in the gas phase for simple H3SiOH.acceptor complexes with the acceptor molecules being O(H)SiH3, OH2, O(H)CH3, O(CH3)2, O(CH3)SiH3, O(SiH3)2, NH3, N(CH3)H2, N(CH3)2H, N(CH3)3, N(CH3)2C6H5, and NC5H5, respectively, at the B3LYP/6-311+(2d,p) level of theory, using Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) and Weinhold's natural bond orbital (NBO) methodology. For all complexes (except H3SiOH.N(CH3)2C6H5) the complex energy Eadd. is a good estimate for the hydrogen bond energy EHB, which is generally higher in N-acceptor complexes (-5.52 to -7.17 kcal mol-1) than in O-acceptor complexes (-2.09 to -5.06 kcal mol-1). In case of H3SiOH.N(CH3)2C6H5, EHB and Eadd. differ by the energy associated with the loss of n(N)-->pi conjugation in N(CH3)2C6H5 upon complex formation. EHB shows no correlation with O...A distances and the red shifts Deltanu(OH) of the OH-stretching vibrations when different acceptors are compared, although both parameters are commonly used to estimate the strength of the hydrogen bond from spectroscopic and diffraction data. A good linear correlation of the hydrogen bond energy EHB has been established with parameters derived from the AIM and NBO analyses, namely, the electron densities rho(HA) and rho(OH) at the H...A and O-H bond critical points (BCPs) and the NLMO bond orders BONLMO(HA) of the H...A bonds of the H3SiOH.acceptor complexes as well as the change of natural charges DeltaqNPA(O) at the O-donor atom upon H3SiOH.acceptor complex formation. Hydrogen bonding of the type SiO-H...A (A = O, N) has been also studied in the related cyclic multiple H3SiOH.acceptor complexes (H3SiOH)3, (H3SiOH)2.NC5H5, and (H3SiOH)4, respectively, at the same level of theory. Cooperative hydrogen bonding is evident for all cyclic multiple H3SiOH.acceptor complexes, whereby the strongest concomitant strengthening of the hydrogen bonds is observed for (H3SiOH)4 and (H3SiOH)2.NC5H5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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