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Li Q, Zheng T, Chen J, Li B, Zhang Q, Yang S, Shao J, Guan W, Zhang S. Exploring melatonin's multifaceted role in female reproductive health: From follicular development to lactation and its therapeutic potential in obstetric syndromes. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00168-1. [PMID: 38692429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is mainly secreted by the pineal gland during darkness and regulates biological rhythms through its receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, it also plays a role in the reproductive system by affecting the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and by acting as a free radical scavenger thus contributing to the maintenance of the optimal physiological state of the gonads. Besides, melatonin can freely cross the placenta to influence fetal development. However, there is still a lack of overall understanding of the role of melatonin in the reproductive cycle of female mammals. AIM OF REVIEW Here we focus the role of melatonin in female reproduction from follicular development to delivery as well as the relationship between melatonin and lactation. We further summarize the potential role of melatonin in the treatment of preeclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and ovarian aging. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Understanding the physiological role of melatonin in female reproductive processes will contribute to the advancement of human fertility and reproductive medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tenghui Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baofeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianzi Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Siwang Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiayuan Shao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Basini G, Grasselli F. Role of Melatonin in Ovarian Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:644. [PMID: 38396612 PMCID: PMC10885985 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone mainly produced by the pineal gland in the absence of light stimuli. The light, in fact, hits the retina, which sends a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which inhibits the synthesis of the hormone by the epiphysis. Mostly by interacting with MT1/MT2 membrane receptors, melatonin performs various physiological actions, among which are its regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and its control of the immune system. One of its best known functions is its non-enzymatic antioxidant action, which is independent from binding with receptors and occurs by electron donation. The hormone is also an indicator of the photoperiod in seasonally reproducing mammals, which are divided into long-day and short-day breeders according to the time of year in which they are sexually active and fertile. It is known that melatonin acts at the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis level in many species. In particular, it inhibits the hypothalamic release of GnRH, with a consequent alteration of FSH and LH levels. The present paper mainly aims to review the ovarian effect of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Basini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
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Duan H, Yang S, Xiao L, Yang S, Yan Z, Wang F, Ma X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhao X. Melatonin promotes progesterone secretion in sheep luteal cells by regulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Theriogenology 2024; 214:342-351. [PMID: 37976799 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The corpus luteum is primarily responsible for the production and secretion of progesterone. Melatonin has been established to regulate autophagy and induce progesterone secretion in luteal cell. However, whether melatonin affects progesterone secretion by interfering with autophagy is yet to be reported. In the present study, the expression levels of melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2), autophagy-related protein Beclin1 (Bec1), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 B (LC3B), progesterone and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) were analyzed in the corpus luteum of sheep at different stages (early, middle, and late); specifically, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting were utilized for this expression analysis. In addition, to determine whether melatonin regulated progesterone secretion via the regulation of autophagy, luteal cells were cultured before being exposed to different concentrations of melatonin (0.01-100 nM) and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (50 μM). Next, luteal cells were treated with the melatonin receptor inhibitors 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin (1 μM) and luzindole (1 μM) before detecting Bec1, LC3B2, AMPK/mTOR, and progesterone secretion levels to ascertain whether the effect of melatonin on autophagy and progesterone secretion is mediated by its corresponding receptors in luteal cells. Finally, to determine the significance of the AMPK/mTOR pathway in this process, an AMPK inhibitor, Compound C (10 μM), was added to luteal cells. Overall, the highest expression of melatonin receptors, autophagy and progesterone secretion was observed in the middle-phase corpus luteum; additionally, melatonin promoted autophagy, at least partially, through its receptor-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway, which thereby promoting progesterone secretion in luteal cells in vitro. Ultimately, this study is the first to clarify the important role of autophagy in the melatonin-mediated regulation of progesterone secretion in the corpus luteum of sheep; it also lays a foundation for further exploration into the role of melatonin in regulating sheep's ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenxing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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Ma J, Wang J, Hu S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Yang C, Huo S, Yang Y, Zhaxi Y, Luo W. Effects of melatonin on development and hormone secretion of sheep theca cells in vitro. Theriogenology 2023; 198:172-182. [PMID: 36592515 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Theca cells (TCs) play a unique role in the structure and function of the ovary. They are not only the structural basis of the follicle but also the androgen-secreting cells in female mammals, which can affect the normal development and atresia of the follicle. The results showed that melatonin receptor (MTR) MT1 and MT2 were expressed on sheep TCs. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of MT at 0, 10-10, 10-8, 10-6 and 10-4 M/L on sheep TCs with regards to the antioxidant levels, proliferation, apoptosis and steroid hormone secretion were investigated. The results showed that in sheep TCs, all concentrations of MT significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and BAX expression; increased Cat, Sod1, and BCL-2 expression. The proliferation viability of TCs was significantly inhibited in all groups except for 10-10 M/L MT, and the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 was significantly reduced. MT significantly increased StAR expression and progesterone secretion in TCs, but there was no significant effect on androgen secretion and CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and 3β-HSD expression in all groups. MT-induced progesterone secretion was completely inhibited by Luzindole (a nonspecific MT1 and MT2 inhibitor) and partially inhibited by 4p-PDOT (specific MT2 inhibitor). MT-induced progesterone secretion can be inhibited by LY294002 (PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor). This study indicated that MT inhibits apoptosis and proliferation of in vitro cultured sheep TCs, which has implications for slowing ovarian atresia and aging. MT activates the PI3K/Akt pathway to mediate the synthesis and secretion of progesterone by TCs. This study provides a basis for further exploration of the role of TCs on follicle development and ovarian steroid hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Jine Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Songming Hu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yahua Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Chongfa Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Shengdong Huo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China.
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yingpai Zhaxi
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Wenxue Luo
- Tianzhu County Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station, Wuwei, Gansu, 733200, China
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Duan H, Ge W, Wu J, Lv J, Li Z, Dong W, Du X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhao X. Melatonin regulates dihydrotestosterone formation via its membrane receptor in the epididymal epithelial cells of sheep. Theriogenology 2023; 198:273-281. [PMID: 36623430 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Both melatonin and androgen, which affect sperm fertility, are the important factors in epididymis of male animal. In the present study, we confirmed that melatonin regulates the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in sheep epididymides. Here, we investigated the localization and the expression levels of melatonin keys synthases AANAT and HIOMT, membrane receptors MT1 and MT2, and nuclear receptor RORα in sheep epididymides and testes. We also cultured epididymal epithelial cells and treated them with different concentrations of melatonin (10-11-10-7 M) and luzindole (10-5 M) and 4P-PDOT (10-5 M) to investigate whether melatonin is involved in the regulation of DHT formation and whether these effects are mediated through its receptor pathways. The results showed that AANAT, HIOMT, MT1, MT2, and RORα were differentially expressed between sheep epididymides and testes. In addition, melatonin is involved in mediating the formation of DHT in epididymal epithelial cells, and its influence on DHT is at least partially regulated by the melatonin receptor pathway. Our findings showed that melatonin regulates the functions of the testes and epididymides through an autocrine mechanism and regulates the formation of androgen in sheep epididymides via the receptor pathway. These results provide a basis for further exploring the regulatory mechanisms of melatonin in animal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Duan
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Wenbo Ge
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Zongshuai Li
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Weitao Dong
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xianghong Du
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
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Liu W, Chen Z, Li R, Zheng M, Pang X, Wen A, Yang B, Wang S. High and low dose of luzindole or 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin (4-P-PDOT) reverse bovine granulosa cell response to melatonin. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14612. [PMID: 36684672 PMCID: PMC9851050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Communication between oocytes and granulosa cells ultimately dictate follicle development or atresia. Melatonin is also involved in follicle development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin and its receptor antagonists on hormone secretion, as well as gene expression related to hormone synthesis, TGF-β superfamily, and follicle development in bovine granulosa cells, and assess the effects of melatonin in the presence of 4-P-PDOT and luzindole. Methods Bovine ovaries were collected from a local abattoir and follicular fluid (follicle diameter 5-8 mm) was collected for granulosa cell isolation and culture. Granulosa cells and culture medium were collected 48 h after treatment with melatonin at high dose concentrations (10-5 M) and low dose concentrations (10-9 M) in the absence/presence of 4-P-PDOT and luzindole (10-5 M or 10-9 M). Furthermore, the expression level of genes related to hormonal synthesis (CYP11A1, CYP19A1, StAR, and RUNX2), TGF-β superfamily (BMP6, INHA, INHBA, INHBB, and TGFBR3), and development (EGFR, DNMT1A, and FSHR) were detected in each experimental group by real-time quantitative PCR. In addition, the level of hormones in culture medium were detected using ELISA. Results Both 10-5 M and 10-9 M melatonin doses promoted the secretion of inhibin A and progesterone without affecting the production of inhibin B and estradiol. In addition, both promoted the gene expression of INHA, StAR, RUNX2, TGFBR3, EGFR, and DNMT1A, and inhibited the expression of BMP6, INHBB, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and FSHR. When combined with different doses of 4-P-PDOT and luzindole, they exhibited different effects on the secretion of inhibin B, estradiol, inhibin A, and progesterone, and the expression of CYP19A1, RUNX2, BMP6, INHBB, EGFR, and DNMT1A induced by melatonin. Conclusion High and low dose melatonin receptor antagonists exhibited different effects in regulating hormone secretion and the expression of various genes in response to melatonin. Therefore, concentration effects must be considered when using luzindole or 4-P-PDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Liu
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China,Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Menghao Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Xunsheng Pang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Aiyou Wen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang, China
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Reproductive Resumption in Winter and Spring Related to MTNR1A Gene Polymorphisms in Sarda Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212947. [PMID: 36359071 PMCID: PMC9654450 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to evaluate the association between the SNPs rs430181568 and rs407388227 located in the MTNR1A gene with the reproductive recovery of Sarda sheep in different months of ram introduction in the flock (February, March, April and May). In order to address this research gap, we selected two farms, each of which consisted of approximately 1000 animals; a total of 800 ewes (400 for each farm) were genotyped for the two single nucleotide polymorphisms rs430181568 and rs407388227 located in the exon 2 of the MTNR1A. These SNPs are completely linked; thus, each genotype of rs430181568 corresponded to the same genotype for rs407388227. Among the genotyped animals, 240 individuals were selected and divided into four homogeneous groups (A, B, C and D) of 60 subjects, each group based on age (range 3−6 years old), body condition score (BCS) (range 2.0−4.0) and genotype (20 ewes carrying CC/CC, 20 CT/CT and 20 TT/TT genotype). The dates of the ram introduction in each group were 15 February, 15 March, 15 April and 15 May, respectively. In all groups, the lambing date and the number of lambs born from 150 to 220 days after the ram introduction were recorded. In all the groups, the genotypes CC/CC and CT/CT of the polymorphism (rs430181568 and rs407388227) showed the greatest fertility (the ratio between the number of lambed ewes and the ewes exposed to the rams) (p < 0.01) and the shortest distance between ram introduction to lambing (p < 0.01), compared with the TT/TT genotype. In conclusion, we determined that the polymorphisms rs430181568 and rs407388227 were associated with reproductive recovery, after ram introduction, even in February and March, months subsequent to the photorefractoriness period.
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Peng X, Cai X, Li J, Huang Y, Liu H, He J, Fang Z, Feng B, Tang J, Lin Y, Jiang X, Hu L, Xu S, Zhuo Y, Che L, Wu D. Effects of Melatonin Supplementation during Pregnancy on Reproductive Performance, Maternal-Placental-Fetal Redox Status, and Placental Mitochondrial Function in a Sow Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1867. [PMID: 34942970 PMCID: PMC8698367 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a bio-antioxidant that has been widely used to prevent pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia and IUGR during gestation. This experiment evaluated the impacts of dietary MT supplementation during pregnancy on reproductive performance, maternal-placental-fetal redox status, placental inflammatory response, and mitochondrial function, and sought a possible underlying mechanism in the placenta. Sixteen fifth parity sows were divided into two groups and fed each day of the gestation period either a control diet or a diet that was the same but for 36 mg of MT. The results showed that dietary supplementation with MT increased placental weight, while the percentage of piglets born with weight < 900 g decreased. Meanwhile, serum and placental MT levels, maternal-placental-fetal redox status, and placental inflammatory response were increased by MT. In addition, dietary MT markedly increased the mRNA levels of nutrient transporters and antioxidant-related genes involved in the Nrf2/ARE pathway in the placenta. Furthermore, dietary MT significantly increased ATP and NAD+ levels, relative mtDNA content, and the protein expression of Sirt1 in the placenta. These results suggested that MT supplementation during gestation could improve maternal-placental-fetal redox status and reproductive performance by ameliorating placental antioxidant status, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Xuelin Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yingyan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Jiaqi He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Liang Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.P.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (J.H.); (Z.F.); (B.F.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (S.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.)
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9
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Expression of arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and acetylserotonin o-methyltransferase (ASMT) in the corpus luteum of pregnant sows and synthesis of melatonin in luteal cells. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 388:167-179. [PMID: 34816281 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, melatonin is mainly synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland. Many reports have documented that melatonin is also synthesized in the extra-pineal tissues, but the synthesis of melatonin in the corpus luteum (CL) of pregnant sows has never been studied. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), in the CL of sows during pregnancy and to investigate the synthesis of melatonin in luteal cells. Results showed that AANAT and ASMT were both expressed in the CL of sows during pregnancy, higher levels were observed in the early- and mid-stage CL, and the lowest abundance was found in the regressing CL (later-stage). The immunostaining for AANAT and ASMT was predominantly localized in the large luteal cells of porcine CL during pregnancy. Furthermore, melatonin was synthesized in luteal cells from serotonin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. And the expressions of AANAT and ASMT were upregulated by serotonin in luteal cells. In addition, progesterone (P4) secretion and cell viability were promoted in luteal cells treated with serotonin, and the stimulatory effects were blocked by luzindole (a non-selective MT1 and MT2 antagonist). Finally, the expressions of MT1 and MT2 were augmented by serotonin in luteal cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the developmental expression of AANAT and ASMT in the CL and a local synthesis of melatonin in luteal cells of pregnant sows, and suggests a paracrine and/or autocrine role for melatonin in luteal function.
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10
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Progesterone Receptor Membrane Components: Key Regulators of Fetal Membrane Integrity†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:430-444. [PMID: 33048109 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-pregnancy hormone progesterone (P4) helps to maintain a quiescent status of uterine tissues during gestation. However, P4's functional role in maintaining fetal membrane (amniochorion) integrity remains unclear. P4 functions through its membrane receptors (PGRMCs) as fetal membrane cells lack nuclear receptors. This study screened the differential expression of PGRMCs in the fetal membranes and tested P4-PGRMC interactions under normal and oxidative stress (OS) conditions expected that can disrupt P4-PGRMC interactions impacting fetal membrane stability resulting in parturition. Human fetal membranes were collected from term and preterm deliveries (N = 5). Immunohistochemistry and western blot localized and determined differential expression of P4 receptors. Primary amnion epithelial (AEC), mesenchymal (AMCs), and chorion cell were treated with P4 alone or cotreat (P4 + OS induced by cigarette smoke extract [CSE]). Proximity ligation assay (PLA) documented P4-receptor binding, while P4 ELISA documented culture supernatant levels. Immunohistology confirmed lack of nuclear PRs; however, confirmed expressions of PGRMC 1 and 2. Term labor (P = 0.01) and preterm rupture (P = 0.01) are associated with significant downregulation of PGRMC2. OS induced differential downregulation of PGRMCs in both amnion and chorion cells (all P < 0.05) and downregulates P4 release (AMCs; P = 0.01). The PLA showed preferential receptor-ligand binding in amnion and chorion cells. Co-treatment of P4 + CSE did not reverse CSE-induced effects. In conclusion, P4-PGRMCs interaction maintains fetal membranes' functional integrity throughout pregnancy. Increased OS reduces endogenous P4 production and cell type-dependent downregulation of PGRMCs. These changes can lead to fetal membrane-specific 'functional progesterone withdrawal', contributing to the dysfunctional fetal membrane status seen at term and preterm conditions.
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D'Occhio MJ, Ghuman SS, Neglia G, Della Valle G, Baruselli PS, Zicarelli L, Visintin JA, Sarkar M, Campanile G. Exogenous and endogenous factors in seasonality of reproduction in buffalo: A review. Theriogenology 2020; 150:186-192. [PMID: 32000994 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal breeding in buffalo is influenced by exogenous (photoperiod, climate, nutrition, management) and endogenous (hormones, genotype) factors. Buffalo are negatively photoperiodic and show a natural increase in fertility during decreasing day length. The hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and has a fundamental role in photoperiodic time measurement within the brain. This drives annual cycles of gonadotropin secretion and gonadal function in buffaloes. Some melatonin is released into the systemic circulation and, together with peripherally produced melatonin, acts at somatic tissues. In the ovaries and testes of buffalo, melatonin acts as an antioxidant and scavenges oxygen free radicals to reduce both oxidative stress and apoptosis. This has beneficial effects on gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Female buffalo treated with melatonin show an improved response to estrus synchronization protocols in out-of-season breeding. Melatonin acts through melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 and the gene for MT1 (MTNR1A) is polymorphic in buffaloes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene MTNR1A have been associated with fertility in female buffalo. The knowledge and tools are available to lift the reproductive performance of buffalo. This is highly important as the global demand for nutritious buffalo food products has undergone a sharp rise, and continues to grow. Buffalo can make an important contribution to affordable, nutritious animal protein. This will help address global nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D'Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarvpreet S Ghuman
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Della Valle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luigi Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - José A Visintin
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Physiology and Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Fang L, Li Y, Wang S, Yu Y, Li Y, Guo Y, Yan Y, Sun YP. Melatonin induces progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells through upregulation of StAR expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9013-9024. [PMID: 31619582 PMCID: PMC6834401 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mediates the rate-limiting step in ovarian steroidogenesis and progesterone (P4) synthesis. Melatonin and its receptors are expressed in human granulosa cells, and have been shown to influence basal P4 production. However, previous studies addressing the regulation of StAR expression by melatonin and its impact on P4 secretion yielded contradictory results. Here, we demonstrate that melatonin upregulates StAR expression in primary cultures of human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells obtained from women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Using pharmacological inhibitors, we show that the stimulatory effect of melatonin on StAR expression is mediated via both MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. Melatonin exposure activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and its inhibition attenuates the stimulatory effect of melatonin on StAR expression. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of StAR abolishes melatonin-induced P4 production. Importantly, clinical analyses demonstrate that melatonin levels in human follicular fluid are positively correlated with P4 levels in serum. By illustrating the potential physiological role of melatonin in the regulation of StAR expression and P4 production in hGL cells, our results may serve to improve current strategies used to treat clinical infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yiran Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yiping Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yanjie Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Lombardi LA, Mattos LSD, Simões RS, Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GRDS, Carbonel AAF, Simões MJ, Baracat EC, Soares JM. Melatonin may prevent or reverse polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 65:1008-1014. [PMID: 31389515 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.65.7.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ovarian effects of melatonin (Mel) in a rat model of polycystic-ovary-syndrome (PCOS) before and after permanent estrus induction. METHODS Thirty-two adult-female rats with regular estrous cycle were equally divided into four groups: 1) GCtrl - at estrous phase. 2) GPCOS - at permanent-estrous phase. 3) GMel1 - treated for 60 days with Mel (0.4 mg/Kg) during permanent estrus induction and 4) GMel2 - rats with PCOS and treated for 60 days with Mel. After that, the animals were euthanized, and the ovaries were removed and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with H.E. for histomorphometry or subjected to immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 (Casp-3) detections. RESULTS The GPCOS showed lack of corpus luteum and several ovarian cysts, as well as interstitial-like cells. The presence of corpus luteum and a significant increase in primary and antral follicles were observed in Mel-treated groups, which also showed a decrease in the number of ovarian cysts and in the area occupied by interstitial-like cells. These results were more evident in GMel1. The percentage of Ki-67-positive cells was significantly higher in the Mel-treated groups, mainly in the GMel2, as compared to GPCOS. On the other hand, the percentage of Casp-3-positive cells was significantly lower in granulosa cells of GMel1, whereas it was significantly higher in the interstitial-like cells of GMel2, in comparison to GPCOS. CONCLUSION Melatonin administration prevents the permanent estrus state in the PCOS rat model. This effect is more efficient when melatonin is administered before permanent estrus induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Augusto Lombardi
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM/Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Leandro Sabará de Mattos
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM/Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Santos Simões
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rinaldo Florencio-Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM/Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM/Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Adriana Aparecida Ferraz Carbonel
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM/Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Manuel Jesus Simões
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM/Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - José Maria Soares
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Wang X, Meng K, He Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Quan F. Melatonin Stimulates STAR Expression and Progesterone Production via Activation of the PI3K/AKT Pathway in Bovine Theca Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:404-415. [PMID: 30745830 PMCID: PMC6367557 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is present in mammalian follicular fluid and plays an important role in regulating steroidogenesis in follicular cells. In this study, we report the effect of melatonin on steroidogenesis in the theca interna (TI) in small bovine follicles and theca cells (TCs) cultured in vitro. Treatment with melatonin significantly increased the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) and the production of progesterone in both TI and in TCs. Melatonin stimulated the phosphorylation of AKT but not ERK1/2, and the addition of luzindole (a nonspecific MT1 and MT2 inhibitor) or 4P-PDOT (specific MT2 inhibitor) reduced melatonin-induced STAR expression, progesterone secretion, and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. The effect of melatonin on the TI in follicles was more obvious than on the TCs in vitro. Results indicate that melatonin stimulates the steroidogenesis of TCs mainly via the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by MT1 and MT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bio-Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bio-Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bio-Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengqin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bio-Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bio-Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bio-Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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