1
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LeBlanc SJ. Review: Postpartum reproductive disease and fertility in dairy cows. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100781. [PMID: 37567665 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews recent data and concepts on metritis, purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), and endometritis in dairy cows and the ways in which these diseases affect reproductive performance. Metritis is characterized by fetid discharge from the uterus, with or without fever. Purulent vaginal discharge describes exudate that is >50% pus that may be attributable to uterine infection or cervicitis. Endometritis is inflammation of the uterus diagnosed by endometrial cytology with a proportion of neutrophils (typically ≥5%) that is associated with impaired fertility. Metritis and PVD are associated with uterine bacterial dysbiosis: changes in the microbiota to lesser diversity and greater abundance of pathogens, especially Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, and Trueperella pyogenes in the case of PVD. Metritis is justifiably treated with approved antibiotics but criteria for more selective treatment without loss of performance are emerging. Purulent vaginal discharge is not synonymous with clinical endometritis, and greater precision in terminology is warranted. PVD is likely under-diagnosed and represents an opportunity for improved management in many herds. Endometritis seems in many cases to reflect persistent, dysregulated inflammation, for which the inciting cause is unclear. Postpartum uterine infection and inflammation have harmful effects on oocytes, embryo development, and the endometrium for at least three months, even if the disease is apparently resolved. Emerging concepts of the resolution and regulation of inflammation are promising for the improvement of prevention and therapy of endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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2
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Prevalence of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows that recovered after treatment of clinical endometritis with cephapirin and PGF2α. Theriogenology 2022; 192:166-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Bates AJ, Wells M, Laven RA. The effect of pre-calving injection of trace mineral supplements on periparturient disease incidence in pasture based dairy cows. Vet J 2022; 286:105867. [PMID: 35842221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Trace minerals, have a role in immune function and a trace mineral supplement (TMS) can improve animal health in dairy herds. This prospective randomised clinical study assessed whether subcutaneous injection of 5.5 mL of TMS (40 mg zinc, 10 mg manganese, 5 mg selenium, 15 mg copper per mL), 14-28 days before planned start of calving (PSC) reduced clinical mastitis (CM), subclinical mastitis (SCM) and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD). From four farms, half of 1700 cows stratified on somatic cell count, age and breed were randomly allocated to treatment or no treatment. Occurrence of CM from - 7 to PSC + 100 days, SCM at PSC + 60 days and PVD at PSC + 24 days was analysed using survival analysis and Bayesian generalised mixed multivariable models. From -7 to PSC +30 days, TMS reduced the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CM at quarter and cow level (P < 0.001), with no evidence for an effect beyond 30 days. The adjusted OR (and 95% highest density interval, HDI) for the effect of TMS on CM from -7 to PSC +30 days was 0.40 (95% HDI, 0.26-0.63) at quarter level, 0.51 (95% HDI, 0.38-0.69) at cow level and for SCM, 0.72 (95% HDI, 0.54-0.95). The difference in CM incidence from TMS at the cow level was -2.0% (95% HDI, -3.4 to -1.1%) and -1.2% (95% HDI, -3.2 to - 0.6%) at quarter level. No clear effect was identified of TMS on cumulative incidence of PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bates
- Vetlife NZ, Vetlife Scientific, 1, Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka 7920, New Zealand.
| | - M Wells
- Virbac New Zealand Ltd, 26-30 Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - R A Laven
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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4
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Wang H, Yan Z, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Zhao X. Using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system to evaluate the effect of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of dairy cows in China. Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20200228. [PMID: 34122652 PMCID: PMC8189348 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical endometritis (CE) is a major cause in affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of CE and to evaluate the effect of CE on reproductive performance in dairy cows using vaginal discharge score (VDS) grading system. 803 dairy cows were examined by vaginoscope with 4-point VDS at 26 ± 3 days in milk (DIM) and classified into six groups: non-endometritis with VDS 0 (control; CON), endometritis with VDS 1 (MEM), non-treated endometritis with VDS 2 (NTME), treated endometritis with VDS 2 (TME), non-treated endometritis with VDS 3 (NTPE), and treated endometritis with VDS 3 (TPE). Cows in TME and TPE groups were treated with 200 mL of 50% dextrose solution by intrauterine infusion. The prevalence of CE was 33% at 26 ± 3 DIM. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed cows in MEM, NTME and NTPE groups had a less likelihood of first artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy than those in CON group (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for days open were statistically different (P = 0.004). In Cox regression model, cows in NTME and NTPE groups had a reduced pregnancy rate than those in CON group (P < 0.05). The hazard of pregnancy in NTME group was lower than that in TME group (P = 0.044). Similarly, it was lower for the hazard of pregnancy in NTPE group than in TPE group (P = 0.048). Cows in MEM, NTME, and NTPE groups required more services per pregnancy than those in CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CE examined by the VDS grading system impaired reproductive performance, and mild endometritis with VDS 1 should be treated in the early postpartum period to ameliorate fertility in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zuoting Yan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yubing Wei
- The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Ganzhou County, Zhangye, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
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5
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Hay MJ, Gunn AJ, Abuelo A, Brookes VJ. The Effect of Abnormal Reproductive Tract Discharge on the Calving to Conception Interval of Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:374. [PMID: 31696125 PMCID: PMC6817506 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged calving-to-conception interval (CCI) can increase economic loss in cattle. We investigated the effect of post-calving abnormal reproductive tract discharge (ARTD) on CCI in dairy cows and quantified the relationship of ARTD and associated risk factors with CCI. The source population was dairy cows that calved in the study period on three pasture-based, year-round calving farms in the Riverina, NSW, Australia. Farm records and records from veterinarians' visits were analyzed. ARTD was defined as the presence of reproductive tract discharge according to the following classification: per vaginum purulent discharge ≥21 days post-calving or mucopurulent discharge >26 days post-calving. The incidence of ARTD was calculated. A Kaplan-Meier survivor function was used to estimate median time to conception post-calving dependent on the presence or absence of ARTD. Mixed effects Cox-proportional hazard models were used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of ARTD, and other potential risk factors on CCI such as body condition score (BCS), ambient temperature, and milk yield. Model structures were guided by a directed acyclic graph of potential risk factors for ARTD. The incidence of ARTD in lactations was 16% (95% CI 13.8–18.5%) and did not differ significantly between the three farms (P > 0.05). The median CCI was 176 and 118 days for lactations with and without ARTD, respectively (P < 0.01). The rate of pregnancy following calving in cows with ARTD was significantly decreased relative to the rate of pregnancy in cows without (total effect hazard ratio = 0.62, se = 0.18, P = 0.01). High peak milk yield (>32 L) and parity >2 also significantly extended CCI. We did not observe an effect of BCS or ambient temperature on CCI. The incidence of ARTD in the current study was consistent with clinical endometritis (considered a major source of ARTD) reported in other studies. In contrast—and despite regular veterinary assessment and treatment of on the farms in this study—ARTD extended CCI. Evaluation of the economic impact of ARTD on dairy farms in this region is warranted, and methods to identify high risk cows and develop effective interventions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Hay
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Allan J Gunn
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Angel Abuelo
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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6
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Okawa H, Goto A, Wijayagunawardane MMP, Vos PLAM, Yamato O, Taniguchi M, Takagi M. Risk factors associated with reproductive performance in Japanese dairy cows: Vaginal discharge with flecks of pus or calving abnormality extend time to pregnancy. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 81:95-99. [PMID: 30473578 PMCID: PMC6361653 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine possible risk factors affecting reproductive performance, especially time taken to establish pregnancy in dairy cows, using Cox’s proportional hazard
model. The data were collected from 154 Holstein Friesian cows (199 lactations). Cows diagnosed with a vaginal discharge score (VDS) of one or calving abnormality showed significantly
delayed pregnancy: hazard ratio (HR)=0.654 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.436–0.983; P=0.041) and HR=0.457 (95% CI: 0.270–0.774; P=0.004), respectively.
Our study suggested that the occurrence of VDS of one or calving abnormality might be possible risk factors increasing the number of days open and affecting reproductive performance in dairy
cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Fukuoka Prefecture Dairy Cooperative Association, Fukuoka 839-0832, Japan
| | - Akira Goto
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | | | - Peter L A M Vos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Osamu Yamato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0062, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taniguchi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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7
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Haimerl P, Heuwieser W, Arlt S. Short communication: Meta-analysis on therapy of bovine endometritis with prostaglandin F 2α-An update. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10557-10564. [PMID: 30172399 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to update a prior meta-analysis on the efficacy of the treatment of bovine endometritis with PGF2α. Clinical endometritis in cattle is defined as the presence of a purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge after 20 or 26 d, respectively, postpartum. Although the prevalence and impact of this disease are well known, the questions of whether and how to treat endometritis are still controversially discussed. Hence, to ensure timeliness of scientific results, we updated an existing meta-analysis published in 2013 that showed no treatment effect of PGF2α in cases of bovine endometritis. As in the prior meta-analysis, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. After applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 3 trials remained that could be added to the 6 trials in the initial meta-analysis. Data for each trial were analyzed using the meta-analysis software Review Manager (version 5.3; The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark). Estimated effect sizes of PGF2α were calculated on calving to first service interval (CFSI) and calving to conception interval (CCI). As revealed by the initial meta-analysis, PGF2α treatment still had no effect on both reproductive parameters. Heterogeneity remained substantial for CFSI and CCI and even increased for CCI compared with the initial meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis, however, did not reveal a source of heterogeneity. In updating the meta-analysis, publication bias for trials reporting CCI became even more pronounced, suggesting that studies with higher standard error (i.e., usually smaller studies) that reported a prolonging effect on CCI after a PGF2α treatment were less likely to be published. Finally, although the number of trials published on the chosen topic and their comparability are still limited, this update of our meta-analysis now provides results that are based on approximately twice the number of included cows. The overall outcome, however, has not substantially changed and a positive effect of a PGF2α treatment in case of clinical endometritis could not be shown. Therefore, we do not recommend a treatment of bovine endometritis with PGF2α as a means to improve reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Haimerl
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Arlt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Voelz BE, Rocha L, Scortegagna F, Stevenson JS, Mendonça LGD. Response of lactating dairy cows with or without purulent vaginal discharge to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2α. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:56-65. [PMID: 29385599 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) is a common uterine disease in dairy cattle that has negative effects on reproductive performance. Reproductive management programs that synchronize ovulation use gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce ovulation and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) to induce luteolysis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ovarian response to treatment with GnRH and the odds of bearing a corpus luteum or being inseminated in dairy cows with or without PVD. Another objective was to determine the hazard of insemination after administration of PGF2α in dairy cows with or without PVD. Primiparous (n = 291) and multiparous (n = 402) cows were evaluated for PVD using a Metricheck device at 46 ± 3 and 35 ± 3 days in milk (DIM) (study day 0), respectively. On study day 14, primiparous (n = 107) and multiparous (n = 197) cows were treated with GnRH and subsequent ovulation was recorded. Primiparous (n = 178) and multiparous (n = 368) cows not inseminated by study day 21 were administered PGF2α and response to PGF2α treatment was determined by detection of estrus. Furthermore, cows were categorized by the presence of a CL or being inseminated by study days 14, 21, and 35. Overall prevalence of PVD was 28.5% and 13.4% for primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. Projected 305-d milk yield was less (P < 0.01) in PVD+ multiparous cows compared with PVD- multiparous cows, however, no (P = 0.26) difference was detected between primiparous PVD+ and PVD- cows. Ovulatory response to GnRH treatment was 51.8% and 47.8% for primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. Primiparous PVD- cows tended (P = 0.06) to be less likely to ovulate to GnRH than primiparous PVD+ cows, whereas multiparous PVD+ cows were less (P = 0.04) likely to ovulate to GnRH than PVD- multiparous cows. The odds of bearing a corpus luteum or being inseminated by study days 14, 21, or 35 was not associated with PVD in primiparous cows. In contrast, the odds of bearing a corpus luteum or being inseminated by study days 14 and 21 was (P ≤ 0.03) associated with PVD in multiparous cows, but not (P = 0.11) on study day 35. Hazard of insemination after PGF2α was not (P ≥ 0.38) associated with PVD in primiparous or multiparous cows. Purulent vaginal discharge is associated with response to treatment with GnRH in dairy cattle. Purulent vaginal discharge might negatively affect reproductive management programs that use GnRH to induce ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Voelz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - L Rocha
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - L G D Mendonça
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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9
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Okawa H, Fujikura A, Wijayagunawardane MMP, Vos PLAM, Taniguchi M, Takagi M. Effect of diagnosis and treatment of clinical endometritis based on vaginal discharge score grading system in postpartum Holstein cows. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1545-1551. [PMID: 28740032 PMCID: PMC5627325 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence, effectiveness of diagnosis, and treatment based on vaginal discharge score (VDS) of clinical endometritis in cattle were evaluated. To detect clinical endometritis and classify its severity,
vaginoscopy was performed during 21 to 60 days postpartum in 164 Holstein cows consisting of 229 lactations. Groups were defined using the 4-point VDS scale. Study groups included the following: non-endometritis (VDS=0; no/clear
mucus; NEM group; n=168); mild endometritis, no treatment (VDS=1; mucus containing flecks of white/off-white pus; NTR group; n=30); and severe endometritis, treated with PGF2α (VDS≥2; discharge containing <50% pus; and VDS=3;
discharge containing >50% pus, and fluid or uterine horn asymmetry; TEM group; n=31). Cows treated with PGF2α that did not recover (VDS≥1, n=5) received intrauterine procaine penicillin and streptomycin. Prevalence of clinical
endometritis (VDS≥1) was 26.6%. The NTR group required significantly more artificial inseminations per pregnancy than NEM and TEM groups (2.8 ± 1.8 vs 2.0 ± 1.3, 1.9 ± 0.8, P<0.05). In survival analysis, the
proportion of non-pregnant cows was higher in the NTR group compared to the NEM (P=0.012) and TEM (P=0.076) groups. In the TEM group, calving to first artificial insemination interval tended to be
higher in cows treated 41 to 60 days postpartum than cows treated 29 to 40 days postpartum (97.2 ± 27.1 vs 74.4 ± 19.7, P=0.084). Our study suggests that cows with VDS=1 may require treatment to recover fertility.
Diagnosis and treatment of clinical endometritis based on a VDS grading system may improve dairy herd reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Fukuoka Prefecture Dairy Cooperative Association, Fukuoka 819-0373, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujikura
- Fukuoka Prefecture Dairy Cooperative Association, Fukuoka 819-0373, Japan
| | | | - Peter L A M Vos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masayasu Taniguchi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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10
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Moraes JG, Silva PR, Mendonça LG, Scanavez AA, Silva JC, Chebel RC. Effects of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on uterine health, resolution of purulent vaginal discharge, and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4772-4783. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Cure rate of postpartum endometritis after different treatments in high produce dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Giuliodori M, Magnasco M, Magnasco R, Lacau-Mengido I, de la Sota R. Purulent vaginal discharge in grazing dairy cows: Risk factors, reproductive performance, and prostaglandin F2α treatment. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3805-3815. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Effectiveness of intrauterine treatment with cephapirin in dairy cows with purulent vaginal discharge. Theriogenology 2017; 89:305-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Mido S, Murata N, Rawy MS, Kitahara G, Osawa T. Effects of intrauterine infusion of povidone-iodine on endometrial cytology and bacteriology in dairy cows with clinical endometritis. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:551-6. [PMID: 26655976 PMCID: PMC4873843 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is one of the major diseases causing infertility in the cow. Intrauterine
infusion of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a common treatment. However, the optimal
concentration of PVP-I for treating endometritis effectively remains unknown. We tested
concentrations of 2.0% or 0.5% PVP-I for treating clinical endometritis in dairy cattle.
In Experiment 1, bacteria isolated from the uterus were incubated with either 2.0% or 0.5%
PVP-I, and the numbers of bacterial colonies were counted. In Experiment 2, 18 cows with
clinical endometritis were treated with either 2.0% or 0.5% PVP-I (n=9 in each group).
Cytology samples and bacteria were collected using a cytobrush on weeks 0 (W0), 1 (W1) and
2 (W2) after treatment. Subsequent reproductive performance was compared between the two
groups. In Experiment 1, both concentrations had a similar antiseptic outcome. In
Experiment 2, the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%) in the endometrial
epithelium at W2 in the 2.0% group was significantly lower (P<0.05)
than in the 0.5% group, although the PMN% decreased significantly from W0 to W2
(P<0.01) in both groups. Decreases in bacterial infection rates from
W0 to W2 were similar in both groups. The first service conception rate was higher,
numbers of services per conception were fewer, and time to conception was shorter in the
2.0% group than in the 0.5% group. Thus, an intrauterine infusion of 2.0% PVP-I was better
than 0.5% in treating clinical endometritis in these dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Mido
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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15
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Dini P, Farhoodi M, Hostens M, Van Eetvelde M, Pascottini OB, Fazeli M, Opsomer G. Effect of uterine lavage on neutrophil counts in postpartum dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 158:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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de Boer M, Heuer C, Hussein H, McDougall S. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antimicrobials against Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes of bovine uterine origin. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4427-38. [PMID: 25935246 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9 antimicrobials for isolates of 2 common bovine intrauterine bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli (n=209) and Trueperella pyogenes (n=35), were determined using broth microdilution methodology. The isolates were recovered from dairy cows from 7 herds postpartum using the cytobrush technique. The pathogens were initially identified using phenotypic techniques. Additionally, PCR was used to confirm the identity of T. pyogenes isolates and to categorize the E. coli isolates into phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, and D. Minimum inhibitory concentrations in excess of published cut-points or bimodal distributions of MIC indicated potential antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, cefuroxime, cephapirin, and oxytetracycline for E. coli, and to oxytetracycline for T. pyogenes. Of the antimicrobials tested, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, and enrofloxacin had the lowest MIC for these 2 pathogens. Differences in MIC of some antimicrobials were found between herds, age, breeds, and E. coli phylogenetic groups. Isolation of E. coli with an MIC ≥8μg/mL of oxytetracycline at 23d postpartum was associated with a lower probability of pregnancy within 6wk of commencement of breeding compared with those isolates with an MIC <8μg/mL (relative risk=0.66). Minimum inhibitory concentrations for uterine pathogens were determined for isolates from New Zealand dairy cows. However, in the absence of either epidemiological or clinical interpretive criteria, the interpretation of these MIC remains unclear. Further studies are required to define interpretative criteria, including determination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles for antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin de Boer
- Cognosco, Anexa Animal Health, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand; Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Cord Heuer
- Epicentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa Animal Health, Morrinsville 3300, New Zealand
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Machado VS, Oikonomou G, Ganda EK, Stephens L, Milhomem M, Freitas GL, Zinicola M, Pearson J, Wieland M, Guard C, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC. The effect of intrauterine infusion of dextrose on clinical endometritis cure rate and reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3849-58. [PMID: 25795484 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the intrauterine administration use of 200 mL of 50% dextrose solution as a treatment against clinical endometritis (CE); CE cure rate and reproductive performance were evaluated. Additionally, the association of several relevant risk factors, such as retained placenta (RP), metritis, CE, anovulation, hyperketonemia, and body condition score with reproductive performance, early embryonic mortality, and CE were evaluated. A total of 1,313 Holstein cows housed on 4 commercial dairy farms were enrolled in the study. At 7±3 DIM cows were examined for metritis and had blood collected to determine serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. To determine if cows had ovulated at least once before 44±3 DIM, the presence of a corpus luteum was evaluated by ovarian ultrasonography at 30±3 DIM and at 44±3 DIM. At 30±3 DIM, CE was diagnosed using the Metricheck device (SimcroTech, Hamilton, New Zealand); cows with purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge were diagnosed as having CE. Cows diagnosed with CE (n=175) were randomly allocated into 2 treatment groups: treatment (intrauterine infusion of 200 mL of 50% dextrose) or control (no infusion). Clinical endometritis cows were re-evaluated as described above at 44±3 DIM, and cows that were free of purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge were considered cured. Intrauterine infusion of dextrose tended to have a detrimental effect on CE cure rate, and treatment did not have an effect on first-service conception rate and early embryonic mortality. A multivariable Cox's proportional hazard model was performed to evaluate the effect of several variables on reproductive performance; the variables RP, CE, parity, anovulation, and the interaction term between parity and anovulation were associated with hazard of pregnancy. Cows that did not have RP or CE were more likely to conceive than cows that were diagnosed with RP or CE. Cows that had RP were at 3.36 times higher odds of losing their pregnancy than cows that did not have RP. In addition, cows diagnosed with CE were at 2.16 higher odds of losing their pregnancy than cows without CE. In conclusion, intrauterine infusion of 200 mL of 50% dextrose solution as a treatment for CE had a strong statistical tendency to decrease CE cure rate, did not improve first-service conception rate and early embryonic mortality, and did not decrease calving-to-conception interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Machado
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G Oikonomou
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - E K Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - L Stephens
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Milhomem
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G L Freitas
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J Pearson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wieland
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C Guard
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R O Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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