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Walter B, Flock U, Leykam C, Otzdorff C, Simmet K, Hecht W, Kempker L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Reese S. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106654. [PMID: 34509739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may have their origin in alterations of the chromosomal, gonadal or phenotypic sex. Affected animals are usually presented because of ambiguous external genitalia, seldom because of reproductive disorders. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted in the gonads with higher amounts in males than in females and can be used to identify gonadal tissue in sexually normally developed dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic potential of serum AMH to identify testicular tissue in 11 dogs with DSD. The diagnostic procedures applied were: determination of the phenotypic sex (n = 11), genital ultrasound (n = 9), determination of the SRY gene (n = 11), karyogram (n = 6), gonadectomy (n = 11), pathohistology of the gonads (n = 10), serum AMH measurement (n = 11). 39 female dogs described in a previous study and 19 male dogs with a normal spermiogram served as controls for the AMH serum concentrations in sexually intact dogs. The 11 dogs with DSD were classified as 7 XY DSD and 4 XX DSD. Presumptive testes were obtained in 10 dogs and 1 dog had an ovotestis combined with a testis. Mean serum AMH values of the dogs with DSD were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in male and female controls. The upper limit of the AMH test (≥ 23ng/ml) was reached in 6 dogs. High AMH concentrations have been described previously in cryptorchid dogs. 1 dog with a male phenotype and 2 with a female phenotype had AMH values within the range of the male controls, although all of them had cryptorchid testes. A Poodle, in which epididymis were identified but no definitive gonads, had an AMH concentration of the lower limit of the test (≤ 0.01 ng/ml), comparable to previously described castrated dogs. This study indicates that serum AMH levels are a useful diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in dogs with DSD and suggests the possible use of AMH to diagnose testicular dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - U Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Leykam
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - W Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Kempker
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - S Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Krzemińska P, D'Anza E, Ciotola F, Paciello O, Restucci B, Peretti V, Albarella S, Switonski M. Polymorphisms of MAMLD1, SRD5A2, and AR Candidate Genes in Seven Dogs (78,XY; SRY-Positive) Affected by Hypospadias or Cryptorchidism. Sex Dev 2019; 13:92-98. [PMID: 31055572 DOI: 10.1159/000500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular background of disorders of sex development (DSD) in dogs with normal sets of XY chromosomes (XY DSD) is very scarce. However, extensive studies have been carried out in humans, showing that polymorphisms and mutations of numerous genes, including SRY, MAMLD1, SRD5A2, and AR, are associated with or responsible for XY DSD. In this study, we analyzed the entire coding sequence of these genes in 7 dogs (78,XY) with ambiguous external genitalia (hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bifid scrotum, or rudimentary penis). The most common disorder was hypospadias (6 cases), followed by cryptorchidism (4 cases). The co-occurrence of both abnormalities was observed in 3 dogs. Polymorphisms were found in MAMLD1 (3 SNPs), SRD5A2 (5 SNPs), and AR (2 STRs and 1 SNP), while SRY was monomorphic. However, the distribution of the polymorphic variants in the DSD dogs and 11 control XY dogs did not differ significantly. Our study suggests that an association between the polymorphisms of the studied candidate genes and hypospadias or cryptorchidism is unlikely in dogs. We thus support the recent suggestion that hypospadias is not rare in this species, and moreover, we show that co-occurrence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism can be quite frequent.
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Validation of a noninvasive diagnostic tool to verify neuter status in dogs: The urinary FSH to creatinine ratio. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1376-81. [PMID: 27242177 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Determining the presence of functional gonadal tissue in dogs can be challenging, especially in bitches during anestrus or not known to have been ovariectomized, or in male dogs with nonscrotal testes. Furthermore, in male dogs treated with deslorelin, a slow-release GnRH agonist implant for reversible chemical castration, the verification of complete downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis can be difficult, especially if pretreatment parameters such as the size of the testes or prostate gland are not available. The aims of this study were to validate an immunoradiometric assay for measurement of FSH in canine urine, to determine if the urinary FSH to creatinine ratio can be used to verify the neuter status in bitches and male dogs, as an alternative to the plasma FSH concentration, and to determine if downregulation of the HPG axis is achieved in male dogs during deslorelin treatment. Recovery of added canine FSH and serial dilutions of urine reported that the immunoradiometric assay measures urinary FSH concentration accurately and with high precision. Plasma FSH concentrations (the mean of two samples, taken 40 minutes apart) and the urinary FSH to creatinine ratio were determined before gonadectomy and 140 days (median, range 121-225 days) and 206 days (median, range 158-294 days) after gonadectomy of 13 bitches and five male dogs, respectively, and in 13 male dogs before and 132 days (median, range 117-174 days) after administration of a deslorelin implant. In both bitches and male dogs, the plasma FSH concentration and the urinary FSH to creatinine ratio were significantly higher after gonadectomy, with no overlapping of their ranges. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the urinary FSH to creatinine ratio revealed a cut-off value of 2.9 in bitches and 6.5 in males to verify the presence or absence of functional gonadal tissue. In male dogs treated with deslorelin, the plasma FSH concentrations and urinary FSH to creatinine ratios were significantly lower after administration of the implant, but their ranges overlapped. We conclude that the urinary FSH to creatinine ratio can be used to verify the neuter status of bitches and male dogs. However, it cannot be used for the assessment of complete downregulation of the HPG axis after administration of a deslorelin implant. The urinary FSH to creatinine ratio is preferable over the plasma FSH concentration because it involves only one sample that can be collected relatively easy and noninvasively.
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Pérez-Gutiérrez JF, Monteagudo LV, Rodríguez-Bertos A, García-Pérez E, Sánchez-Calabuig MJ, García-Botey C, Whyte A, de la Muela MS. Bilateral Ovotestes in a 78, XX SRY-Negative Beagle Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015; 51:267-71. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a disorder of the sexual development in a beagle dog resulting in an intersex condition. A 6 mo old beagle was presented for evaluation of a protruding structure from the vulva consistent with an enlarged clitoris. Ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of both gonadal and uterine structures. Retrograde cystourethrovaginogram showed the presence of an os clitoris and severe vaginal stenosis. Histological studies revealed the presence of bilateral ovotestes and uterus. The gonad had interstitial cells within seminiferous-like tubules lined only with Sertoli cells and abundant interstitial cells among primordial, primary, and secondary follicles. Hormone assays completed before and after gonadohysterectomy showed an elevation in the levels of progesterone and dihydrotestosterone that returned to baseline 3 mo after surgery. Testosterone levels that were within the male reference ranges before surgery decreased to basal levels postsurgically. 17-β-Estradiol levels showed little variation and values were always within the reference ranges for a male. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 78, XX) and polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the absence of the sex-determining region Y gene. In summary, the dog presented bilateral ovotestes and a 2n = 78, XX chromosomal complement lacking the sex determining region Y gene, consistent with a diagnosis of true hermaphroditism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F. Pérez-Gutiérrez
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - Luís V. Monteagudo
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - Enrique García-Pérez
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - María J. Sánchez-Calabuig
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - Concepción García-Botey
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - Ana Whyte
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
| | - Mercedes Sánchez de la Muela
- From the Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (J.P-G, A.R-B, E.G-P, M.S-C, C.G-B, M.SdlM); and Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética (L.M.) and Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain (A.W.)
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Zhou J, Yang Y, Xiong K, Liu J. Endocrine disrupting effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane analogues on gonadotropin hormones in pituitary gonadotrope cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1194-1201. [PMID: 24814263 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) analogues leads to disharmony of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). However, the effects and mechanisms of DDT analogues on the expression of gonadotropin genes (FSHβ, LHβ and Cgα), which is the rate-limiting step of FSH and LH biosynthesis, remain unknown. In this study, we assessed the effects of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and methoxychlor (MXC) on gonadotropin genes expression and hormones synthesis in gonadotrope cells. p,p'-DDT and MXC at test concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-7)mol/L, stimulated gonadotropin genes expression and hormones synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was required for the induction of gonadotropin genes expression and hormones synthesis by p,p'-DDT or MXC exposure. This study showed for the first time that p,p'-DDT and MXC regulated gonadotropin genes expression and hormones synthesis through ERK pathway in gonadotrope cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ye Yang
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Xiong
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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