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Hess RA, Park CJ, Soto S, Reinacher L, Oh JE, Bunnell M, Ko CJ. Male animal sterilization: history, current practices, and potential methods for replacing castration. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1409386. [PMID: 39027909 PMCID: PMC11255590 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterilization and castration have been synonyms for thousands of years. Making an animal sterile meant to render them incapable of producing offspring. Castration or the physical removal of the testes was discovered to be the most simple but reliable method for managing reproduction and sexual behavior in the male. Today, there continues to be global utilization of castration in domestic animals. More than six hundred million pigs are castrated every year, and surgical removal of testes in dogs and cats is a routine practice in veterinary medicine. However, modern biological research has extended the meaning of sterilization to include methods that spare testis removal and involve a variety of options, from chemical castration and immunocastration to various methods of vasectomy. This review begins with the history of sterilization, showing a direct link between its practice in man and animals. Then, it traces the evolution of concepts for inducing sterility, where research has overlapped with basic studies of reproductive hormones and the discovery of testicular toxicants, some of which serve as sterilizing agents in rodent pests. Finally, the most recent efforts to use the immune system and gene editing to block hormonal stimulation of testis function are discussed. As we respond to the crisis of animal overpopulation and strive for better animal welfare, these novel methods provide optimism for replacing surgical castration in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A. Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Ji-Eun Oh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mary Bunnell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - CheMyong J. Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:424-559. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Baqerkhani M, Soleimanzadeh A, Mohammadi R. Effects of intratesticular injection of hypertonic mannitol and saline on the quality of donkey sperm, indicators of oxidative stress and testicular tissue pathology. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:99. [PMID: 38468237 PMCID: PMC10926677 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine donkey sperm quality after intratesticular injection of hypertonic mannitol (HM) and saline (HS). METHODS Randomly assigned to five treatment groups were 15 adult male donkeys: (1) Control group (no treatment), (2) Surgery group (surgical castration for testosterone control), (3) NS group (normal saline intratesticular injection), (4) HS group (hypertonic saline), and (5) HM group. We injected 20 mL per testicle. We took 5 mL blood from all donkeys before injection. Castration was performed under general anesthesia 60 days later. Samples included blood and testicular tissue. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), movementy features, DNA damage, morphology, viability, and plasma membrane functionality were evaluated. Hormone analyses, histomorphometric studies and oxidative stress indices including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and NADP+/NADPH were evaluated. Apoptosis, pyroptosis-related Bax, Caspase-1, GSDMD, and Bcl-2 expression were also assessed. RESULTS In HS and HM groups, testosterone, epididymal sperm count, motility, viability, and plasma membrane functionality dropped while sperm DNA damage increased. HS and HM groups had significantly lower histomorphometric parameters, TAC, GPx, SOD, GSH, and Bcl-2 gene expression. MDA, NADP+/NADPH, Bax, Caspase-1, and GSDMD gene expression were substantially higher in the HS and HM groups than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Toxic effects of hypertonic saline and mannitol on reproductive parameters were seen following, hence, they might be considered as a good chemical sterilizing treatment in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Baqerkhani
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box: 57561-51818, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Soleimanzadeh
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box: 57561-51818, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Rahim Mohammadi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Hamed MA, Amin YA, Mohamed RH, El-Adl M, Bazeed SM, Elnegiry AA, Shawki HH, Al-Lethie ALA. Evaluation of chemical castration using intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate into the testis of the male donkey versus surgical castration: antimullerian hormone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:140. [PMID: 37660034 PMCID: PMC10474774 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical castration of male animals is an alternative to surgical castration for inducing azoospermia, consequent sterility. Intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate has been used for chemical castration in several animal species. However, its application to equine species, such as donkeys, has yet to be reported. This study aimed to evaluate the use of zinc gluconate for the chemical castration of male donkeys and to compare its effectiveness relative to routine surgical castration. For this purpose, investigations of serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone levels, testicular ultrasonographic echogenicity, and histopathological findings were performed. METHODS Fourteen clinically healthy adult male donkeys were randomly and equally divided into two groups. The donkeys in group I (n = 7) underwent surgical castration. The donkeys in group II (n = 7) received intra-testicular zinc gluconate injections. The donkeys were kept under close clinical observation for 60 days. Abnormalities in donkey behavior and gross alterations in the external genitalia were recorded daily. Serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured 15 days before the start of the treatment and 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after treatment. The testicles of group II donkeys were evaluated ultrasonographically. At the end of the study, the testes were removed and histologically examined. RESULTS Serum testosterone levels significantly declined compared to pre-castration levels in surgically castrated donkeys (group I), but donkeys exposed to chemical castration (group II) showed a non-significant reduction in testosterone levels. Donkeys in the surgical group had considerably lower serum AMH levels. In contrast, there was a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in AMH levels in the chemical group compared with the pre-sterilization level. In addition, ultrasonographic examination revealed that the testicular echo-density had changed, as observed by a few scattered hyperechoic regions throughout the entire testis parenchyma. The histopathological investigation confirmed the presence of necrosis of the spermatogenic epithelium, increased thickness of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules, marked interstitial fibrosis, and shrinkage of the seminiferous tubules. Furthermore, syncytial giant cells were present in the lumen of seminiferous tubules and were associated with Sertoli cell vacuolation. Donkeys subjected to chemical castration (group II) had orchitis, as confirmed histopathologically. CONCLUSION Intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate resulted in histopathological and ultrasonographic testicular changes in adult male donkeys, which may affect their reproductive potential. However, it did not significantly alter serum testosterone or AMH levels, indicating that it cannot be used as a substitute for surgical castration in male donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Yahia A Amin
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
| | - Ragab Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Shefaa M Bazeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr university, Badr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdou Elnegiry
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Al-Lethie A Al-Lethie
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Jivago JLPR, Brito JLM, Capistrano G, Vinícius-Araújo M, Lima Verde E, Bakuzis AF, Souza PEN, Azevedo RB, Lucci CM. New Prospects in Neutering Male Animals Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091465. [PMID: 34575541 PMCID: PMC8467495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling populations of free-roaming dogs and cats poses a huge challenge worldwide. Non-surgical neutering strategies for male animals have been long pursued, but the implementation of the procedures developed has remained limited to date. As submitting the testes to high temperatures impairs spermatogenesis, the present study investigated localized application of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH) to the testicles as a potential non-surgical sterilization method for animals. An intratesticular injection of a magnetic fluid composed of manganese-ferrite nanoparticles functionalized with citrate was administered followed by testicle exposure to an alternate magnetic field to generate localized heat. Testicular MNH was highly effective, causing progressive seminiferous tubule degeneration followed by substitution of the parenchyma with stromal tissue and gonadal atrophy, suggesting an irreversible process with few side effects to general animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz P. R. Jivago
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (J.L.P.R.J.); (J.L.M.B.)
| | - Juliana Lis Mendes Brito
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (J.L.P.R.J.); (J.L.M.B.)
| | - Gustavo Capistrano
- Institute of Physics and CNanoMed, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74884-092, GO, Brazil; (G.C.); (M.V.-A.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Marcus Vinícius-Araújo
- Institute of Physics and CNanoMed, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74884-092, GO, Brazil; (G.C.); (M.V.-A.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Ediron Lima Verde
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Pontal do Araguaia 78060-900, MT, Brazil;
| | - Andris Figueiroa Bakuzis
- Institute of Physics and CNanoMed, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74884-092, GO, Brazil; (G.C.); (M.V.-A.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Paulo E. N. Souza
- Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Carolina Madeira Lucci
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (J.L.P.R.J.); (J.L.M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Madbouly H, Korany R, El-Shahat K, Eissa H, Fathi M. Efficacy of Intratesticular Glycerol Injection as Male Cat Contraception in Comparison with Two Surgical Approaches. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 42:100493. [PMID: 33152526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the current study were to compare the use of a single bilateral intratesticular injection of 2 different volumes of glycerol 70% (0.5 and 1.0 mL) as a method of chemical sterilization and the application of 2 surgical procedures (orchiectomy and vasoligation). Animals were classified into 4 groups. Group 1:10 cats were subjected to a conventional bilateral orchidectomy. Group 2:6 cats were subjected to a bilateral vasoligation of the testicular blood supply without removing the testicles. Group 3:7 cats were subjected to a single intratesticular injection of 0.5 mL glycerol bilaterally and Group 4:7 cats were subjected to a single intratesticular injection of 1.0 mL glycerol bilaterally. Serum testosterone concentration (ng/mL) and average testicular length (cm) were measured just before (control) and weekly after orchiectomy (only serum testosterone concentration), vasoligation, and intratesticular treatment for 3 consecutive weeks. After 2 months from testicular vasoligation (group 2) and intratesticular administration (group 3 and 4), castration was performed for all cats. The epididymal sperm count and the histopathological findings were recorded for all groups after the orchidectomy. In group 2 serum testosterone level was significantly (P ˂ .01) decreased from (4.14 ± 1.10 ng/mL) before vasoligation (control) to (1.71 ± 0.34 ng/mL) 3 weeks postoperation. In group 4 a significant (P ˂ .01) decrease in serum testosterone concentration was recorded 2 and 3 weeks postinjection (1.41 ± 0.31 and 1.32 ± 0.21 ng/mL, respectively). There was a significant decrease in the testicular length 1 week after the vasoligation (group 2) and the testicular treatment (group 4) compared with preoperative controls of the 2 groups. Besides, the epididymal samples collected from groups (2 and 4) showed azoospermia. In conclusion, a bilateral intratesticular injection of 1.0 mL glycerol (70%) as a chemical method of tomcat sterilization can replace the surgical orchidectomy besides being less invasive and less traumatic and gave better results than using the intratesticular injection of 0.5 mL glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Madbouly
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Reda Korany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Khaled El-Shahat
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hany Eissa
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fathi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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de Brito JLM, Lima VND, Ansa DO, Moya SE, Morais PC, Azevedo RBD, Lucci CM. Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:893-907. [PMID: 32529924 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1774812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on reproductive parameters and health of rats, and to evaluate the AgNPs biodistribution in order to develop a nanotechnological contraceptive agent for male animals. Treated animals received 220 μL of AgNPs solution (0.46 µg-Ag/ml) in each testicle and were euthanized: seven, 14, 28, and 56 days after injection. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the percentage of motile sperm in D7 (8.8%) was observed, comparing to the control (73.3%), D14 (86.0%), D28 (68.2%), and D56 (90.0%) groups. D7 group also presented a decrease (p < 0.05) in the percentage of normal spermatozoa. Additionally, D7 group showed an increase (p < 0.05) in abnormal midpiece and sperm head morphology compared to the Control group. Seminiferous tubules presented all germline cell types and spermatozoa for all groups. However, D7 group did not present spermatozoa in the epididymis, whereas some spermatozoa and cellular debris were visible in D14 and D28 groups. All animals presented hematological parameters, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase values within the normal limits for Wistar rats. The percentage of silver found in the liver was always higher than in the other organs analyzed. A pioneering mathematical model is proposed, from which the half-life time of silver in the liver (17 days), spleen (23 days), lungs (30 days), and kidneys (35 days) was extracted. In conclusion, some acute and severe toxic effects were observed in sperm cells following intratesticular injection of AgNPs, although these effects were reversible. No adverse effects to general animal health were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lis Mendes de Brito
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Nicolau de Lima
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Dorleta Otaegui Ansa
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio Enrique Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Paulo Cesar Morais
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carolina Madeira Lucci
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Fertility Control in Wildlife: Review of Current Status, Including Novel and Future Technologies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:507-543. [PMID: 31471808 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife conservation requires varying degrees of management of endangered species as well as management of their potential predators and competitors. Conservation also depends on ameliorating human-wildlife conflict, especially where there is a threat to the safety of people and of their pets and livestock. In addition, sustainability of wildlife populations can be affected by feral domestic animals or invasive species, that require removal or control. With the increasing concern for animal welfare, non-lethal methods of limiting population size and distribution, such as fertility control, are gaining favor. Breeding programs in zoos depend on highly effective and selective contraception to manage sustainable insurance populations. This review covers fertility control methods currently in use, those that have not lived up to past promises, and others that are under development and present hope for addressing remaining challenges.
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Ball JJ, Kegley EB, Lawrence TE, Roberts SL, Powell JG, Richeson JT. Zinc injection as a novel castration method in beef bulls: effects on performance, behavior, and testosterone and haptoglobin concentration. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:890-901. [PMID: 29385520 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Crossbred beef bulls (n = 180) were blocked by initial BW (337 ± 10.9 kg; six blocks) and assigned randomly to one of three treatments on day 0: 1) INJ; received 1 mL (100 mg Zn) of a Zn solution in each testis, 2) BAN; received blood- restrictive rubber band placed around the dorsal aspect of the scrotum, 3) BUL; bulls with testicles remaining intact in a randomized complete block design (three treatment pens per block and 10 cattle per pen). A subset of 54 animals (n = 3 per pen) was fitted with accelerometers on day 0 to quantify behavior variables continuously for 28 d. Testis width and scrotal circumference, and serum haptoglobin (days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14) and testosterone concentrations (every 28 d until slaughter) were also determined for the subset. During the slaughter process, testes from INJ and BUL were collected to assess final testes weight and for histopathological evaluation. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (α = 0.05); pen served as the experimental unit for all dependent variables. Final BW was greater (P < 0.01) for INJ and BUL compared to BAN (672, 686, and 611 kg, respectively; SEM = 4.4). Overall ADG and G:F were greater (P ≤ 0.03) in INJ and BUL than BAN; whereas, DMI was similar between treatments for the study duration (P = 0.46). Histopathological evaluation (n = 13; INJ = 7; BUL = 6) indicated that INJ testes were degenerative and reproductively nonviable whereas BUL testes were normal. Serum testosterone concentrations on day 168 were similar (P = 0.14) between INJ and BUL whereas after day 14, BAN was nondetectable; however, initial serum testosterone concentrations were similarly low across treatments. Serum haptoglobin concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in INJ than BUL and BAN on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Scrotal circumference (P = 0.08) and testis width (P = 0.07) on day 168 tended to be greater for BUL than INJ. Motion index (P ≤ 0.02) and step count (P = 0.04) was greater in BUL and INJ compared to BAN cattle during the 28 d monitoring period. No difference in standing time (P ≥ 0.85) or lying bouts (P = 0.35) occurred. Zinc injection resulted in sterilization but did not cause complete cessation of testicular function evidenced by testosterone concentrations more similar to BUL than BAN. This resulted in overall increased BW and G:F for INJ vs. BAN, yet the acute phase response was markedly greater directly after Zn injection. Collectively, Zn injection resulted in outcomes more similar to BUL than BAN, implying minimal efficacy of INJ as a castration method in older bulls arriving to the feedlot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jase J Ball
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | | | - Ty E Lawrence
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | - Shelby L Roberts
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | - Jeremy G Powell
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - John T Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
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de Macêdo SRB, de Lima LAR, de Torres SM, de Oliveira VVG, de Morais RN, Peixoto CA, Tenorio BM, Junior VADS. Effects of intratesticular injection of zinc-based solution in rats in combination with anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs during chemical sterilization. Vet World 2018; 11:649-656. [PMID: 29915504 PMCID: PMC5993773 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.649-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Chemical sterilization is a non-surgical method of contraception based on compounds injected into the testis to induce infertility. However, these injections can cause discomfort and pain able to impair the recovery of animals after this treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate if anti-inflammatories or pain relievers inhibited the sterilizing effect of zinc gluconate-based solution on the testis. Materials and Methods Adult rats were treated in groups: G1 (control), G2 (dimethyl sulfoxide + dipyrone); G3 (dipyrone/zinc); G4 (dipyrone + celecoxib/zinc); G5 (dipyrone + meloxicam/zinc), and G6 (dipyrone + dexamethasone/zinc) in a single dose per day during 7 days. Animals were analyzed at 7, 15, and 30 days after treatments. Results The zinc-induced a widespread testicular degeneration and decreased testosterone levels even in combination with anti-inflammatories or pain relievers. Testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle had a weight reduction. The anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone interfered in the desired action of zinc gluconate in the 1st 15 days and celecoxib up to 7 days. Conclusion Meloxicam plus dipyrone did not impair the chemical sterilization based on zinc gluconate, and it can be used to reduce nociceptive effects in animals after chemical sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Maria de Torres
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (CPqAM), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Tenorio
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Nanocarrier-mediated delivery of α-mangostin for non-surgical castration of male animals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16234. [PMID: 29176590 PMCID: PMC5701201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overpopulation of abandoned and stray companion animals has become a global crisis. The main purpose of this study was to develop a novel nanomedicine-based antifertility compound for non-surgical castration of male animals. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract has been shown to exhibit anti-fertility property. α-mangostin (AM)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (AM-NLC) was developed to improve male germ cell apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical properties of AM-NLC and determine the biological effects of AM-NLC on spermatogonia cells and testicular explants obtained from castrated testes. AM-NLC was produced through a hot homogenization technique. The negatively charged particle of AM-NLC was nano-sized with a narrow dispersity. AM-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards spermatogonium cells. It induced apoptosis in the cells. In addition, AM-NLC exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Abnormal anatomy of seminiferous tubule was noted following treatment of testicular explant with AM-NLC. This nanomedicine-based sterilant would be a promising platform that may have utility in non-surgical castration of male animals by intra-testicular injection.
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Cavalieri J, Hayes L. Examination of the use of intraovarian administration of CaCl2
and zinc gluconate as potential chemosterilants in Bos indicus
heifers. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:403-415. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Cavalieri
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - L Hayes
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811 Australia
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Kwak BK, Lee SH. Evaluation of Newly Developed Chemical Castration Method: Changes in Hormone Gene Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:307-315. [PMID: 29082346 PMCID: PMC5651697 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surgical castration (also known as orchidectomy, ORX) has been frequently
performed to avoid uncontrolled breeding. However, it has some serious
disadvantages. Several laboratories have developed chemical castration methods,
using bilateral intratesticular injection (BITI) of simple chemical solutions.
The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of ORX and of hypertonic
saline BITI on the androgen-sensitive tissues such as pituitary and
hypothalamus. Serum testosterone (T) levels of ORX animals and hypertonic saline
BITI animals (SAL) after 4 weeks of the manipulations exhibited significantly
drops as compared with the levels of intact animals (Intact:ORX:SAL = 7.74±
1.31:1.34±0.19:1.28±0.18 ng/ml, p<0.001). Both ORX and BITI
method induced similar stimulatory effects on the pituitary gonadotropin
subunits and hypothalamic KiSS-1 gene expressions. In contrast, the effects of
ORX and hypertonic saline BITI on hypothalamic GnRH gene expression were
different from these gene expressions, shown an inverse relationship between the
two groups (Intact:ORX:SAL = 1:0.45±0.06:1:2.07±0.41:1.51±0.37 AU; ORX,
p<0.001; SAL, p<0.05). In
conclusion, we provided evidence that hypertonic saline BITI method has
equivalent efficacy of T depletion to surgical castration in rats. The present
study suggests the hypertonic saline BITI could be a promising substitute to
conventional surgical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kuk Kwak
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016,
Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016,
Korea
- Corresponding Author : Sung-Ho Lee, Ph.D.,
Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Hongjmoon-2 gil 20,
Jongrho-Gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-2287-5139, Fax:
+82-2-2287-0070, E-mail:
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Sen CC, Yumusak N, Faundez R, Temamogullari F, Taskin A. Evaluation of intra-testicular injections of calcium chloride and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2 monoepoxide for chemical sterilization in guinea pigs. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 20:251-260. [PMID: 28865222 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the use of intra-testicular calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 4-vinylcyclohexene 1,2-monoepoxide (VCM) injections as a side effect-free alternative method for the control of reproduction in guinea pigs. Fifty male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to five groups. In all groups, the chemical agents were injected into both testes in 1% lidocaine hydrochloride. While Groups I, II and III were administered with a single dose (0.25 mL) of sterile physiological saline, 15 mg/100 g CaCl2, and 240 mg/kg VCM, respectively, Group IV and V received a daily dose of 15 mg/100 g CaCl2, and 240 mg/kg VCM for 3 days, respectively. On day 90 post-administration, all animals were weighed and later decapitated under ether anaesthesia. Blood and tissue (testis, liver, hypophysis and adrenal gland) samples were taken. Sperm samples from the cauda epididymis were examined for spermatological parameters. Blood was used for hormone analyses and tissue samples were examined histopathologically (haematoxylin-eosin) and immunohistochemically (Tunel staining). The epididymal sperm count decreased in all treatment groups. Excluding 2 animals, Group V displayed azoospermia. When compared to the control group, Group V displayed the highest prolactin and lowest testosterone levels, and Group III showed the highest testosterone level. Histopathological examination revealed no intoxication finding. Chemical castration with VCM may be a good alternative to surgical castration as it enables mass sterilization without postoperative risks in guinea pig.
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Biosterilant effects of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-73 extract on male Wistar albino rats. Theriogenology 2017; 88:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Gabrielsen JS, Tanrikut C. Chronic exposures and male fertility: the impacts of environment, diet, and drug use on spermatogenesis. Andrology 2016; 4:648-61. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Gabrielsen
- Department of Urology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - C. Tanrikut
- Department of Urology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
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17
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Ibrahim A, Ali MM, Abou-Khalil NS, Ali MF. Evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:46. [PMID: 26956100 PMCID: PMC4784444 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the last few years, researchers have been interested in developing a method for chemical sterilization which may be a better alternative to surgical castration. An ideal chemical sterilant would be one that effectively arrests spermatogenesis and androgenesis as well as libido with absence of toxic or other side effects. Calcium chloride in various solutions and concentrations has been tested in many animal species, but few studies have been evaluated it in equines as a chemical sterilant. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of chemical castration with 20% calcium chloride dissolved in absolute ethanol in comparison with surgical castration in donkeys based on the changes in the serum testosterone level and the histopathological changes in treated testes. METHODS Twelve clinically healthy adult male donkeys were used in this study. Donkeys were divided randomly and equally into two groups: a surgical (S) group (n = 6) and a chemical (C) group (n = 6). Animals in the (S) group were subjected to surgical castration while those in the (C) group received a single bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% calcium chloride dissolved in absolute ethanol (20 ml/testis). Animals were kept under clinical observation for 60 days. Changes in animals' behavior and gross changes in external genitalia were monitored daily. Serum concentrations of testosterone were measured prior to treatment and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days post-treatment. Testicles in the (C) group were examined histopathologically at the end of the experiment. RESULTS Chemical castration with intratesticular calcium chloride vs. surgical castration failed to reduce serum concentrations of testosterone throughout the whole duration of the study; however it induced orchitis that was evident by focal necrotic areas in seminiferous tubules, cellular infiltration of neutrophils, proliferative intertubular fibrosis with a compensatory proliferation of Leydig cells. Donkeys tolerated the intratesticular injection of calcium chloride. There were no detectable changes in the general health status of the animals with the exception of swelling in external genitalia, scrotal ulcerations and fistulas. Food and water consumption and the gait of animals remained unaffected. CONCLUSION Intratesticular calcium chloride can't be considered an effective method for chemical castration in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, 70155, Egypt.
| | - Magda M Ali
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, 70155, Egypt
| | - Nasser S Abou-Khalil
- Department of Medical physiology, Faculty of medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Marwa F Ali
- Department of Pathology and clinical pathology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
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Kutzler MA. Intratesticular and intraepididymal injections to sterilize male cats: From calcium chloride to zinc gluconate and beyond. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:772-6. [PMID: 26323801 PMCID: PMC11148979 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15594991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND RATIONALE The aim of intratesticular and intraepididymal injections is to provide an inexpensive non-surgical method for sterilizing tom cats. Intratesticular and intraepididymal injections have been studied for decades and warrant continued investigation. While both methods result in azoospermia, intratesticular injection of sclerosing agents induces orchitis, resulting in decreased spermatogenesis, whereas intraepididymal injection blocks sperm transport but does not alter spermatogenesis. EVIDENCE BASE Sclerosing agents that have been used effectively for intratesticular injections in cats include calcium chloride dihydrate and zinc gluconate. For sclerosis by intraepididymal injections, chlorhexidine digluconate has been used successfully in cats. The volume, formulation and concentration of sclerosing agents for intratesticular and intraepididymal injections in cats have not been standardized. CHALLENGES Neither intratesticular nor intraepididymal injections entirely eliminate gonadal testosterone production, which may be undesirable for pet cats and therefore may restrict the application of this method of sterilization to feral cats with limited human contact. In addition, both methods may require sedation or general anesthesia, leading some to support routine castration over these non-surgical methods. Lastly, even if the technique is successful in inducing permanent sterility, normal fertility may persist in treated males for 1-2 months after treatment because of sperm present within the epididymis and vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kutzler
- Associate Professor of Companion Animal Industries, Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Chemical sterilisation of Bos indicus bull calves following intratesticular injection of zinc acetate: Effects on growth and concentrations of testosterone. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 159:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abnormal Accumulation of Collagen Type I Due to the Loss of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (Ddr2) Promotes Testicular Interstitial Dysfunction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131947. [PMID: 26158267 PMCID: PMC4497730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of functional allele for discoidin domain receptor 2 (Ddr2) results in impaired Leydig cell response to luteinizing hormone (LH), low testosterone production and arrested spermatogenesis in older male Ddr2slie/slie mice. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for this phenotype remains unknown. Herein, we reported for the first time that the deregulated expression of Ddr2 cognate ligand, namely collagen type I (COL1), may account for the disruption of the testicular steroidogenesis in Ddr2slie/slie mutant testes. Methodology/Principal Findings Expression of Ddr2 increased gradually along postnatal development, whereas COL1 expression became negligible from adulthood onwards. In Ddr2slie/slie mutant testis, however, in contrast to the undetectable staining of Ddr2, COL1 expression was constantly detected, with the highest values detected during adulthood. In the experimental vasectomy model, Ddr2slie/slie mutant mice exhibited an early androgen deficiency than wild-type mice, along with the accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the interstitium. Functionally, ablation of endogenous Ddr2 resulted in a significant decrease of testosterone (T) level in TM3 cells in the presence of higher concentration of COL1 treatment. Conversely, overexpression of Ddr2 could help TM3 cells to maintain a normal testicular steroidogenesis even in the presence of high concentration of COL1. Additionally, attenuated expression of Ddr2 correlates to the deregulated level of serum T levels in human pathological testes. Conclusions Abnormal accumulation of interstitial COL1 may be responsible for the steroidogenic dysfunction in Ddr2slie/slie mutant testes.
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Chemical sterilisation of Bos indicus bull calves following intratesticular injection of zinc acetate: Effects on semen quality and testicular changes. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 156:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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