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Melendez P, Serrano MV. Update on ketosis in dairy cattle with major emphasis on subclinical ketosis and abdominal adiposity. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1525. [PMID: 39212249 PMCID: PMC11362977 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur during the early post-partum period in dairy cows can indeed lead to an imbalance in energy utilization, resulting in the production of excessive ketone bodies. This can have detrimental effects on the cow's health and milk production, leading to economic losses for dairy producers. The release of non-esterified fatty acids into the blood due to increased lipolysis is a key factor in the development of ketosis. Abdominal adiposity is a key factor on these outcomes in modern dairy cows. The redirection of energy and glucose towards lactose synthesis and milk yield leaves a deficit of gluconeogenic precursors, leading to the conversion of acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies instead of entering the Krebs cycle. These ketone bodies, including acetone, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, accumulate in the blood and can be detected in various bodily fluids, such as urine, blood and milk, allowing for diagnostic testing. Prevention is indeed crucial in managing ketosis in dairy cattle. Supplementation of propylene glycol in the diet or the use of monensin, either in the diet or in the form of a slow-release bolus, can help prevent the occurrence of ketosis. However, avoiding high body condition (subcutaneous fat) and excessive abdominal adiposity during the dry period and parturition plus an adequate cow comfort are fundamental tasks to avoid ketosis and related disorders. These interventions aim to provide additional energy sources or enhance the cow's ability to utilize energy efficiently, thus reducing the reliance on excessive lipolysis and ketone body production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Melendez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesJockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Manuel Vizcaino Serrano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesJockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
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Rezaei Ahvanooei MR, Norouzian MA, Piray AH, Vahmani P, Ghaffari MH. Effects of monensin supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows: a systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:568. [PMID: 36631508 PMCID: PMC9834228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review with meta-analysis to determine the effects of the dose-response relationship between monensin supplementation and dairy cow performance and milk composition. Results from 566 full-text articles and 48 articles with 52 studies were meta-analyzed for pooled estimates. Monensin supplementation up to 23 ppm increased milk production, with the optimal dose being 12.6 ppm. Monensin supplementation at doses ranging from 16 to 96 ppm increased milk production in the prepartum phase (- 28 to 0 day relative to calving). From 60 to 150 DIM, monensin supplementation up to 21 ppm had a significant positive effect on this outcome, while supplementation in the 37 to 96 ppm range caused a decrease in this variable. At 0 to 60 and > 150 DIM, monensin supplementation had no effect on milk yield. At dosages of 22 to 96 ppm, 12 to 36 ppm, and below 58 ppm and 35 ppm, respectively, monensin supplementation resulted in significant decreases in dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, and milk fat yield. Overall, based on the results of this meta-analysis and considering all variables, the recommended optimal dose of monensin could be about 16 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Rezaei Ahvanooei
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - M. A. Norouzian
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - A. H. Piray
- grid.412668.f0000 0000 9149 8553Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, PO Box 6715685418, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - P. Vahmani
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2251 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. H. Ghaffari
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Mammi LME, Guadagnini M, Mechor G, Cainzos JM, Fusaro I, Palmonari A, Formigoni A. The Use of Monensin for Ketosis Prevention in Dairy Cows during the Transition Period: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071988. [PMID: 34359115 PMCID: PMC8300188 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the approval by the European Medicines Agency in 2013 of a monensin controlled-release capsule (CRC) for the prevention of ketosis in dairy cows, there has been widespread use across Europe. In recent decades, several papers have investigated the effects of monensin used as a CRC or as a feed additive to improve cattle energy metabolism and improve feed efficiency. Since the CRC is the only form of monensin permitted in Europe in dairy cows, the objective of this review was to report and summarize observations from the literature on the effects of this treatment in transition cows. The peer-reviewed literature published from 1997 was scanned, and papers written in English were evaluated for eligibility. Only papers evaluating the use of monensin in dairy cows for the prevention of ketosis during the transition period were reviewed. In total, 42 papers met the required criteria and were included in this review. The major findings focused on cow metabolism and health, rumen fermentation and milk production and quality. Overall, the review of the existing literature confirmed that monensin delivered as a CRC during the transition period has effects of different magnitude compared to other forms, doses or durations of administration. Studies agree on the antiketotic effects of this treatment, showing evidence of an increased propionate production in the rumen, reduced blood β-hydroxybutyrate, and improved liver function in treated cows, mainly resulting in reduced incidence of peripartum disease. On the contrary, the effects of CRC on ammonia production and rumen microflora are less robust than those reported for other forms. Of importance for the European market is the well-documented absence of any negative impact on milk and cheese production and composition using the CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica M. E. Mammi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +390512097015
| | | | - Gerald Mechor
- Elanco Animal Health, Innovation Way 2500, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA; (G.M.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Juan M. Cainzos
- Elanco Animal Health, Innovation Way 2500, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA; (G.M.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Alberto Palmonari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (A.F.)
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Vasquez JA, McCarthy MM, Richards BF, Perfield KL, Carlson DB, Lock AL, Drackley JK. Effects of prepartum diets varying in dietary energy density and monensin on early-lactation performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2881-2895. [PMID: 33358806 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of prepartum monensin supplementation and dry-period nutritional strategy on the postpartum productive performance of cows fed monensin during lactation. A total of 102 Holstein cows were enrolled in the experiment (32 primiparous and 70 multiparous). The study was a completely randomized design, with randomization restricted to balance for parity, body condition score, and expected calving date. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of prepartum treatments was used; the variables of interest were prepartum feeding strategy [controlled-energy diet throughout the dry period (CE) vs. controlled-energy diet from dry-off to 22 d before expected parturition, followed by a moderate-energy close-up diet from d 21 before expected parturition through parturition (CU)] and prepartum monensin supplementation [0 g/t (control, CON) or 24.2 g/t (MON); Rumensin; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN]. Lactation diets before and after the dry period contained monensin at 15.4 g/t. During the close-up period, cows fed CU had greater DM and NEL intakes than cows fed CE. Calf BW at birth tended to be greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE but was not affected by MON supplementation. Diet did not affect calving difficulty score, but cows supplemented with MON had an increased calving difficulty score. We found a tendency for a MON × parity interaction for colostral IgG concentration, such that multiparous MON cows tended to have lower IgG concentration than CON cows, but colostral IgG concentration for primiparous MON and CON cows did not differ. Postpartum milk yield did not differ between diets but tended to be greater for cows supplemented with MON. Milk fat and lactose content were greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE, and lactose content and yield were increased for cows supplemented with MON. Solids-corrected and fat-corrected milk yields were increased by MON supplementation, but were not affected by diet. Overall means for postpartum DMI did not differ by diet or MON supplementation. The CU diet decreased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids during the close-up period but increased it postpartum. Neither diet nor monensin affected β-hydroxybutyrate or liver composition. Overall, postpartum productive performance differed little between prepartum dietary strategies, but cows fed MON had greater energy-corrected milk production. In herds fed monensin during lactation, monensin should also be fed during the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vasquez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - B F Richards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | | | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48864
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Abstract
Postpartum diseases are common in dairy cows, and their incidence contributes to reduced fertility and increased risk of culling, making their prevention and management extremely important. Reproductive efficiency has a major impact on economic success of any dairy production unit. Optimizing reproductive efficiency contributes to overall efficiency of production units, minimizing environmental impacts and contributing to sustainability of food production. Additionally, control of reproductive diseases is important for maintenance of health and welfare of dairy cows; for minimizing use of antibiotics; and ensuring a wholesome, safe, and nutritious product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA.
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Risk factors and impact of retained fetal membranes on performance of dairy bovines reared under subtropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:285-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Duffield T, Rabiee A, Lean I. A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Monensin in Lactating Dairy Cattle. Part 3. Health and Reproduction. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2328-41. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Duffield T, Rabiee A, Lean I. A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Monensin in Lactating Dairy Cattle. Part 2. Production Effects. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1347-60. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Melendez P, Gonzalez G, Aguilar E, Loera O, Risco C, Archbald LF. Comparison of Two Estrus-Synchronization Protocols and Timed Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:4567-72. [PMID: 17106088 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Ovsynch protocol with and without exogenous progesterone on pregnancy rate (PR) in cows in which estrous cycles were previously synchronized with 2 doses of PGF(2alpha) and that were not detected in estrus during the presynchronization period. The study was conducted in Chihuahua, Mexico (8,650 Holstein milking cows; 305-d mature equivalent milk yield = 13,790 kg). On d 47 postpartum, estrous cycles in cows were synchronized by using 2 doses of PGF(2alpha) 14 d apart. Any cow detected in estrus during this presynchronization period was inseminated. Cows not detected in estrus were selected at random and assigned to receive progesterone supplementation or to serve as controls. Controls (n = 594) were subjected to the Ovsynch protocol and cows in the progesterone supplemented treatment (n = 594) were subjected to the Ovsynch protocol plus an intravaginal insert containing 1.9 g of progesterone inserted at the time of the first GnRH injection and removed 7 d later. Progesterone-supplemented cows had a greater PR (31.2%) compared with controls (22.7%). Plasma progesterone concentrations at artificial insemination (AI) were <1 ng/mL and did not differ between treatments. At 14 d post-AI, however, more cows that received progesterone supplementation had concentrations of progesterone >1 ng/mL compared with controls. It was concluded that after a presynchronization period, cows subjected to the Ovsynch program and supplemented with exogenous progesterone had a greater PR and greater concentrations of progesterone after AI than those subjected to the Ovsynch protocol and not supplemented with progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Melendez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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