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Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Furtado Araújo J, Andrioli A, Pinheiro RR, Peixoto RM, de Sousa ALM, de Azevedo DAA, Lima AMC, Nobre JA, Amaral GP, Brandão IS, da Silva Teixeira MF. Detection and isolation of small ruminant lentivirus in the amniotic fluid of goats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101693. [PMID: 34399377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the presence of small ruminant lentivirus in the amniotic fluid of goats using molecular tests and viral isolation by cocultivation in the amniotic fluid of naturally infected goats. The study analyzed eight goats: seven were small ruminant lentivirus-positive and one was negative. The amniotic fluid was collected from each of the eight animals during cesarean section at 147 days of pregnancy. Cocultivation was undertaken using secondary goat nictitating membrane cell cultures obtained by explant from a small ruminant lentivirus-negative calf followed by trypsinization and sub-cultivation of the cells for 63 days. During this period, five supernatant collections were performed for DNA extraction and subsequent nested polymerase chain reaction. DNA was extracted from the amniotic fluid after 3 h of cellular sedimentation, from which a sample of 600 μL was taken from the sediment and another 600 μL sample from the supernatant. After DNA extraction, nested polymerase chain reaction was performed. Of the eight goats, 62.5 % (05/08) were small ruminant lentivirus-positive, with 43.75 % (07/16) of the total samples positive when considering the two repetitions (supernatant and cell sediment). Moreover, positivity was confirmed by small ruminant lentivirus pro-viral DNA amplification in the cell supernatant throughout the cocultivation period. Small ruminant lentivirus were present in the amniotic fluid samples from the naturally infected goats indicating an intrauterine transmission route. Moreover, this biological fluid can be adopted for the diagnosis of these lentiviruse because it is an important risk factor related to intrauterine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juscilânia Furtado Araújo
- Doctorate Student in the Northeast Network in Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Renato Mesquita Peixoto
- Embrapa Goats and Sheep, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil; Scholarship for Regional Scientific Development of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (DCR-CNPq/FUNCAP), Level C, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Milena Cesar Lima
- Doctorate Student in Animal Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Juliana Araújo Nobre
- Master Degree Student Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Paula Amaral
- Undergraduate Student in Zootechnics, State University of Acaraú Valley, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Iane Sousa Brandão
- Undergraduate Student in Biological Sciences, State University of Acaraú Valley, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
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Kalogianni AI, Bossis I, Ekateriniadou LV, Gelasakis AI. Etiology, Epizootiology and Control of Maedi-Visna in Dairy Sheep: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E616. [PMID: 32260101 PMCID: PMC7222820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) in sheep is caused by maedi-visna virus (MVV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) that causes chronic infection and inflammatory lesions in infected animals. Pneumonia and mastitis are its predominant clinical manifestations, and the tissues infected by MVV are mainly the lungs, the mammary gland, the nervous system and the joints. MV has a worldwide distribution with distinct MVV transmission patterns depending on circulating strains and regionally applied control/eradication schemes. Nevertheless, the prevalence rate of MV universally increases. Currently, gaps in understanding the epizootiology of MV, the continuous mutation of existing and the emergence of new small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) strains, lack of an effective detection protocol and the inefficiency of currently applied preventive measures render elimination of MV an unrealistic target. Therefore, modifications on the existing MV surveillance and control schemes on an evidentiary basis are necessary. Updated control schemes require the development of diagnostic protocols for the early and definitive diagnosis of MVV infections. The objectives of this review are to summarize the current knowledge in the epizootiology and control of MV in dairy sheep, to describe the research framework and to cover existing gaps in understanding future challenges regarding MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios I Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Dias R, Pinheiro R, Andrioli A, Farias A, Sousa A, Azevedo D, Araújo J, Aguiar T, Teixeira M. Wharton's jelly cells from sheep umbilical cord maintained with different culture media are permissive to in vitro infection by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to isolate cells from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord (WJUC) of sheep collected during natural parturition using different culture media, in addition to reporting for the first time the permissiveness of these cells to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentiviruses. Ten umbilical cords were collected from healthy sheep. Each cord explants were grown in different media consisting of MEM, low glucose DMEM, M199, and RPMI-1640. The permissiveness of infection of sheep cells from WJUC was tested with CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 strains, inoculating 0.1 MOI of each viral strain. Four supernatants from each strain were obtained from WJUC sheep cell cultures infected in different media. The results demonstrated the presence of cytopathic effect after the in vitro infection by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 with all of the tested culture media. Nested-PCR detected proviral DNA in all supernatants. Supernatants containing CAEV-Cork viruses had TCID50/ml titres of 105.5 in MEM, 104.0 in low glucose DMEM, 105.0 in M199, and 105.7 in RPMI-1640. Supernatants containing the MVV-K1514 virus had TCID50/ml titres of 104.3 in MEM, 103.5 in low-glucose DMEM, 104.7 in M199, and 103.5 in RPMI-1640. Sheep cells from WJUC are permissive to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.P. Dias
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J.F. Araújo
- Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Brazil
| | - T.D.F. Aguiar
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil; Funcap/CAPES, Brazil
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Fieni F, Lamara A, Ali Al Ahmad MZ, Cortez-Romero C, Pellerin JL. Caprine arthritis encephalitis: an example of risk assessment for embryo trading. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 29:37-51. [PMID: 28278792 DOI: 10.1071/rd16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) during embryo transfer has been demonstrated in vivo through the detection of CAEV proviral DNA in: (1) flushing media for embryo collection; (2) cells of the cumulus oophorus surrounding the oocytes, ovarian follicle, oviduct and uterine tissues; and (3) testis, epididymis, vas deferens and vesicular glands. Experimentally infected embryos without a zona pellucida (ZP), washed 10 times with Minimum Essential Media (MEM) and 5% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) solution, were capable of transmitting CAEV. In vitro we demonstrated that granulosa, oviductal, epididymal and embryo cells are fully susceptible to CAEV infection and allow active replication. However, AI with in vitro-infected semen can result in the production, after ten washing, of CAEV-free embryos, and ten washing in vitro- or in vivo-infected embryos with an intact ZP, or ten washing oocytes with an intact ZP, resulted in the production of virus-free female gametes or embryos that can be used for IVF or embryo transfer. Therefore, we have demonstrated that: (1) that CAEV-free embryos can be produced by IVF using spermatozoa infected in vitro by CAEV; and (2) embryo transfer can be used under field conditions to produce CAEV-free kids from CAEV-infected biological mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fieni
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France
| | - Ali Lamara
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France
| | - Mohamad Zuher Ali Al Ahmad
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France
| | - Cesar Cortez-Romero
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pellerin
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France
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Turchetti AP, Paniago JJ, da Costa LF, da Cruz JC, Braz GF, Gouveia AM, Paixão TA, Santos RL, Heinemann MB. Distribution of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus provirus, RNA, and antigen in the reproductive tract of one naturally and seven experimentally infected bucks. Theriogenology 2013; 80:933-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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