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Ferré-Dolcet L, Bordogna M, Contiero B, Fontaine C, Bedin S, Romagnoli S. Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentrations for Determining Resumption of Sertoli Cell Function following Removal of a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant in Tomcats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2552. [PMID: 37627341 PMCID: PMC10451382 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Deslorelin implant use in cats is a medical alternative to surgical sterilization, and due to its prolonged efficacy, its use has shown growing interest in the veterinary community. In the case of breeding facilities, its removal is often requested for the early restoration of testicular function. As anti-Müllerian hormones (AMH) in males is dependent of testosterone secretion, its assay may determine the restoration of testicular steroid secretion. An average of 3 weeks has been already described for tomcats' testicular function resumption after implant removal, but information about AMH concentrations in deslorelin-treated tomcats is lacking. Methods: Fourteen tomcats were treated for temporary suppression of fertility with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, which was surgically removed after 3, 6 or 9 months (n = 6, 4 and 4 tomcats, respectively). A general clinical and reproductive check with a gonadorelin stimulation test for testosterone determination was performed before deslorelin implant administration. After implant removal, tomcats' testicles were ultrasonographically checked for volume determination every 1-2 weeks with observation of the glans penis (presence or absence of spikes) and blood collection to assay both testosterone and AMH concentrations. Results: AMH concentrations increased significantly during the deslorelin treatment from 20.95 ± 4.97 ng/mL to 82.41 ± 14.59 ng/mL (p < 0.05). Following implant removal, AMH concentrations progressively decreased to pre-treatment levels, with a value of 28.42 ± 7.98 ng/mL on the third week post-removal where testosterone secretion was again detected. Conclusions: Even if a big variability of AMH concentrations exists between male individuals, resumption of tomcats' testicular function following a deslorelin treatment can be determined by AMH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Ferré-Dolcet
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
| | | | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
| | | | - Silvia Bedin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
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Ferré-Dolcet L, Romagnoli S. Reversible control of reproduction in tom cats: medical options for manipulating libido and fertility. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231171406. [PMID: 37158289 PMCID: PMC10811986 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231171406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a growing interest in alternatives to surgery for controlling reproduction in tom cats, and the resultant medical options add to a practitioner's toolbox when handling these cases in clinical practice. It is important, however, that when suggesting these drugs, veterinarians have a good understanding of their mode of action, and their correct use and dosage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Breeders increasingly wish to be able to switch on/off the reproductive ability of their tom cats in a controlled manner. In addition, in small animal medicine, there has been concern from some academics, and a growing number of pet cat owners, about potential long-term effects of surgical sterilisation. Further, for some cats surgical castration may not be possible due to health conditions that mean anaesthesia is unsafe. In all of these scenarios, medical alternatives to surgery can prove useful. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS No special equipment or technical skills are required. A good knowledge of the medical alternatives to surgical sterilisation for controlling reproduction in a tom, and making sure the patient is a suitable candidate, are, however, important for ensuring the cat's health during and after treatment and the owner's satisfaction. AUDIENCE This review is aimed principally (but not exclusively) at veterinary practitioners working with cat breeders who seek a temporary arrest in their tom cat's reproduction. It may also help practitioners with clients who would like an alternative to surgery or with cats where anaesthesia for surgical castration is not possible. EVIDENCE BASE Advances in reproductive feline medicine have resulted in improved knowledge of medical contraception. This review draws on scientific evidence-based papers that report on the mode of action, length of efficacy and potential side effects of different methods of medical contraception, as well as the authors' own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Italy
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Amaral J, Briantais P, Fontaine C, Rigaut D. Efficacy and Safety of 4.7 mg Deslorelin Acetate Implants as a Neutering Option in Male Cats: A Large-Scale Multicentre Randomised Controlled Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030379. [PMID: 36766268 PMCID: PMC9913284 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This multicenter-controlled, double-masked randomized European study was conduc-ted to confirm both the efficacy and safety of a deslorelin implant in controlling fertility and sexual behavior in a large population of tom cats over a 12-month period. Among the 225 screened individuals, a total of 205 privately owned indoor intact male cats, aged 3 months of age or older, were randomly allocated to a deslorelin implant (n = 154) or to a negative control group (n = 51). After the screening visit performed between day (D)-14 and D-7, six additional visits were sche-duled on D0, D45, D93, D186, D279 and D372. Effects on testosterone, sexual behaviors, penile spines, testicular volume and intact male cat urine odor were assessed at every visit under masked conditions as regards to the treatment group. In addition, phone calls from the investigators to the owners were scheduled on D7 and then on a monthly basis whenever no visit was scheduled. Success was defined as an individual serum testosterone concentration below or equal to 0.10 ng/mL and was 77.9% at D45, 83.1% at D93, 84.4% at D186 and D279, and 61.7% at D372 in the deslorelin group, and 3.9% at D45, 5.9% at D93, 3.9% at D186, 7.8% at D279 and 3.9% at D372 in the negative control group. Testing for superiority was made stepwise from D45 to D372 upwards; the difference in success rates was significant from D45 to D372 (p < 0.001 for each time point). The mean testosterone concentration dropped from baseline in the deslorelin group, remaining below the set threshold of 0.1 ng/mL until D372. From D7 onwards, the mean sum score for sexual behaviors (including vocalization, urine marking, aggression and intact male cat urine odor) was significantly lower at each observation time point in the deslorelin group compared to the control group, where no decrease in scores was observed. The mean percent change to baseline of the testicular volume and the percentage of cats with a decreased visibility and adult appearance of penile spines were significantly lower in the deslorelin group as soon as D45. No relevant safety concerns were reported during the course of the study. The deslorelin implant Suprelorin® 4.7 mg (Virbac, Carros, France) is a safe and effective neutering option, inducing infertility over a 12-month period when administered to intact male cats aged between 3 months of age and 11 years of age. The implants also successfully reduced sexual behaviors (i.e., vocalization, urine marking, aggression), intact male cat urine odor, testicular volume and penile spine score for 1 year (372 ± 5 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Amaral
- Research & Development, Licensing Department, Virbac, 06515 Carros, France
| | - Philippe Briantais
- Research & Development, Licensing Department, Virbac, 06515 Carros, France
| | - Christelle Fontaine
- Global Marketing & Market Development Department, Virbac, 06515 Carros, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Delphine Rigaut
- Research & Development, Licensing Department, Virbac, 06515 Carros, France
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What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? I. Flare up and Downregulation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182379. [PMID: 36139239 PMCID: PMC9495213 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Until now, information about the “flare up” and the time to downregulation in male dogs after treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant is strongly limited, regarding testosterone concentrations, testicular and prostatic volume and semen quality. The aim of this study was to provide detailed insights into these open questions. GnRH and hCG stimulation tests were performed to gain further insights into testicular endocrine function. Seven male beagle dogs were treated with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, and three animals were treated with saline, representing the controls. In deslorelin-treated dogs, first basal testosterone concentrations were observed earliest on D7 and latest on D28 after treatment. Infertility—based on the lack of semen or spermatozoa— was diagnosed earliest on D35 and latest on D77. After five months, the treatment was still effective in six dogs but was reversed in one deslorelin-treated dog. Abstract Although registered since 2007, knowledge about changes in testosterone concentrations (T), testicular and prostatic volumes (TV, PV) and semen quality, as well as the time point of infertility following treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin (DES) slow-release implant, is limited. Therefore, seven sexually mature male dogs were treated with DES (TG); three male dogs treated with saline served as controls (CG). The study assessed local tolerance, TV, PV, semen parameters and T subsequent to GnRH/hCG stimulation in regular intervals. Local tolerance was good. In TG, T was increased right after treatment, but decreased four hours afterwards. Subsequently, TV, PV, semen quality and T decreased over time in TG, but not CG. T was basal (≤0.1 ng/mL) from D28 onwards. Response to GnRH/hCG stimulation was variable, with two TG dogs having increased T post-stimulation on all study days independent of pre-treatment concentrations. A(zoo)spermia in TG was observed from D35–D77 in all seven dogs. Whereas treatment was still effective in six TG dogs five months after implant insertion, it was fully reversed in one dog in terms of T and spermatozoa on the last examination. These results indicate high variation in individual dogs, necessary to consider when advising dog owners.
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Goericke-Pesch S, Packeiser EM. Reproductive Management in Catteries: Optimising health and wellbeing through veterinarian-breeder collaboration. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:881-904. [PMID: 36002135 PMCID: PMC10812226 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Many veterinarians - even those engaged in small animal reproduction - are uncomfortable with taking care of cat breeders or being in charge of catteries. Likely reasons for this are that feline reproduction is largely under-represented in undergraduate and graduate reproduction teaching, as well as in postgraduate education and science, whereas cat breeders themselves are often well informed and actively share knowledge with other cat breeders via the internet and social media. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A variety of problems can exist within a cattery, and collaboration between veterinarian and breeder to solve these is ultimately beneficial for the breeder, for the veterinarian, and for the health and wellbeing of the individual cats and of the cattery as a whole. AIM This review presents a comprehensive overview of aspects of cattery management that might negatively impact reproduction, including sanitation, hygiene and infectious disease control. It also discusses monitoring of reproductive performance, breeding recommendations, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to some common and specific problems. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Reproductive management in the cattery requires no specialised equipment, as such. What it does need is an open mind, in terms of seeing how things are done, an open ear, for listening to the breeder, and the veterinarian's clinical skills in palpation, auscultation and, where required, further examination of the animals. Keeping abreast of the latest information on infectious diseases, disinfection and genetics ensures proper advice is provided. EVIDENCE BASE Current knowledge of reproductive management in catteries is summarised in order to apply an evidence-based approach, whenever possible. Notwithstanding, much of the information remains empirical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Stempel S, Goericke-Pesch S. [GnRH agonist implants in small animal practice - what do we know 13 years following EU registration?]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2020; 48:420-432. [PMID: 33276392 DOI: 10.1055/a-1274-9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of GnRH agonist implants offers the possibility of a reversible, temporary downregulation of endocrine and germinative testicular function in male dogs and hobs. This review provides an overview of the registered indication, the induction of temporary infertility in healthy, intact, sexually mature male dogs (4.7 and 9.4 mg deslorelin) and hobs (9.4 mg deslorelin) as well as various off-label indications. Off-label use requires strict indications, informed consent from the owner and a lack of licensed medication (safe and optimum effect). Off-label indications in the male dog include sexual-hormone dependant (disturbing) behavior, benign prostatic hyperplasia, small adenomas of the hepatoid glands and alopecia X. Successful use of deslorelin implants for estrus suppression in jils, but also for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets in general have been described. Similarly, hormonal castration can be induced in tomcats and queens. The variable time to onset of effect and its duration (extremely variable in some animals) represent a challenge for breeders. No (sufficient) contraceptive activity was identified in male rabbits and male guinea pigs; however, treatment did successfully suppress the estrus cycle in female individuals of these species, as well as reproductive activity in male and female rats. Regarding the use in birds and reptiles, significant species-specific differences exist with regard to efficacy, time until onset of effect and duration of downregulation. In birds, the implant is efficient to fully suppress egg laying in chicken, Japanese quail and psittacids. In doves, egg laying is only significantly reduced. Successful treatment of reproduction-associated (unwanted) behaviour patterns (feather picking, aggression) has also been described. In some male birds, namely zebrafinch and Japanese quail, the deslorelin implant is suitable to reduce testosterone levels. Successful treatment of hormone-dependent tumours (Sertoli-cell tumorus) in budgerigars has been described as well as the modulation of specific behavior in turkeys and an efficacy in facilitating their keeping (i. e. reduction of aggression). In reptiles, only the successful use of deslorelin in iguana has been demonstrated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproduktionsmedizinische Einheit der Kliniken - Abteilung Kleintier, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Cope HR, Peck S, Hobbs R, Keeley T, Izzard S, Yeen-Yap W, White PJ, Hogg CJ, Herbert CA. Contraceptive efficacy and dose-response effects of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist deslorelin in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1473-1485. [PMID: 31046901 DOI: 10.1071/rd18407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraception is increasingly used to manage breeding opportunities in conservation-dependent species. This study aimed to determine the efficacy, duration of effect, optimal dose and potential side effects of Suprelorin contraceptive implants in Tasmanian devils, for use in the conservation breeding program. In our pilot study, Suprelorin was found to effectively suppress oestrous cycles in female devils, yet caused a paradoxical increase in testosterone in males. Therefore, we focussed on females in further trials. Females received one (n=5), two (n=5) or no (n=5) Suprelorin implants, with quarterly gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) challenges used to test pituitary responsiveness over two breeding seasons. Both Suprelorin doses suppressed pituitary responsiveness for at least one breeding season, with a reduced effect in the second. There was a dose-response effect on duration rather than magnitude of effect, with high-dose devils remaining suppressed for longer than low-dose animals. There were no apparent negative effects on general health, yet captivity and contraception together may cause weight gain. Suprelorin contraceptive implants are now routinely used in the Save the Tasmanian Devil Program insurance metapopulation to meet the aims of maintaining genetic and behavioural integrity by controlling individual reproductive contributions in group housing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Cope
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, J.D. Stewart Building B01, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sarah Peck
- Wildlife Management Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia
| | - Rebecca Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Tamara Keeley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Stephen Izzard
- Wildlife Management Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia
| | | | - Peter J White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, R.M.C. Gunn Building B19, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carolyn J Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, J.D. Stewart Building B01, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; and Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Catherine A Herbert
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, J.D. Stewart Building B01, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Furthner E, Roos J, Niewiadomska Z, Maenhoudt C, Fontbonne A. Contraceptive implants used by cat breeders in France: a study of 140 purebred cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:984-992. [PMID: 32081074 PMCID: PMC10814395 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19901023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deslorelin 4.7 mg and melatonin 18 mg subcutaneous implants were studied in purebred male and female cats, via questionnaires sent to French cat breeders, to assess breed, age, duration of the contraceptive effect, fertility after use, changes in behaviour and side effects. METHODS Reproductive data were collected in 57 tom cats and 41 queens implanted with deslorelin 4.7 mg, and 42 queens implanted with melatonin 18 mg, for a total of 140 purebred cats, from 38 different catteries, representing 18 breeds. RESULTS Using deslorelin (Suprelorin 4.7 mg; Virbac), sexual behaviour in males was inhibited for a mean ± SD of 13.4 ± 3.2 (range 8-21) months in 37/57 cats. Of these, 24/37 mated successfully and produced litters at a mean of 15.5 ± 3.6 (range 9-20) months. Inhibition lasted 11 ± 1.1 (range 9-12; n = 6), 13.2 ± 2.4 (range 12-18; n = 6) and 15 ± 3.5 (range 9-18; n = 6) months in Norwegian Forest Cat, Singapura and Ragdoll males, respectively. In 26/41 females implanted with deslorelin 4.7 mg, oestrus was inhibited for a mean of 16.0 ± 5.7 (8-38) months; 12/26 went on to produce a litter. Of the side effects specific to females: two presented persistent oestrus, leading to the removal of the implant; two developed lactation; one had fibroadenomatosis; and one was sterilised owing to cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Using melatonin (Melovine 18 mg; Ceva), 33/42 females had oestrus inhibited for a mean of 86 ± 50 (range 21-277) days after implantation with a peak return to oestrus in March, and 12/33 had a subsequent litter. No side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study is the first to collect a large amount of field data, in 140 purebred male and female cats where a deslorelin 4.7 mg or a melatonin 18 mg implant was used. These field results may allow for more accurate clinical advice and open up new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Furthner
- Clinic for Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Roos
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
| | - Cindy Maenhoudt
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
| | - Alain Fontbonne
- Centre d’Étude en Reproduction des Carnivores (CERCA), National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Île-de-France, France
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Eşki F, Çetin N, Uslu S, Uslu BA, Şendağ S, Yörük M, Naseer Z, Wehrend A, Shakeel M. Effects of long-term release GnRH agonist "deslorelin" on testicular HSP expression, accessory sex glands and testicular functions in adult male rats. Theriogenology 2019; 134:104-111. [PMID: 31158733 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present was to determine the effect of long-term release GnRH agonists "deslorelin" on suppression and restoration of testicular and accessory sex glands functions, and expression of HSP in testes of adult male rats. A group of twenty-eight male rats and fifty-six female rats were kept for eleven months. The male rats were subdivided into treatment (n = 18; deslorelin, an analogue of GnRH, 4.7 mg, S.C; six months) and control (n = 10; untreated), and the adult female rats were introduced with either treatment or control male rats at the 2nd, 6th and 11th months post implant insertion. At 6th month of deslorelin implants insertion, six male rats from treatment and five rats from control group were sacrificed. The remaining (twelve treatment and five control) male rats were sacrificed at 11 months. The testicular dimension were measured monthly in both treatment and control rats. The blood samples were collected for testosterone and HSP70 antibody, whereas, the testes and accessory glands were isolated for histological examination at each sacrificial time. The results showed that testicular dimension were significantly lesser in treatment group until 9 months post treatment. HSP70 protein expression was negligible at 6 months in treatment group but its intensity increased in spermatids 11 months of treatment similar to control group. Significantly lower testosterone concentrations with poor semen quality, and smaller litter size were observed in treatment group. The histological picture of accessory sex glands and seminiferous tubules shown a variable integrity in treatment group than control at 6 months implant insertion. In conclusion, the subcutaneous application of 4.7 mg of the GnRH-analogue deslorelin represents a practicable, like in the female rats, method to suppress testicular, accessory sex glands functions, testicular HSP expression and fertility in male rats. Moreover, the suppressive effects of deslorelin, continued until 11th months after removal of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Eşki
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Nebi Çetin
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology, Van Yüzüncü Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Sema Uslu
- Veterinary Histology and Embryology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Barış Atalay Uslu
- Clinic for Veterinary Andrology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Sait Şendağ
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology, Van Yüzüncü Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Mecit Yörük
- Veterinary Histology and Embryology, Van Yüzüncü Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Zahid Naseer
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Nuñez Favre R, García MF, García Mitacek MC, Rearte R, Fontaine C, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. Reestablishment of sperm quality after long-term deslorelin suppression in tomcats. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gültiken N, Aslan S, Ay SS, Gülbahar MY, Thuróczy J, Koldaş E, Kaya D, Fındık M, Schäfer-Somi S. Effect of deslorelin on testicular function, serum dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol concentrations during and after suppression of sexual activity in tom cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:123-131. [PMID: 26574498 PMCID: PMC10816557 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15615381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant in tom cats. Methods Nine mature male cats were included in the deslorelin group and five cats in the control group. Before the study started, all cats were confirmed to have distinct sexually dimorphic behaviour. Blood samples were taken on the implantation day, at day 7 and at day 15, then monthly, in order to measure serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17beta(β)-oestradiol concentrations. The deslorelin group (n = 9) was divided into two subgroups: five cats (cats 1-5) were neutered in the postimplantation period during suppression of sexually dimorphic behaviour, and four cats (cats 6-9) were neutered after re-expression of sexually dimorphic behaviour. The control group cats (n = 5) were castrated without administration of the implant. Results Sexually dimorphic behaviours ceased within a mean ± SD of 13-58 days (23.30 ± 14.17) after implantation. DHT concentration decreased within 30 days. The mean duration of suppression was 26.5 ± 7.42 months and reactivation coincided with increased DHT values reaching preimplantation concentrations within 1 month. 17β-oestradiol concentrations significantly correlated with DHT concentrations ( P <0.01). For cats castrated during suppression of sexual behaviour, the length of the long axes of the nuclei of Leydig cells, the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the height of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules did not change until 3-6 months after implantation, whereas at 12 and 32 months the measured values were even lower than in the control group. For cats castrasted after reactivation, the length of long axes of the nuclei of Leydig cells and the diameter of seminiferous tubules approached the values of the control group between 4 and 6 months after reactivation. Conclusions and relevance A deslorelin implant (4.7 mg) suppresses sexually dimorphic behaviour in tom cats without any side effects and with full reversibility; however, duration of suppression is highly individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Gültiken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Selim Aslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Serhan Serhat Ay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yavuz Gülbahar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Julianna Thuróczy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ece Koldaş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Murat Fındık
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sabine Schäfer-Somi
- Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Goericke-Pesch S. Long-term effects of GnRH agonists on fertility and behaviour. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:336-347. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Goericke-Pesch
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics; Department Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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Fontaine C. Long-term contraception in a small implant: A review of Suprelorin (deslorelin) studies in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 17:766-71. [PMID: 26323800 PMCID: PMC5117121 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15594990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: Deslorelin (Suprelorin®; Virbac) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist licensed in select countries for the long-term suppression of fertility in adult male dogs and male ferrets. This article summarizes studies investigating the use of deslorelin implants for the long-term suppression of fertility in male and female domestic cats. Evidence base: Slow-release deslorelin implants have been shown to generate effective, safe and reversible long-term contraception in male and female cats. In pubertal cats, a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant suppressed steroid sex hormones for an average of approximately 20 months (range 15–25 months) in males and an average of approximately 24 months (range 16–37 months) in females. Reversibility has been demonstrated by fertile matings approximately 2 years post-treatment in both male and female adult cats. In prepubertal female cats of approximately 4 months of age, puberty was postponed to an average of approximately 10 months of age (range 6–15 months) by a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant. Challenges: The large variability in the duration of suppression of gonadal activity makes the definition of the optimal time for reimplantation quite challenging. In addition, the temporary stimulation phase occurring in the weeks following deslorelin implantation can induce in adult female cats a fertile estrus that needs to be managed to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Longer duration and larger scale controlled field studies implementing blinding, a negative control group and a carefully controlled randomization to each group are needed. Furthermore, the effects of repeated treatment need to be investigated. Finally, the effect of treatment on growth and bone quality of prepubertal cats needs to be assessed. However, the ease of use, long-lasting effects and reversibility of deslorelin implants are strong positive points supporting their use for controlling feline reproduction.
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GnRH-agonist implantation of prepubertal male cats affects their reproductive performance and testicular LH receptor and FSH receptor expression. Theriogenology 2015; 85:841-848. [PMID: 26620725 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of GnRH-agonist implantation in prepubertal tomcats on sexual behavior, reproductive performance, and expression of testicular LH receptor (LHR) and FSH receptor (FSHR) and also to compare the testicular characteristics, LHR and FSHR expression between prepubertal and adult tomcats. In experiment 1, 3-month-old tomcats (n = 6/group) were either treated with or left without 4.7 mg deslorelin implants. Semen collection and evaluation were performed just before castration at 48 weeks after treatment; removed testes were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of LHR and FSHR. We were able to collect semen from six non-treated cats, whereas in treated cats, semen was uncollectable. The results revealed that sexual behavior was absent in the implanted cats throughout the study period. Testicular volume was found to decrease from 30 weeks after treatment onward in the implanted cats compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Semen production was found only in non-implanted cats. Testicular tissue score, seminiferous tubule diameter, and LHR protein expression were found lower in the implanted cats (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed in mRNA expression of LHR and protein expression of FSHR between groups. The mRNA expression of FSHR was higher in the implanted (P < 0.05) compared to control cats. In experiment 2, testes from prepubertal (n = 6) and adult (n = 6) male cats were collected after castration and analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of LHR and FSHR. No differences were observed in the protein expression of LHR and FSHR between the two groups, whereas mRNA expression of FSHR was higher in prepubertal cats (P < 0.05). Testicular and epididymal weight, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the testicular grade were higher in the adult compared to prepubertal cats (P < 0.05). In conclusion, deslorelin implants suppressed protein expression of LHR and enhanced mRNA expression of FSHR along with suppression of reproductive function without any adverse effects for at least 48 weeks in male cats.
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Novotny R, Vitasek R, Bartoskova A, Cizek P, Prinosilova P, Novakova K. Azoospermia with variable testicular histology after 7 months of treatment with a deslorelin implant in toms. Theriogenology 2015; 83:1188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Goericke-Pesch S, Groeger G, Wehrend A. The effects of a slow release GnRH agonist implant on male rabbits. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 152:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Goericke-Pesch S, Wehrend A, Georgiev P. Suppression of Fertility in Adult Cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 2:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Goericke-Pesch
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Justus-Liebig-University; Gießen Germany
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; Section of Veterinary Reproduction; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Justus-Liebig-University; Gießen Germany
| | - P Georgiev
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders of Veterinary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
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Reversibility of germinative and endocrine testicular function after long-term contraception with a GnRH-agonist implant in the tom—a follow-up study. Theriogenology 2014; 81:941-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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