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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:424-559. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Marchetti C, Grisolia Romero M, Priotto M, Faya M, Gobello C. Effect of a GnRH Antagonist on Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Follicular Population in Anestrous Bitches. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2511. [PMID: 37570318 PMCID: PMC10416944 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the effect of the third-generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on ovarian follicular population and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in female dogs. Four late anestrous bitches were administered 330 μg/kg SC acyline every 10 days for 60 days and followed up for 45 days. Blood samples were drawn on days -1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 for AMH determination. Then, the females were ovariectomized and the excised ovaries were gross and histologically evaluated. The total ovarian follicles were counted. None of the female dogs presented estrus during treatment. Only one bitch presented an ovulatory estrus 20 days after treatment. The total number of ovarian follicles in these bitches was 96,200.10 ± 26,125.12, with 84.13%, 11.36%, 7.8% and 0.01% corresponding to primordial, primary, secondary and antral structures, respectively. Pretreatment AMH concentrations were 0.62 ± 0.17 ng/mL. This hormone varied throughout the study period (p < 0.01), diminishing to nadir values during treatment to then rapidly recover after its effect (0.2 ± 0.05 vs. 0.67 ± 0.22 ng/mL; p < 0.01). Acyline rapidly and reversibly prevented the initiation of cycling without affecting follicle count but diminishing serum AMH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Marchetti
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (C.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
| | - Mariela Grisolia Romero
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (C.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
| | - Marcelo Priotto
- Small Animal Clinics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Marcela Faya
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
- Small Animal Clinics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Cristina Gobello
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (C.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
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Rückl A, Thompson DL, Hatt JM. Effect of the Prolactin Inhibitor Cabergoline and the Gonadotropin Releasing-Hormone Agonist Deslorelin in the Suppression of Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Egg Laying in Quail (Coturnix japonica). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:39-52. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sp B, J P, Mp K, Im R. Long-term effect of repeated deslorelin acetate treatment in bitches for reproduction control. Theriogenology 2021; 173:73-82. [PMID: 34339906 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs, which are approved for male dogs and ferrets, have been used off-label to suppress estrus in bitches predisposed to the side effects of spaying. Health data from the past 12 years were evaluated from bitches without progestogen pretreatment that received deslorelin acetate (DA) to suppress estrus for the first time before the age of 4.5 years. The study population included 32 client-owned bitches repeatedly treated with either 4.7 mg or 9.4 mg DA implants for a period of 5.3 ± 3.4 years (range 0.5-11.3 years). Follow-up information concerning immediate side effects of DA occurring within five months after the first DA treatment (n = 23) as well as long-term side effects of sustained gonadal suppression occurring after five months up to three years (n = 2), three years up to five years (n = 2) or more than five years (n = 8) were assessed through a questionnaire. Treatment was considered successful if no major side effects requiring medical treatment occurred, which applied to 26 out of 32 (81 %) bitches. In the six remaining bitches, the following major side effects led to treatment discontinuation: persistent urinary incontinence (n = 1), reoccurring induced heat (n = 1), uterine disease (n = 3) and/or ovarian tumor (n = 3). The bitches recovered completely after surgical spaying and/or DA implant removal. Minor side effects that did not require therapy or affect animal welfare included body weight changes (n = 18), subtle behavioral changes (n = 13), induced heat (n = 12), coat changes (n = 11), pseudocyesis (n = 6), transient urinary incontinence (n = 4), and/or temporary thickening of the uterine wall with little anechogenic content (n = 2). To examine a possible causal relationship between adverse side effects and DA treatment, further studies should compare the frequency of pathologies between groups of GnRH-treated, intact and spayed bitches of similar breeds and ages. Nevertheless, DA application before the age of 4.5 years may be a means of postponing surgical spaying for several years in breeds at high risk for developing urinary incontinence. Before DA is used in bitches, owners should be fully informed regarding possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brändli Sp
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Palm J
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kowalewski Mp
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reichler Im
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Maenhoudt C, Santos NR, Fontbonne A. Manipulation of the oestrous cycle of the bitch-what works… for now. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53 Suppl 3:44-52. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Maenhoudt
- Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA); Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Paris France
| | - Natalia R. Santos
- Unité de Médecine de l'Elevage et du Sport (UMES); Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Paris France
| | - Alain Fontbonne
- Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA); Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Paris France
- Unité de Médecine de l'Elevage et du Sport (UMES); Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Paris France
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6
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Estrus Suppression in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:595-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jurczak A, Domosławska A, Bukowska B, Janowski T. Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Stimulation Increase the Number of Luteinized Follicles and the Progesterone Level Compared with Cabergoline Stimulation in Anoestrus Bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:562-8. [PMID: 27321641 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ovarian morphologies and blood progesterone concentrations following oestrous induction in bitches were examined. Fifty-three clinically healthy anoestrus bitches received cabergoline at a daily dose of 5 μg/kg of body weight per os for 21 days (group I) or subcutaneous equine chorionic gonadotropin at a dose of 20 IU/kg of body weight for five consecutive days with an additional 500 IU s.c. per bitch of human chorionic gonadotropin on the last day of treatment (group II). Twenty bitches that spontaneously displayed oestrous signs were left untreated and served as controls (group III). The induced oestrous rates and ovulation rates in groups I and II were 60.0% vs 64.3% and 86.7% vs 83.3%, respectively. Morphological assessments of the ovarian structures after ovariohysterectomy revealed an increase in the number of luteinized follicles and cysts in group II compared with the two other groups (p < 0.001). In contrast, the numbers of corpora lutea and follicles were similar in all groups. In accordance with the above-mentioned alteration, the progesterone concentration in the gonadotropin group (II) was increased (p < 0.001) in the periovulatory period compared with the other two groups. During the entire sampling period, the progesterone profiles in the cabergoline (I) and control (III) groups were similar and typical of normally cycling bitches. In conclusion, gonadotropin treatment is associated with an increased progesterone level during the periovulatory period that probably originates from luteinized follicles, whereas cabergoline treatment induces cycles with both physiological progesterone concentrations and ovarian morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jurczak
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Domosławska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Bukowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - T Janowski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Lucas X. Clinical use of deslorelin (GnRH agonist) in companion animals: a review. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 49 Suppl 4:64-71. [PMID: 25277434 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, many contraceptive medications have been developed for companion animals, but many secondary adverse effects have limited their use. A major advancement was achieved with the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, mainly GnRH agonists, which mimic the effects of native GnRH. The development of effective low-dose, slow-release implants with potent agonists such as deslorelin (Suprelorin®, Virbac) have allowed their use to become widespread in recent years, with many potential benefits in companion animals. While the major application of deslorelin was initially male contraception, due to its two differing actions, either the stimulation of oestrus or the sterilization of fertility, its use has been increasing in the bitch as well. The aim of this study is to review the applications of deslorelin GnRH agonist implants in companion animal, such as dogs, cats and some exotic pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lucas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
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9
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Maenhoudt C, Santos NR, Fontbonne A. Suppression of Fertility in Adult Dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 2:58-63. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Maenhoudt
- UP Reproduction Animale; CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores); Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - NR Santos
- UP Reproduction Animale; CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores); Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - A Fontbonne
- UP Reproduction Animale; CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores); Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
- UMR 1198 INRA/ENVA; Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
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Marino G, Rizzo S, Quartuccio M, Macrì F, Pagano G, Taormina A, Cristarella S, Zanghì A. Deslorelin Implants in Pre-pubertal Female Dogs: Short- and Long-Term Effects on the Genital Tract. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:297-301. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - S Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - M Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - F Macrì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - G Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - A Taormina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - S Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - A Zanghì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
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Maenhoudt C, Santos NR, Fontaine E, Mir F, Reynaud K, Navarro C, Fontbonne A. Results of GnRH Agonist Implants in Oestrous Induction and Oestrous Suppression in Bitches and Queens. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 6:393-7. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - NR Santos
- UP Reproduction Animale; CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores); Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex; France
| | | | - F Mir
- UP Reproduction Animale; CERCA (Centre d'Etudes en Reproduction des Carnivores); Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex; France
| | - K Reynaud
- UMR 1198 INRA/ENVA; Alfort National Veterinary College; Maisons-Alfort Cedex; France
| | - C Navarro
- Medical Department; Virbac SA; Carros; France
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Gobello C. Effects of GnRH Antagonists vs Agonists in Domestic Carnivores, a Review. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 6:373-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Gobello
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; National University of La Plata; Conicet; Argentina
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13
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Fontaine E, Fontbonne A. Clinical Use of GnRH Agonists in Canine and Feline Species. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 46:344-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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