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Jacobsen S. Use of serum amyloid A in equine medicine and surgery. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:8-18. [PMID: 36336845 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) has become an indispensable part of the management of equine patients in general practice and specialized hospital settings. Although several proteins possess acute phase properties in horses, the usefulness of SAA exceeds that of other acute phase proteins. This is due to the highly desirable kinetics of the equine SAA response. SAA concentrations exhibit a rapid and pronounced increase in response to inflammation and a rapid decline after the resolution of inflammation. This facilitates the detection of inflammatory disease and real-time monitoring of inflammatory activity. SAA may be used in all stages of patient management: (1) before diagnosis (to rule in/rule out inflammatory disease), (2) at the time of diagnosis (to assess the severity of inflammation and assist in prognostication), and (3) after diagnosis (to monitor changes in inflammatory activity in response to therapy, with relapse of disease, or with infectious/inflammatory complications). By assessing other acute phase reactants in addition to SAA, clinicians can succinctly stage inflammation. White blood cell counts and serum iron concentration change within hours of an inflammatory insult, SAA within a day, and fibrinogen within 2-3 days; the interrelationship of these markers thus indicates the duration and activity of the inflammatory condition. Much research on the equine SAA response and clinical use has been conducted in the last decade. This is the prerequisite for the evidence-based use of this analyte. However, still today, most published studies involve a fairly low number of horses. To obtain solid evidence for use of SAA, future studies should be designed with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section Medicine & Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aras Z, Yavuz O. Evaluation of fetal heart serum amyloid a concentrations in infectious cattle abortion cases. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Boakari YL, Esteller-Vico A, Loux S, El-Sheikh Ali H, Fernandes CB, Dini P, Scoggin KE, Cray C, Ball BA. Serum amyloid A, Serum Amyloid A1 and Haptoglobin in pregnant mares and their fetuses after experimental induction of placentitis. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 229:106766. [PMID: 34015726 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) and Haptoglobin (Hp) are acute phase proteins, produced during inflammation, such as placentitis. In horses, SAA and SAA1 are protein coding genes. Objectives were to analyze SAA and Hp concentrations and relative abundance of SAA, SAA1 and Hp mRNA transcript in maternal and fetal tissues after experimental induction of placentitis or mares of a control group. Serum Amyloid A family proteins were in marked abundance in the stroma of the endometrium and chorioallantois associated with inflammatory cells. Maternal plasma SAA concentrations were greater (P = 0.01) in mares with experimentally induced placentitis compared to those of the control group. Maternal Hp from the groups were not different, but fetal Hp concentrations of mares with experimentally induced placentitis were greater (P = 0.02). Maternal plasma SAA and Hp concentrations were greater than fetal plasma concentrations in mares with experimentally induced placentitis (P < 0.05). Relative abundance of SAA mRNA transcript was greater in the maternal, fetal liver and chorioallantois of mares with experimentally induced placentitis (P < 0.05) compared to those in the control group. Interestingly, relative abundance of SAA1 mRNA transcript was greater in the chorioallantois of mares with experimentally induced placentitis (P < 0.05). The SAA and Hp concentrations, therefore, were greater in mares with induced placentitis. Furthermore, relative abundance of SAA1 mRNA transcript is specifically greater in the chorioallantois of mares with placentitis, which warrants further studies to elucidate the immunological response of SAA1 in the chorioallantois of mares with placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Linhares Boakari
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - A Esteller-Vico
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, USA
| | - S Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA
| | - H El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mansoura, Egypt
| | - C Barbosa Fernandes
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K E Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA
| | - C Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - B A Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA.
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Borba LDA, Nogueira CEW, Bruhn FRP, da Silva GC, Feijó LS, Canisso IF, Curcio BDR. Peripheral blood markers of sepsis in foals born from mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Vet Rec 2021; 187:29. [PMID: 33638540 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal death during the first-week postfoaling. Despite recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in the newborn foal, the non-specific clinical signs and subtle nature of this disease may result in delayed diagnosis until severe progression of the disease; thus, early detection of sepsis remains critical for a favourable outcome. This study aimed to identify early blood markers as predictive of sepsis on foals. METHODS Thirty-five foals were allocated into three groups: healthy control foals (n=7) and foals born from mares with placentitis: septic foals (n=9) and non-septic foals (n=19). Blood samples were obtained immediately after foaling and at 12, 24 and 48 hours. All samples were assessed for glucose, lactate, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, total solids, fibrinogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations. RESULTS At foaling, glucose and GGT concentrations were lower in septic foals (P<0.001). Of interest, SAA, AFP, creatinine and total cholesterol were higher in septic foals at parturition (P<0.05). At 12 hours, lactate, triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations were higher in septic foals. When evaluated at 24 and 48 hours, higher concentrations of SAA and AFP were found in placentitis foals than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Total cholesterol and lactate appear to be suitable markers for sepsis during the first 24 hours postpartum. Septic foals displayed altered energy metabolisms as determined by increased triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, hypoglycaemia at birth and reduced activity of the GGT and increased lactate and urea concentrations. Sepsis was associated with high concentrations of SAA and AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Araujo Borba
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Castro da Silva
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorena Soares Feijó
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruna da Rosa Curcio
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Canisso IF, Loux S, Scoggin KE, Squires EL, Troedsson MH, Ball BA. Fetal-fluid proteome analyses in late-term healthy pregnant mares and in mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1486-1496. [PMID: 31092309 DOI: 10.1071/rd18460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterisation of fetal fluids in healthy and disease states of pregnant mares can help to unravel the pathophysiology and to identify putative markers of disease. Thus, this study aimed to compare the protein composition of: (1) amniotic and allantoic fluids of healthy mares obtained immediately after euthanasia and (2) allantoic fluid harvested via centesis before and after experimental induction of placentitis via transcervical inoculation of Streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus in healthy mares. Fetal fluids were analysed with a high-throughput proteomic technique after in-gel digestion. Statistical comparisons were performed following normalisation of peptide spectral match. Global normalisation was performed to calculate relative expression. There were 112 unique proteins present in both allantoic and amniotic fluids. There were 13 and 29 proteins defined as amniotic- or allantoic-specific respectively that were present in at least two fluid samples. Another 26 proteins were present in both amniotic and allantoic fluids. Panther DB functional classification grouped fetal-fluid proteins as transfer carriers, signalling molecules, receptors, immunity, hydrolase, enzymes, membrane traffic, cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, calcium binding and extracellular matrix. Experimentally induced placentitis resulted in 10 proteins being upregulated and 10 downregulated in allantoic fluid. Newly identified proteins and changes in the fetal-fluid proteome provide clues about the physiology of pregnancy and pathogenesis of placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Canisso
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA; and Present address: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008W Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Shavahn Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Edward L Squires
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Mats H Troedsson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40503, USA; and Corresponding author.
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Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:147-160. [PMID: 32007299 PMCID: PMC7135104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Long
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Rose Nolen-Walston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:293-298. [PMID: 30565319 PMCID: PMC7163734 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is the major acute phase protein in horses. It is produced during the acute phase response (APR), a nonspecific systemic reaction to any type of tissue injury. In the blood of healthy horses, SAA concentration is very low, but it increases dramatically with inflammation. Due to the short half‐life of SAA, changes in its concentration in blood closely reflect the onset of inflammation and, therefore, measurement of SAA useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease and response to treatment. Increases in SAA concentration have been described in equine digestive, reproductive and respiratory diseases and following surgical procedures. Moreover, SAA has proven useful for detection of some subclinical pathologies that can disturb training and competing in equine athletes. Increasing availability of diagnostic tests for both laboratory and field use adds to SAA's applicability as a reliable indicator of horses’ health status. This review article presents the current information on changes in SAA concentrations in the blood of healthy and diseased horses, focussing on clinical application of this biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Żmigrodzka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Winnicka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Miśkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Strzelec
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Cywińska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Jawor P, Mee JF, Stefaniak T. Perinatal immuno/inflammatory responses in the presence or absence of bovine fetal infection. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:322. [PMID: 30382887 PMCID: PMC6211430 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that the bovine fetus can mount an immune and inflammatory reaction to infection, but it is not known whether there is a contemporaneous maternal response. Nor is it known whether the response of calves which die perinatally, with or without infection, differs from that of live perinates. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine if acute phase reactant and immunoglobulin concentrations differed between calves (and their dams) in three groups: live calves (CC; n = 21) and dead calves with (PM INF+; n = 22) or without (PM INF-; n = 89) in utero infection. In calf plasma, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, immunoglobulins M, G1 and G2 and interleukin-6 were measured. In dam serum, SAA and Hp was measured and in amniotic and abomasal fluid, IL-6 was measured. Results Live calves had higher plasma concentrations of SAA and IL-6 than dead calves with (PM INF+) or without (PM INF-) in utero infection. Calves in the PM INF-, but not PM INF+ group, had higher Hp concentrations than calves in the CC group. Calves in the PM INF+ group had higher IgG1 concentrations than calves in the PM INF- and CC groups. Except for higher IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations, biomarker values did not differ significantly between dead calves with or without in utero infection. Live calves had higher IL-6 concentrations in abomasal fluid compared to PM INF- calves. There were no significant differences in blood biomarker concentrations between dams of the three groups of calves. Amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations were higher from the dams of control calves than the dams of uninfected calves. Conclusions Differences in biomarkers (higher Hp and IgG1; lower SAA and IL-6) between perinatal mortalities and live perinates probably reflect differences between these two groups in age at sampling (SAA and IL-6) and in utero infection (IgG1). Out of the six analytes measured in calves, only IgG1 and IgG2 were biomarkers of (chronic) in utero infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
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The proteome of fetal fluids in mares with experimentally-induced placentitis. Placenta 2018; 64:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jawor P, Stefaniak T, Mee JF. Immune and inflammatory biomarkers in cases of bovine perinatal mortality with and without infection in utero. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1408-1416. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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