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Abstract
A number of azaheterocycles (pyridines, pyrroles and indoles) have been properly functionalized so that they can act as dienophiles in cycloaddition Diels–Alder processes. This work analyzed the reactive behavior of these molecules through mechanistic analysis and the regioselectivity of the process using computational calculation tools. Based on this knowledge, a study was conducted on the influences of reaction variables, in particular solvent, catalyst and microwave irradiation, to achieve favorable changes—shorter reaction times, more acceptable temperatures and better yields. Theoretical calculations allowed the development of predictive approaches, which were later experimentally corroborated. This analysis allowed us to make reasonable assumptions related to reaction mechanisms, which allowed—through the analysis of corresponding transition states—us to consider such reactions at the boundary between pericyclic and polar processes.
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Mancini PM, Ormachea CM, Kneeteman MN. Polar Diels-Alder Reactions Under Microwave Irradiation Employing Different Heterocyclic Compounds as Electrophiles. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180608083925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last twenty years, our research group has been working with aromatic nitrosubstituted compounds acting as electrophiles in Polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions with different dienes of diverse nucleophilicity. In this type of reaction, after the cycloaddition reaction, the nitrated compounds obtained as the [4+2] cycloadducts suffer cis-extrusion with the loss of nitrous acid and a subsequent aromatization. In this form, the reaction results are irreversible. On the other hand, the microwave-assisted controlled heating become a powerful tool in organic synthesis as it makes the reaction mixture undergo heating by a combination of thermal effects, dipolar polarization and ionic conduction. As the Diels-Alder (D-A) reaction is one of the most important process in organic synthesis, the microwave (MW) irradiation was applied instead of conventional heating, and this resulted in better yields and shorter reaction times. Several substituted heterocyclic compounds were used as electrophiles and different dienes as nucleophiles. Two experimental situations are involved: one in the presence of Protic Ionic Liquids (PILs) as solvent and the other under solvent-free conditions. The analysis is based on experimental data and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M.E. Mancini
- IQAL (UNL-CONICET), Laboratorio Fester - Quimica Organica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carla M. Ormachea
- IQAL (UNL-CONICET), Laboratorio Fester - Quimica Organica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María N. Kneeteman
- IQAL (UNL-CONICET), Laboratorio Fester - Quimica Organica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Chemouri H, Mekelleche SM. Theoretical Investigation of the Kinetic Effect of the 1-Ethylpyridinium Trifluoroacetate Ionic Liquid in the Acceleration of Diels–Alder Reactions of Isoprene with Acrylic Acid and Acrylonitrile. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/146867817x14954764850342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism, the regioselectivity, the stereoselectivity and the kinetics of Diels–Alder reactions of isoprene with acrylic acid and acrylonitrile have been studied, at the B3PW91/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, both in the gas phase and in the presence of organic [dichloromethane (DCM)] and ionic liquid [1-ethylpyridinium trifluoroacetate (EPTFA)] solvents. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations show that these reactions take place through an asynchronous concerted mechanism leading to the endo para cycloadducts as the major products in the gas phase and to the exo para cycloadducts as the major products both in organic and in ionic liquid solvents. The explicit solvation model involving the coordination of one molecule of the solvent with the dienophiles shows a considerable decrease of the activation energy when passing from DCM to EPTFA. The enhancement of these cycloaddition reactions can be explained by the strong hydrogen bonding created between the ion pair of the ionic liquid and the oxygen atom of the dienophile reagents. Moreover, density functional theory-based reactivity indices also show an increase of the reaction polarity and consequently of the reaction rate, when replacing DCM solvent by EPTFA solvent. The results obtained give evidence that the ionic liquid EPTFA is an excellent solvent for Diels–Alder reactions in comparison with conventional organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafida Chemouri
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modelling N° 53, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University A. Belkaïd, BP 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
- Preparing School in Sciences and Techniques of Tlemcen, BP 165 RP Bel Horizon, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohamed Mekelleche
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modelling N° 53, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University A. Belkaïd, BP 119, Tlemcen, 13000, Algeria
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Mancini PM, Kneeteman MN, Cainelli M, Ormachea CM, Domingo LR. Nitropyrroles, Diels-Alder reactions assisted by microwave irradiation and solvent effect. An experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kącka A, Jasiński R. Triethylsulfonium and triethylphosphonium cations as novel catalysts for the decomposition process of nitroethyl benzoates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1290626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
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Haghdadi M, Nikjoo F. A computational mechanistic study on the chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity of cycloaddition reactions leading to γ-dihydropyran and tetrahydrocarbazol compounds. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kącka AB, Jasiński RA. A density functional theory mechanistic study of thermal decomposition reactions of nitroethyl carboxylates: undermine of “pericyclic” insight. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka B. Kącka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Cracow Poland
| | - Radomir A. Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Cracow Poland
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Ormachea CM, Mancini PM, Kneeteman MN, Domingo LR. Understanding the participation of 3-nitropyridine in polar Diels–Alder reactions. A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jasiński R, Kącka A. A polar nature of benzoic acids extrusion from nitroalkyl benzoates: DFT mechanistic study. J Mol Model 2015; 21:59. [PMID: 25711621 PMCID: PMC4339780 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using DFT calculations at various theory levels, quantum-chemical simulations of decomposition paths were performed for a series of nitroalkyl benzoates. It was discovered, that these reactions proceed via polar, but one-step mechanism. It turned out that depending on the nature of the substituent in the ester molecule and on medium polarity, the studied reactions may take place via transition states with varied synchronicity—from E1-like structures, to E1cb-like structures. A purely ionic, two-stage mechanism was not identified in any of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology,, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland,
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Domingo LR, Sáez JA, Emamian SR. Understanding the domino reaction between 3-chloroindoles and methyl coumalate yielding carbazoles. A DFT study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2034-43. [PMID: 25520216 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the reaction between N-methyl-3-chloroindole and methyl coumalate yielding carbazole has been studied using DFT methods at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) level in toluene. This reaction is a domino process that comprises three consecutive reactions: (i) a polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reaction between indole and methyl coumalate yielding two stereoisomeric [2 + 4] cycloadducts (CAs); (ii) the elimination of HCl from these CAs affording two stereoisomeric intermediates; and (iii) the extrusion of CO2 in these intermediates, finally yielding the carbazole. This P-DA reaction proceeds in a completely regioselective and slightly exo selective fashion. In spite of the highly polar character of this P-DA reaction, it presents a high activation enthalpy of 21.8 kcal mol(-1) due to the loss of the aromatic character of the indole during the C-C bond formation. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the P-DA reaction is the rate-determining step of this domino reaction; in addition, the initial HCl elimination in the formal [2 + 4] CAs is kinetically favoured over the extrusion of CO2. Although the P-DA reaction is kinetically and thermodynamically very unfavourable, the easier HCl and CO2 elimination from the [2 + 4] CAs together with the strong exergonic character of the CO2 extrusion makes the P-DA reaction irreversible. An ELF topological analysis of the bonding changes along the P-DA reaction supports a two-stage one-step mechanism. An analysis of the global DFT reactivity indices at the ground state of the reagents confirms the highly polar character of this P-DA reaction. Finally, the complete regioselectivity of the studied reactions can be explained using the Parr functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Jasiński R. A new mechanistic insight on β-lactam systems formation from 5-nitroisoxazolidines. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07663c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT calculations at various theory levels unequivocally show that conversion of 5-nitroisoxazolidines into β-lactams does not take place via a ring opening step (as hitherto suggested), but takes place according to a three-step, domino-type reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Cracow University of Technology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
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Della Rosa CD, Mancini PM, Kneeteman MN, Lopez Baena AF, Suligoy MA, Domingo LR. Polar Diels–Alder reactions using electrophilic nitrobenzothiophenes. A combined experimental and DFT study. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A DFT computational study on the molecular mechanism of the nitro group migration in the product derived from 3-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2 H -chromene and 2-(1-phenylpropylidene)malononitrile. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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An experimental and theoretical study of the hetero Diels–Alder reactions between (E)-2-aryl-1-cyano-1-nitroethenes and ethyl vinyl ether: one-step or zwitterionic, two-step mechanism? REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-014-0753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mancini PME, Rosa CDD, Ormachea CM, Kneeteman MN, Domingo LR. Experimental and theoretical studies on polar Diels–Alder reactions of 1-nitronaphathalene developed in ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rosa CD, Ormachea C, Kneeteman MN, Adam C, Mancini PM. Diels–Alder reactions of N-tosylpirroles developed in protic ionic liquids. Theoretical studies using DFT methods. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A B3LYP/6-31G(d) study of Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and (E)-2-arylnitroethenes. OPEN CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-011-0088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe B3LYP/6-31G(d) simulations of competing CDA and HDA reactions between cyclopentadiene and (E)-2-arylnitroethenes prove that regardless of the medium polarity, the processes leading to respective 5-nitro-6-aryl-bicyclo-[2,2,0]-hept-2-enes 3,4 (paths A and B) should be most favoured, and the more electrophilic (E)-2-(p-nitrophenyl)-nitroethene should be more reactive than the less electrophilic (E)-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-nitroethene. Asymmetry of the transition complexes on the favoured pathways increases with increase of medium polarity, but not sufficiently to enforce the zwitterionic mechanism. Analysis of competing pathways leading to HDA adducts proves that not all these compounds can be formed directly from the adducts. In particular, on the path C, the initially formed 5-nitro-6-aryl-bicyclo-[2,2,0]-hept-2-enes 3 is converted to 2-phenyl-4-aza-5-oxy-bicyclo-[3,4,0]-nona-3,7-diene N-oxides 5 as a result of a [3.3]-sigmatropic shift. On the paths D–F leading to 2-phenyl-4-aza-5-oxy-bicyclo-[3,4,0]-nonadienes N-oxides 6–8, the reaction proceeds according to a one-step mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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Steglenko DV, Kletsky ME, Kurbatov SV, Tatarov AV, Minkin VI, Goumont R, Terrier F. The Stepwise Diels-Alder Reaction of 4-Nitrobenzodifuroxan with Danishefsky’s Diene. Chemistry 2011; 17:7592-604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Omar NYM, Rahman NA, Zain SM. Theoretical Insights into the Enantioselectivity and Mechanism of Diels–Alder Reactions Involving Chiral Cationic Oxazaborolidinium Catalyst. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Brasca R, Kneeteman MN, Mancini PME, Fabian WMF. Comprehensive DFT Study on Site-, Regio-, and Stereoselectivity of Diels-Alder Reactions Leading to 5-Hydroxybenzofurans. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kwiatkowska M, Jasiński R, Mikulska M, Barański A. Secondary α-deuterium kinetic isotope effects in [2+4] cycloaddition of (E)-2-phenylnitroethene to cyclopentadiene. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A competition between carbo and hetero Diels–Alder reactions of E-2-phenyl-1-cyano-1-nitroethene to cyclopentadiene in the light of B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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