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Camargo L, Resende da Silva GF, Baccili CC, Flores EF, Gomes V. Influence of bovine pestivirus heterogeneity on serological responses to 10 different commercial vaccine formulation. Vet Microbiol 2024; 296:110155. [PMID: 38996750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Bovine Pestivirus typically involves one or more organ systems, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe fatal systemic illness that lead to significant reproductive, productive, and economic losses. Vaccines face the challenge of addressing the significant variability of pestiviruses, which affects the interaction between viral antigens and the immune system's ability to provide protection. This study aimed to evaluate the serological responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (Pestivirus A) and Pestivirus B induced by 10 commercial vaccines, including one recombinant (vaccine E), two modified live (MLV multivalent, vaccine I, and MLV monovalent, vaccine J), and seven killed vaccines (KLV, vaccines A to H). Additionally, we evaluated the cross-reactivity between Pestivirus A and B from vaccines and HoBi-like pestivirus (Pestivirus H). In Phase 1, guinea pigs were used to screen for non-MLVs. They were divided into nine groups (n=6 each) and received two doses (⅕ of bovine dose) of eight different non-MLV on Days 0 and 21. Serum samples were collected on Days 0 and 30 for serological analyse. In Phase 2, Holstein × Gir heifers (n= 45) were divided into five groups, comprising 6-9 animals. They were vaccinated either once with MLVs or twice with the top non-MLVs screened in Phase 1. Serum samples were harvested on d0 (vaccination day) and d60 (60 days after the first dose) for MLV and non-MLV. Specific antibody titers were assessed virus neutralization (VN) and transformed in log2 for statistical analysis using PROC-MIXED. Significant effects were observed for vaccine groups, time points, and their interactions concerning neutralizing antibodies against Pestivirus A and B in both Guinea pigs and heifers. The Phase 1 study revealed serological responses against Pestivirus A exclusively in non-MLV D (85.33±13.49) and E (72.00±19.26). In the bovine study, the KLD vaccine D (72.00±15.10), recombinant vaccine E (90.66±25.85), and MLV I (170.66±28.22) resulted in an average of neutralizing antibodies against Pestivirus A that exceeded the protective threshold (≥ 60). However,individual analysis of heifers showed a higher frequency of animals presenting titers of Pestivirus A Ab surpassing 32 following vaccination with MLV I and J. None of the vaccine formulations in either study elicited a protective immune response against Pestivirus B or demonstrated cross-reactivity against Pestivirus H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Camargo
- Department of Medical Clinic, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Butantã, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Viviani Gomes
- Department of Medical Clinic, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Butantã, Brazil.
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Stewart JL, Currin J, Clark SG, Redifer T, Givens MD, Mercadante VRG. Assessing pregnancy outcomes in cow-calf operations after administration of modified-live or killed virus vaccinations at the initiation of synchronization for fixed-time AI. Theriogenology 2023; 200:43-48. [PMID: 36753795 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the reproductive outcomes (artificial insemination [AI] pregnancy rates, season pregnancy rates, AI pregnancy losses) and calf traits (birth and weaning weights) after vaccination of suckled beef cows against bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus using commercially-available modified-live virus (MLV) or killed virus (KV) vaccine at the initiation of a fixed-time AI program. Previously-vaccinated cows (n = 2138) on 14 farms throughout Virginia were enrolled in the study during the Fall 2017 and Spring 2018 breeding seasons. Animals received a single vaccination injection at 10 d pre-breeding, corresponding with time of CIDR insertion at initiation of the 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR synchronization protocol. Cows were inseminated at a fixed time (60-66 h after removal of the CIDR insert) and subsequently turned out with bulls approximately 1 wk after insemination for a natural service. Cows treated with the MLV vaccine had greater AI pregnancy rates than cows treated with the KV vaccine during the fall (P = 0.008; 54% vs. 46%, respectively), but not during the spring breeding season (P = 0.62; 48 vs. 49%). Season pregnancy rates were greater (P = 0.01) in the fall (95-96%) than in the spring breeding season (89-90%), but were not affected by vaccine treatment (P = 0.49) or treatment by season (P = 0.30) interactions. Percentage of AI pregnancy losses was not affected by season (P = 0.85), vaccine treatment (P = 0.83), or treatment by season interactions (P = 0.68). The number of cycles it took for cows to become pregnant by natural service differed by season (P = 0.006) but not treatment (P = 0.87) or treatment by season interaction (P = 0.997). Cows treated with the MLV vaccine gave birth earlier in the calving season (8.36 ± 0.6 d) than those treated with the KV vaccine (10.31 ± 0.6 d; P = 0.02). There was a main effect of season on birth weights (P = 0.008), weaning weights (P < 0.001), and ADG at weaning (P < 0.001), but no effects of treatment (P ≥ 0.26) or treatment by season interaction (P ≥ 0.10) on any of these parameters. Overall, this study demonstrated that the administration of an MLV vaccine at 10 d before fixed-time AI did not have any adverse effects on pregnancy or calf outcomes compared with KV vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Stewart
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.
| | - John Currin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Sherrie G Clark
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Tracey Redifer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - M Daniel Givens
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Vitor R G Mercadante
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA; School of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Walz PH, Chamorro MF, M Falkenberg S, Passler T, van der Meer F, R Woolums A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1690-1706. [PMID: 32633084 PMCID: PMC7517858 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle populations across most of the world has remained elusive in spite of advances in knowledge about this viral pathogen. A central feature of virus perseverance in cattle herds is the unique mechanism of persistent infection. Managing BVDV infection in herds involves controlling persistently infected carrier animals using a multidimensional approach of vaccination, biosecurity, and identification of BVDV reservoirs. A decade has passed since the original American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement on BVDV. While much has remained the same with respect to clinical signs of disease, pathogenesis of infection including persistent infection, and diagnosis, scientific articles published since 2010 have led to a greater understanding of difficulties associated with control of BVDV. This consensus statement update on BVDV presents greater focus on topics currently relevant to the biology and control of this viral pathogen of cattle, including changes in virus subpopulations, infection in heterologous hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Walz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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Bovine herpesvirus 1 modified live virus vaccines for cattle reproduction: Balancing protection with undesired effects. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:78-83. [PMID: 28400145 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is responsible for significant losses to the cattle industry. Currently, modified-live viral (MLV) and inactivated viral vaccines are available against BVDV, often in combination with other viral and bacterial antigens. Inactivated and MLV vaccines provide cattle producers and veterinarians safe and efficacious options for herd immunization to limit disease associated with BVDV infection. Vaccination of young cattle against BVDV is motivated by prevention of clinical disease and limiting viral spread to susceptible animals. For reproductive-age cattle, vaccination to prevent viremia and birth of persistently infected offspring is considered more important, while also more difficult to achieve than prevention of clinical disease. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of BVDV vaccine efficacy. In terms of preventing clinical disease, current BVDV vaccines have been demonstrated to have a rapid onset of immunity and MLV vaccines can be effectively utilized in calves possessing maternal immunity. For reproductive protection, more recent studies using multivalent MLV vaccines have demonstrated consistent fetal protection rates in the range of 85-100% in experimental studies. Proper timing and administration of BVDV vaccines can be utilized to maximize vaccine efficacy to provide an important contribution to reducing risks associated with BVDV infection. With improvements in vaccine formulations and increased understanding of the protective immune response following vaccination, control of BVDV through vaccination can be enhanced.
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Prevention of abortion in cattle following vaccination against bovine herpesvirus 1: A meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:1-8. [PMID: 28237224 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 is ubiquitous in cattle populations and is the cause of several clinical syndromes including respiratory disease, genital disease, and late-term abortions. Control of the virus in many parts of the world is achieved primarily through vaccination with either inactivated or modified-live viral vaccines. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the cumulative efficacy of BoHV-1 vaccination to prevent abortion in pregnant cattle. Germane articles for inclusion in the analysis were identified through four online scientific databases and the examination of three review and ten primary study article reference lists. A total of 15 studies in 10 manuscripts involving over 7500 animals were included in the meta-analysis. Risk ratio effect sizes were used in random effects, weighted meta-analyses to assess the impact of vaccination. Subgroup analyses were performed based on type of vaccine, MLV or inactivated, and the type of disease challenge, experimentally induced compared to field studies. A 60% decrease in abortion risk in vaccinated cattle was demonstrated. The greatest decrease in abortion risk was seen in studies with intentional viral challenge although vaccination also decreased abortion risk in field studies. Both inactivated and modified-live viral vaccines decreased abortion risk. This meta-analysis provides quantitative support for the benefit of bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccination in the prevention of abortion.
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Newcomer BW, Givens D. Diagnosis and Control of Viral Diseases of Reproductive Importance: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Viral Diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:425-41. [PMID: 27140298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 can have significant negative reproductive impacts on cattle health. Vaccination is the primary control method for the viral pathogens in US cattle herds. Polyvalent, modified-live vaccines are recommended to provide optimal protection against various viral field strains. Of particular importance to bovine viral diarrhea control is the limitation of contact of pregnant cattle with potential viral reservoirs during the critical first 125 days of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 127 Sugg Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36849-5516, USA
| | - Daniel Givens
- Office of Academic Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 217 Veterinary Education Center, Auburn, AL 36849-5536, USA.
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Walz P, Montgomery T, Passler T, Riddell K, Braden T, Zhang Y, Galik P, Zuidhof S. Comparison of reproductive performance of primiparous dairy cattle following revaccination with either modified-live or killed multivalent viral vaccines in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8753-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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