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Fedorka CE, Schnobrich MR, Muderspach ND, Scoggin KE, Dedman MT, Weigle KE, May MG, Twist H, Linse CR, Douglas RH, Troedsson MHT. Using mycobacterium cell wall fraction to decrease equine chorionic gonadotropin after abortion. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:806-814. [PMID: 38472105 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine embryonic loss following the development of endometrial cups delays return to cyclicity due to the production of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Natural degradation of endometrial cups coincides with an influx of immune cells at 100-120 days of gestation, but therapeutic stimulation of reduced eCG production has been relatively unsuccessful. Recently, we observed an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production following the use of the immunostimulant mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of hysteroscopic-guided injection of MCWF on the accelerated decline of eCG secretion. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Mares were pharmacologically aborted at 40-45 days of gestation, and then divided into groups: MCWF-treated (6 mg MCWF suspended in 20 mL LRS; n = 10) and Control (20 mL LRS; n = 6). Five days after abortion, hysteroscopic-guided injection of endometrial cups was performed, with 1 mL of volume placed into each visible endometrial cup. This was repeated 7 days later. Trans-rectal ultrasonography was performed to monitor ovarian activity, and serum was obtained to assess eCG and cytokine concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of eCG decreased in the MCWF-treated group (p < 0.01) with a significant suppression noted as early as 14 days after onset of treatment and remained suppressed for the duration of the study. This coincided with an increase in peripheral IFN-γ (p < 0.01) and IL-1β (p < 0.01) concentrations. Eight out of ten MCWF-treated mares (80%) developed pre-ovulatory follicles, in comparison to 2/6 controls (33%). A pre-ovulatory follicle was noted 23 ± 4 days after onset of treatment. MAIN LIMITATIONS No pregnancy data was obtained following treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a treatment for the accelerated reduction of eCG following abortion. Stimulation of this process allowed mares to develop a pre-ovulatory follicle within a month of MCWF treatment onset, granting repeat attempts at breeding within the confines of a single breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Natacha D Muderspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Madison T Dedman
- Lincoln Memorial College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelly E Weigle
- Lincoln Memorial College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary G May
- Lincoln Memorial College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heidi Twist
- Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cara R Linse
- Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Peere S, van Den Branden E, Papas M, Gerits I, Smits K, Govaere J. Twin management in the mare: A review. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:650-659. [PMID: 38594910 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Twin gestation in the mare is undesirable and can have disastrous consequences. As in many cases, the key to success in twin management lies in a thorough follow-up and accurate recording of clinical findings in the pre-breeding examination. A pregnancy diagnosis in the mobility phase is imperative for a good outcome in the event of twin reduction. If a twin gestation is not diagnosed during this early pregnancy stage, several other procedures exist for managing post-fixation twins (>16 days) with varying degrees of success. Most twin pregnancies are the result of multiple ovulations (dizygotic twins). However, monozygotic twins are also sporadically diagnosed, due to the increasing number of transferred in vitro produced equine embryos. In these cases, the most optimal treatment strategy still needs to be determined. This review provides an overview of the various twin reduction techniques described with the expected prognosis as well as of some less reported techniques with their results. In addition, physiological events and the reduction techniques are demonstrated to the user in virtual 3-dimensional illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Peere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emma van Den Branden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marion Papas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilse Gerits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Smits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jan Govaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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3
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Newcombe JR, Wilsher S, Silva ESM, Sala-Ayala L, Cuervo-Arango J. Seasonal absence of supplementary corpora lutea in pregnant mares and the relationship with pregnancy loss. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104960. [PMID: 37925112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in the Northern (UK) and Southern (Brazil) hemispheres to determine the effect of season (month of conception) on the development of supplementary CL (SCL) and the relationship with pregnancy loss. In experiment 1, 199 pregnancies were followed between Day 14 and term, to determine the number of SCL and pregnancy viability (Northern Hemisphere). From the 199 pregnancies, 178 were obtained from inseminations during the breeding season (March-September), while the rest, 21 pregnancies resulted from conceptions in the non-breeding season (October to February). Pregnancies conceived in the breeding season were more likely (P < 0.01) to have at least 1 SCL (75.8 %, 135/178) than pregnancies from the non-breeding season (33 %, 7/21). However, the pregnancy loss between Days 35 and 120 of pregnancy in mares with no SCL was similar (3.5 %, 2/57; P >0.1) than from mares with SCL (1.4 %, 2/142). In Experiment 2 (Southern Hemisphere), three groups of recipients were used based on their ovarian activity at the time of embryo transfer: Anestrus (n = 8), transitional (n = 7) and cyclic (n = 7) recipient mares. While all transitional and cyclic mares developed at least 1 SCL, only 50 % of anestrous recipients (4/8) developed SCL by 120 of gestation. In conclusion, the development of SCL in pregnant mares is influenced by the time of season of conception, therefore it appears to be regulated by the photoperiod and the endogenous seasonal variation in gonadotropin concentrations. Mares with no SCL were not at increased risk of pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Newcombe
- Warren House Farm, Equine Fertility Clinic, Brownhills, West Midlands, UK
| | - Sandra Wilsher
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, "Brunswick", Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Elisa S M Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Sala-Ayala
- Equine Fertility Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Cuervo-Arango
- Equine Fertility Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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4
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Wilsher S, De Rijck M, Allen WR(T. Post fetal death development of endometrial cups in a Jenny donkey (
Equus asinus
). EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wilsher
- Sharjah Equine Hospital Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - M. De Rijck
- Sharjah Equine Hospital Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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5
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Riera FL, Roldán JE, Espinosa JM, Fernandez JE, Ortiz I, Hinrichs K. Application of embryo biopsy and sex determination via polymerase chain reaction in a commercial equine embryo transfer program in Argentina. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1917-1925. [PMID: 31656221 DOI: 10.1071/rd19228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo biopsy for fetal sexing has clinical application, but few reports are available of its use within an active embryo transfer program. We evaluated results on biopsy of 459 embryos over one breeding season. There were no significant differences in pregnancy rate between biopsied and non-biopsied embryos (72% vs 73%) or for biopsied embryos recovered at the centre (73%) compared with those shipped overnight (72%). However, the pregnancy rate decreased significantly in shipped embryos biopsied ≥20h after collection. Overall, 86% of biopsies provided a sex diagnosis. The likelihood of a positive genomic (g) DNA result was significantly higher for biopsies from large blastocysts (96%) than from smaller embryos (70-85%). In total, 38% of biopsies were positive for Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) and were diagnosed as male. Subsequently, 95% of Y-DNA-positive embryos were confirmed as male and 78% of Y-DNA-negative embryos were confirmed as female. The accuracy of prediction of female (Y-DNA negative) was significantly higher when the biopsy sample was probed for Y-DNA only compared with probing for both gDNA and Y-DNA. We estimate that by transferring only Y-DNA-negative embryos, 3% of potential female pregnancies may have been lost, and production of male pregnancies was reduced by 72%.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Riera
- Centro de Reproducción Equina Doña Pilar, Ruta 188, Km 200, (6070) Lincoln (B), Argentina; and Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Reproductiva Prof. Robert M. Kenney, Sargento Cabral 748, (1669) La Lonja (B), Argentina
| | - J E Roldán
- Centro de Reproducción Equina Doña Pilar, Ruta 188, Km 200, (6070) Lincoln (B), Argentina; and Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Reproductiva Prof. Robert M. Kenney, Sargento Cabral 748, (1669) La Lonja (B), Argentina
| | - J M Espinosa
- Centro de Reproducción Equina Doña Pilar, Ruta 188, Km 200, (6070) Lincoln (B), Argentina; and Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Reproductiva Prof. Robert M. Kenney, Sargento Cabral 748, (1669) La Lonja (B), Argentina
| | - J E Fernandez
- Centro de Reproducción Equina Doña Pilar, Ruta 188, Km 200, (6070) Lincoln (B), Argentina
| | - I Ortiz
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4466 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - K Hinrichs
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4466 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA; and Corresponding author.
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Podico G, Canisso IF, Ellerbrock RE, Dias NW, Mercadante VRG, Lima FS. Assessment of peripheral markers and ultrasonographic parameters in pregnant mares receiving intramuscular or intrauterine cloprostenol. Theriogenology 2019; 142:77-84. [PMID: 31581046 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare two methods of prostaglandin-induced abortion in mares by determining blood markers (progesterone, estradiol-17β, alpha-fetoprotein, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2α (PGFM)), B-mode ultrasonographic parameters, and time until loss of fetal heartbeat. It was hypothesized that intrauterine infusion of cloprostenol results in earlier fetal compromise than intramuscular administration. Ovarian structures (number and sizes of follicles and corpora lutea area), fetal heartbeat, and fetal mobility of thirteen singleton pregnancies were assessed daily by transrectal ultrasonography until induction of pregnancy termination (60 ± 2 days of gestation). Mares received 500 μg of cloprostenol intramuscularly every 12 h (IM, n = 7) or once transcervically (TC, n = 6). After initial cloprostenol administration, ultrasonographic examinations were repeated at 6-h intervals until loss of fetal heartbeat was detected. Plasma progesterone, estradiol-17β, and alpha-fetoprotein were assessed for five days before and after pregnancy loss. In addition, plasma PGFM concentrations were assessed immediately before cloprostenol administration (0 min), and then 15, 30, and 45 min, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 h after administration. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure with repeated measures in SAS. Significance was set at P < 0.05. All mares lost their pregnancies within 48 h after initial cloprostenol administration, with no difference in time to pregnancy loss. There were significant effects of time starting by 12 h post-induction of pregnancy termination but there was no time by group interaction for progesterone concentrations. Estradiol-17β and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were not altered upon impending abortion. Concentrations of PGFM increased significantly by 2 h after cloprostenol administration, but there were no differences between groups. No time effects or time by group interaction for fetal mobility and heartbeat was detected. Expectedly, the number and area of corpora lutea decreased significantly after cloprostenol administration with no significant differences between groups. In conclusion, intrauterine administration of cloprostenol was not different from repeated systemic administration to terminate the pregnancy. Both models for early fetal loss were equivalent for the endpoints assessed herein. The present study provides evidence that transcervical cloprostenol administration technique is repeatable in different settings and results in negligible side effects. While systemic administration results in colic-like signs and may result in severe reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Robyn E Ellerbrock
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Nicholas W Dias
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vitor R G Mercadante
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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7
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Podico G, Roady PJ, Uhl E, Lima FS, Li Z. Diffusion of fluoroquinolones into equine fetal fluids did not induce fetal lesions after enrofloxacin treatment in early gestation. Vet J 2019; 253:105376. [PMID: 31685134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While recent work demonstrated that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reach the fetoplacental unit without causing obvious lesions in the 9-month-old equine fetus or resulting foal, many practitioners still hesitate to prescribe a fluoroquinolone during pregnancy. Since early gestation is a critical time for fetal skeletal development, if fluoroquinolones are chondrotoxic to the fetus at any point during gestation, this period would be important. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 2 weeks' exposure to enrofloxacin on the equine fetus between 46 and 60 days gestation. Twelve pregnancies from nine healthy mares were allocated into two groups: untreated (n=7), or treatment (7.5mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO×14days, n=6). Abortion was induced with prostaglandin 24h after the last enrofloxacin dose, or on the equivalent day of gestation for untreated mares. Four of nine mares were rebred for a second cycle and were assigned to the opposite treatment to serve as their own controls. Fetal fluids from treated mares were analysed for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations. Fetal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, kidney, and liver) and limbs were examined histopathologically. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin diffused to the fetal fluids during early gestation and did not result in detectable abnormalities in the fetus after 14 days of treatment. While current research does not determine long-term foal outcomes, enrofloxacin may be useful for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - G Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - E Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Z Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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8
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Wilsher S. The uterus and early pregnancy failure in the mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wilsher
- The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction “Brunswick” Newmarket UK
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9
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eCG Concentration and Subsequent Reproductive Activity in Mares After Abortion at Day 70. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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