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Orsolini MF, Meyers SA, Dini P. An Update on Semen Physiology, Technologies, and Selection Techniques for the Advancement of In Vitro Equine Embryo Production: Section II. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113319. [PMID: 34828049 PMCID: PMC8614388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In order to improve fertilization and pregnancy rates within artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization techniques in horses, producers may choose to select the best sperm within an ejaculate. In this paper, we review conventional and novel methods of sperm selection. Abstract As the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and in vitro embryo production (IVP) expand in the equine industry, it has become necessary to further our understanding of available semen selection techniques. This segment of our two-section review will focus on the selection of spermatozoa based on quality and sex for equine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as well as current and future developments in sperm sorting technologies. Ultimately, novel methods of semen selection will be assessed based on their efficacy in other species and their relevance and future application towards ARTs in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan F. Orsolini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Stuart A. Meyers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Tonekaboni FR, Narenjisani R, Staji H, Ahmadi-Hamedani M. Comparison of Cell-Free Fetal DNA Plasma Content Used to Sex Determination Between Three Trimesters of Pregnancy in Torkaman Pregnant Mare. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 95:103273. [PMID: 33276922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) plasma present in three trimesters of pregnancy in Torkaman pregnant mare. Peripheral blood samples of 32 pregnant mares in three trimesters of pregnancy were collected in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at three time points. Circulating cffDNA was extracted from 3 mL of maternal plasma. Using outer and inner primers, a conventional polymerase chain reaction was performed for the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene present in the Y chromosome. Of the total 32 Torkaman pregnant mares, 24 were carrying male fetuses and eight were carrying female fetuses. In total, the accuracy of the test was 48.75%, 68.75%, and 75% in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. The sensitivities were 25%, 58.32%, and 66.66%, respectively, whereas their specificities were 100% in all trimesters. In conclusion, the SRY gene can permit the detection of equine fetal sex with good accuracy through cffDNA analysis in maternal plasma just in the third trimester of pregnancy, although specificity in all duration of pregnancy was 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Narenjisani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Staji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Ahmadi-Hamedani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Squires EL. Perspectives on the development and incorporation of assisted reproduction in the equine industry. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1753-1757. [PMID: 31727207 DOI: 10.1071/rd19365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marked changes in equine breeding technologies have occurred over the past 25 years. Although there have been numerous reviews on assisted reproduction techniques for horses, few publications include the acceptance and impact of these techniques on the horse industry. In this review, several techniques are discussed, with an emphasis on how they developed in the horse industry and altered equine reproductive medicine. Embryo transfer has become a widely used technology, allowing multiple foals to be produced per year. Embryos can be collected, cooled or frozen, and shipped to a distant facility for transfer into recipient mares. Failure to obtain embryos from some mares stimulated the development of oocyte collection and transfer. Oocyte technologies became more practical when intracytoplasmic sperm injection was developed in the early 2000s. There are now facilities across the world that routinely produce embryos invitro. Cryopreservation of oocytes has lagged because of limited success, but embryo cryopreservation is commonplace. Techniques such as sex-sorted semen, superovulation and genetic diagnosis of embryos are not widely used, and they will require more development before they are established in the horse industry in a cost-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Squires
- Reproductive Management, 5536 North County Road 3, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
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Morris LH, Maclellan LJ. Update on advanced semen-processing technologies and their application for in vitro embryo production in horses. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1771-1777. [PMID: 31640845 DOI: 10.1071/rd19301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased commercialisation of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in horses creates more opportunities to incorporate advanced reproductive technologies, such as sex-sorted, refrozen and lyophilised spermatozoa, into a breeding program. This paper reviews the status of these semen-handling technologies in light of their use in equine ICSI programs. Pregnancies have been achieved from each of these advanced technologies when combined with ICSI in horses, but refinements in the semen-handling processes underpinning these technologies are currently being explored to produce more reliable and practical improvements in the results from equine ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Morris
- EquiBreed NZ, 399 Parklands Road, Te Awamutu 3879, New Zealand; and Corresponding author.
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Squires E. Current Reproductive Technologies Impacting Equine Embryo Production. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 89:102981. [PMID: 32563442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reproductive technologies have been developed in the past several decades, which have dramatically changed the way mares are bred. This review will focus on embryo recovery and transfer, cooled-shipped embryos, embryo freezing, oocyte freezing, oocyte collection and transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and sexed semen. Embryo transfer procedures have been constant for many years and the costs have not changed. The major change has been the ability to store embryos at 5 C for 12-24 hours and transport them to recipient stations. Embryo freezing has become more common using the technique of vitrification of embryos >300 μm or deflating embryos >300 μm before freezing. Oocyte vitrification has resulted in poor pregnancy rates although the technique works well in women. The ability to collect oocytes from mares and fertilize them by sperm injection has revolutionized the veterinarian's approach to infertility in the mare and/or stallion. A transvaginal approach can be used to collect oocytes from preovulatory follicles and unstimulated follicles 5-25 mm in size. Although traditional in vitro fertilization does not work well in the horse, ICSI can be used to produce blastocysts which, upon nonsurgical transfer into recipients, provide a pregnancy rate similar to fresh embryos collected from donor mares. Sorting sperm by flow cytometry into X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa has been shown to provide about a 50% pregnancy rate with freshly sorted sperm but only 12% with sorted, frozen/thawed stallion sperm. It is likely that more advanced reproductive techniques will be developed in the future. Their acceptance will depend on how well they work, perceived need, cost, and, to some extent, the breed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Squires
- Department of Veterinary Science, Reproductive Management, Fort Collins, CO.
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Roser JF, Etcharren MV, Miragaya MH, Mutto A, Colgin M, Losinno L, Ross PJ. Superovulation, embryo recovery, and pregnancy rates from seasonally anovulatory donor mares treated with recombinant equine FSH (reFSH). Theriogenology 2019; 142:291-295. [PMID: 31711702 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of different treatments with recombinant equine FSH to stimulate follicular growth, multiple ovulations and embryo production in seasonally anovulatory mares was evaluated. During mid-winter season (July-August in Argentina, South America) forty light breed donor mares, presenting follicles <10 mm in diameter and no CL at ultrasound examination (deep-anestrus), were randomly assigned (n = 10/group) to one of the following treatments: Group 1: twice daily intramuscular (IM) injections of 0.65 mg reFSH (AspenBio Pharma, CO), Group 2: once daily IM injection of 1.3 mg reFSH, Group 3: twice daily IM injection of 0.32 mg reFSH, and Group 4: once daily IM injection of saline (control). Treatment was administered until a follicle of 35 mm was observed or for a total period of 10 days. When the largest follicle reached ≥35 mm in diameter, treatment was discontinued and 2500 IU hCG was injected intravenously (IV) 36 h later. Mares receiving hCG were inseminated with fresh semen every 48 h until ovulation(s) were detected or one dose of frozen semen (250 × 106 motile sperm) after the first ovulation was detected. Eight days after first ovulation, transcervical embryo recovery was performed. Recovered embryos were non-surgically transferred to anovulatory estrogen/progesterone treated recipients and pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasonography 7, 14 and 21 days later. All mares receiving reFSH, but none receiving saline control, responded to the treatment with follicular growth. On average, 6.5 days of reFSH treatment were required for mares to develop follicles of ovulatory size (>35 mm). Ovulations were detected in 80% of mares in Groups 1 and 2, 50% of mares in Group 3 and in none of Group 4 (Control). Among ovulating mares, no differences in number of ovulations, number of embryos recovered, or pregnancy rates were observed among reFSH treatments. Of treated mares, 6, 7, and 5 produced embryos in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average embryo recovery rate per ovulated mare was 88%. The average embryo recovery rate per ovulation was 43%. Overall, a 59% pregnancy rate was achieved. These results indicate that treatment with reFSH during deep anestrus results in follicular development, ovulation of fertile oocytes, and production of embryos that established viable pregnancies after transfer. Also, a single daily administration of reFSH was as effective as two daily administrations, which allows for a simplified administration regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F Roser
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Etcharren
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marcelo H Miragaya
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, INITRA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian Mutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de General San Martin, Argentina
| | | | - Luis Losinno
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Mebarki M, Kaidi R, Azizi A, Basbaci M. Comparative efficacy of two-dimensional mode and color Doppler sonography in predicting gender of the equine fetus. Vet World 2019; 12:325-330. [PMID: 31040577 PMCID: PMC6460860 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.325-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ultrasonographic fetal sexing is of utmost economic importance for horse breeders. Relatively, a few studies have been conducted to determine fetal sex in mare using transrectal Doppler ultrasound. This study aimed to compare two sexing techniques, two-dimensional (2D) mode and color Doppler ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 39 mares under field conditions. Examinations were performed using the ultrasonic model device (Medison SonoAce Pico, South Korea), equipped with real-time 3-7 MHz convex multifrequency transducer. Fetal sex diagnosis was carried out in two periods of pregnancy, early period (57-80 days of gestation) and late period (80-150 days of gestation). Results: No difference (p=0.4) was observed between the efficiency of the 2D mode and Doppler ultrasound in sex determination with the respective frequency of 74% and 85%. The best time to sex the early fetus was between 57 and 70 days of gestation and between 90 and 120 days for the older fetus. Conclusion: The accuracy of sex determination can be increased using Doppler mode compared to 2D mode, especially in the early period between 57 and 70 days, in male more than female sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mebarki
- Higher National Veterinary School, 16270, Street Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Sciences and Agricultural Sciences Institute, University of Batna, Algeria
| | - R Kaidi
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Blida, BP 270, Algeria
| | - A Azizi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Sciences and Agricultural Sciences Institute, University of Batna, Algeria
| | - M Basbaci
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Blida, BP 270, Algeria
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Hernández-Avilés C, Gómez-Romero M, Buitrago-Horta R, Lozano-Márquez H, Jiménez-Escobar C, Zambrano-Varón J. Evaluation of Post-Thaw Sperm Function and Integrity Parameters Under Different Freezing Regimens in Colombian Paso Fino Stallions. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Van de Velde M, Roels K, Ververs C, Gerits I, Govaere J. Equine foetal gender determination in mid- to late gestational mares: A practical inquiry. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1027-1032. [PMID: 29894018 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in equine foetal gender determination (FGD) during gestation increased remarkably. Ultrasonographic FGD can be performed in two different periods during gestation. The earliest examination can take place at a gestational age of 60-70 days, whereby the genital tubercle is used to differentiate between male and female foeti. The time window of the second approach is wider (120-210 days), and there are more characteristics to take into consideration. In this article, the feasibility and accuracy of ultrasonographic FGD in mid- to late gestation are evaluated. One hundred twenty-one mares from different breeds with a pregnancy stage between 120 and 270 days were examined once, using B-scale ultrasonography (Esaote MyLab™ClassC). None of the mares were sedated nor shaved, and the procedure was completed within 15 min. Diagnosis was firstly based on the gonads. The final judgement was made based on all visible foetal reproductive organs. In three cases with a pregnancy stage beyond 257 days, FGD was not possible. All of the examined mares in which a FGD could be performed gave birth to a healthy foal. In 98% of the examinations (116/118), the diagnosis was correctly made. In both cases of misdiagnosis, only one characteristic was seen during the procedure and wrongly interpreted. Beyond 210 days of pregnancy, the extremities can preclude a good visualization of the inguinal region. In conclusion, equine FGD in mid- to late gestation is an accessible and accurate technique, although a good ultrasound device is a prerequisite and experience and expertise is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Van de Velde
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kim Roels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cyrillus Ververs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilse Gerits
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jan Govaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gibb Z, Grupen CG, Maxwell WMC, Morris LHA. Field fertility of liquid stored and cryopreserved flow cytometrically sex-sorted stallion sperm. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:160-166. [PMID: 27060979 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The fertility of sex-sorted, cryopreserved stallion sperm must be improved for the sex-sorting technology to be applied commercially. OBJECTIVES To optimise the conditions used to liquid store stallion sperm prior to sex-sorting and assess the fertility of sperm following sex-sorting and cryopreservation. STUDY DESIGN Both in vitro experiment and randomised controlled trial in healthy, client-owned mares. METHODS Stallion ejaculates (n = 9) were diluted in either a skimmed milk (KMT) or BSA (I-BSA) based media to 25 × 106 sperm/ml directly (+SP25) or washed to remove seminal plasma and diluted to 25 or 111 × 106 sperm/ml (-SP25 and -SP111). Sperm were stored for 18 h at 10 to 15°C and -SP25 and +SP25 treatments were centrifuged and resuspended to 111 × 106 sperm/ml. Sperm were incubated under H33342 staining conditions and motility, viability and acrosome integrity assessed. Semen was collected from stallions (n = 4), liquid stored at 10-15°C for up to 5 h and sperm either cryopreserved directly, sex-sorted and cryopreserved, or sex-sorted and returned to liquid storage until insemination. Low-dose hysteroscopic insemination was performed in 23 mares randomly allocated to the semen preparation group and pregnancy determined following embryo flushing on Day 9 after ovulation, or via transrectal ultrasonography on Day 14 after ovulation. RESULTS Skimmed milk was superior to I-BSA in maintaining motility, viability and acrosome integrity. Seminal plasma removal did not affect the parameters measured at the concentrations examined. Conception rates did not differ significantly between the groups, although a high incidence of pregnancy loss was observed in both the cryopreserved groups. CONCLUSIONS While the conception rates achieved are among the highest yet reported for sex-sorted, cryopreserved stallion sperm, the high incidence of pregnancy loss suggests that the development of the resulting embryos was significantly impaired by the sperm processing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gibb
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C G Grupen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W M C Maxwell
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Liu X, Hu T, Sun W, Hao H, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhu H, Du W. Comparison of the developmental competence and quality of bovine embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization with sex-sorted and unsorted semen from seven bulls. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Crișan MI, Damian A, Morar I, Páll E, Peștean C, Groza IȘ. Equine Embryo Sexing and Ultrasonographic Foetal Sexing - Interests and Applicability. Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:329-37. [PMID: 26424663 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to choose the sex of the offspring is of upmost economic importance for horse breeders. Unlike other species, horses present several reproductive peculiarities that interfere with assisted reproductive technologies used in other large animals (such as bovine) and make them difficult to apply. Thus, there is a great interest to determine the sex of the offspring as soon as possible. This has led to the development of several technologies to serve this purpose, which can be classified into two categories. One is equine embryo sexing by either non-invasive biotechnological methods, such as monitoring of X-linked enzymes before X chromosome inactivation and detection of sex-specific antigen, or by invasive biotechnological methods, such as cytogenetic analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The other one is equine foetus sexing using ultrasound scanning in different stages of its development (early, mid or late), by different approaches (transrectally or transabdominally). This can be performed with classic B-mode ultrasound machines or using 3D-mode and Doppler-mode scanners. This review article offers a comprehensive overview of the current status of these procedures as well as an assessment of their interests and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Crișan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur no. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Damian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur no. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - I Morar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur no. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - E Páll
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur no. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Peștean
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur no. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - I Șt Groza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur no. 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Balao da Silva CM, Ortega Ferrusola C, Gallardo Bolaños JM, Plaza Dávila M, Martín-Muñoz P, Morrell JM, Rodriguez Martínez H, Peña FJ. Effect of Overnight Staining on the Quality of Flow Cytometric Sorted Stallion Sperm: Comparison with Tradtitional Protocols. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:1021-7. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- CM Balao da Silva
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
| | - C Ortega Ferrusola
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
| | - JM Gallardo Bolaños
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
| | - M Plaza Dávila
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
| | - P Martín-Muñoz
- Division of Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - JM Morrell
- Division of Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - H Rodriguez Martínez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - FJ Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Extremadura; Cáceres Spain
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Florez-Rodriguez SA, de Arruda RP, Alves MBR, Affonso FJ, Carvalho HF, Lemes KM, Lançoni R, de Andrade AFC, Celeghini ECC. Morphofunctional Characterization of Cooled Sperm With Different Extenders to Use in Equine-Assisted Reproduction. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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