Impact of fine or large needle aspiration on the dog's testis: in vitro ultrasonographic, bacteriological, gross anatomy and histological assessment

Cytological description of testicular cell populations in sexually mature cats with normal spermatogenesis

In cats, assessment of the testicular function is mainly based on sperm evaluation. Whatever the technique used, the volume of collected sperm is often small, which may lead to technical difficulties to achieve the semen evaluation in routine practice. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the testicular parenchyma is one of the other methods used to assess testicular function. The aim of this study was to explore the relevance of FNA in the assessment of testicular cells in sexually mature cats. Eighteen cats over one year of age were recruited among animals presented for surgical neutering. Semen was collected by electroejaculation before it was evaluated. FNA biopsies of the testicles were taken using a 21-gauge needle. After castration, histological analysis of the testes was performed. Semen evaluation and histological analysis showed no anomalies, which confirmed normal spermatogenesis in all the cats and allowed a proper interpretation of the cytological findings. The cells identified through cytological examination were spermatogonia (1.99 ± 0.17%), primary spermatocytes (10.49 ± 0.74%), round spermatids (34.80 ± 1.57%), elongated spermatids (23.59 ± 2.02%), spermatozoa (21.56 ± 1.86%), Sertoli cells (7.53 ± 1.23%) and Leydig cells (0.04 ± 0.03%). However, spermatocytes II were not identified. This is due to the low proportions of these cells, related to their very short lifespan. Likewise, the very low number of Leydig cells observed is probably due to the damage caused during the aspiration stage. This study showed that fine-needle aspiration is an efficient method to describe cytologically normal testicular populations, a cornerstone for future research aimed to study abnormal spermatogenesis and to correlate it to cytological proportion of germ cells.

Testicular needle aspiration: Is it a safe method for breeding soundness evaluation in bulls?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of successive bovine testicular punctures using different needle sizes. Fifteen bulls were submitted to testicular needle aspiration (TNA) in the left and right testis using 18-gauge (40×12mm) or 22-gauge (25×7mm) needles, respectively, once every 30 days. Animals were randomly divided into three groups, which were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy two days after the last puncture. Group 1 (G1): only one puncture (n=5); Group 2 (G2): three consecutive punctures in a period of three months (n=5); Group 3 (G3): six consecutive punctures in a period of 6 months (n=5). Fragments from the medial portion of the testicular parenchyma were excised and fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological analysis. No differences were observed in the percentage of seminiferous tubules degeneration between G1, G2 and G3 (P>0.05). Higher amounts of erythrocyte were found in G1 and G2 groups compared to G3, in the intra- and intertubular tissue (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the needle gauge and the occurrence of testicular damage in animals submitted to one (G1) or three (G2) punctures. However, a higher percentage of tubular degeneration was associated to 18-gauge compared to 22-gauge fine needles in G3. In conclusion, multiple testicular needle aspiration can be safely conducted using fine needles. Large needles are recommended only for a single TNA, since multiple punctures may result in increased tubular degeneration and compromise testicular architecture and functionality.

Testicular cytology by fine needle aspiration in domestic cats

In cases where semen collection in tom-cats is not possible, FNA of testes is the alternative to evaluate sperm production. Although this technique for the diagnosis of fertility problems has been well discussed in other mammals (men, dogs, stallions), data for domestic cats are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the reliability of FNA using needles of small diameters (22G and 29G) in testes of domestic cats of different ages to assess the spermatogenesis status and to present description of germ cells and Sertoli cells for cytological examinations. Thirty-four mixed breed cats aged between four months and two years presented for neutering to a Veterinary Hospital were used in this study. Under general anesthesia, testicular measures and FNA were followed by orchiectomy and imprints of the parenchyma of testes and epididymides. Cats were assigned into 3 groups: (G1) 10 cats aged less than 6 months, (G2) 14 cats aged between 6 months and one year and (G3) 10 cats aged more than one year. Cats weighted between 1.5 and 6.0 kg. The mean testicular volume (TV cm³) was 0.55 (G1), 1.18 (G2) and 2.66 (G3). Hemorrhages in the needle path were observed in more than 70% of testes. Few samples (4/68) were excluded due to blood contamination. All germ cells and Sertoli cells were identified and quantified in imprint and FNA smears. Incomplete spermatogenesis was observed in cats aged less than 6 months using both techniques (FNA and imprint); therefore, testicular FNA should not be recommended for cats at this age. Complete spermatogenesis was found in 64% of cats aged from 6 months up to one year and in all cats aged more than one year. There were no differences of Sertoli cell Index (SEI) and Spermatic Index (SI) between FNA and imprints of cats older than 6 months. In conclusion, FNA using needles of small diameter in the testes of domestic cats is viable, reliable and can be used as a tool for the analysis of the spermatogenesis status of cats older than 6 months, mainly in cases in which semen collection is not possible.

Variation of spermatogenic and Sertoli cell number detected by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in Iberian red deer during and out of the breeding season

The aim of the present study was to evaluate spermatogenesis in Iberian red deer, a short-day seasonal breeder, using the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) technique. Reports on spermatogenesis in deer are limited and here, for the first time, FNAC has been used to evaluate changes in such physiological process during and out of the breeding season. Testes were collected from 51 stags from November 2010 to February 2011. The Sertoli index and spermatic index were significantly higher during the breeding season than out of the breeding season (P = 0.0477 and P = 0.0125, respectively). A similar pattern was described by histological analysis, in which both Sertoli cell number per tubular cross-section and Johnsen score decreased significantly from the breeding season to the non-breeding season (P = 0.0131 and P = 0.0010, respectively). Data provided by FNAC were correlated with histology: the Sertoli index was positively correlated with Sertoli cell number per tubular cross-section (P = 0.0015), whereas the spermatic index was correlated with the Johnsen score (P = 0.0497). The results of the present study indicate that FNAC is a reliable technique to evaluate spermatogenesis in Iberian red deer and suggest that Sertoli cell number is not stable in these species, reaching highest values during the breeding season.

Sperm retrieval techniques

Since the advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in 1992, sperm retrieval procedures have been routinely employed to treat male infertility owing to azoospermia. With obstructive azoospermia, sperm is potentially harvestable from the vas deferens, epididymis, and testicle using percutaneous and open sperm retrieval procedures that are relatively straightforward and reliable. In nonobstructive azoospermia, sperm is generally found only in the testicles and can often be difficult to retrieve. Several approaches aimed at maximizing sperm yield in this condition have been developed, but only 50% of men with nonobstructive azoospermia will have clinically usable sperm. Multibiopsy testicular sperm extraction (TESE), microdissection TESE, and fine-needle-aspiration map-guided TESE are three common methods currently employed to locate and retrieve sperm in these difficult cases. Other factors that influence the use of surgically retrieved sperm for assisted reproduction include differences in sperm DNA integrity, the expertise of the surgeon and the andrology laboratory, and the described differences in the viability of sperm from different anatomical sources after freezing and thawing.