Do commonly used herbicides (atrazine and glyphosate) have the potential to impair the contractions, prostaglandin releasing and conducting of oxytocin signal at the bovine cervix in vitro?

Effects of commonly used carbamates (carbaryl and thiram) on the regulatory, secretory and motor functions of bovine cervixes in vitro

Previously studied classes of pesticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates and pyrethroids disturb the mechanism that causes bovine myometrial contractions. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carbaryl and thiram, which are representative carbamate pesticides commonly used in global agriculture, on the motor and secretory functions of bovine cervixes. Additionally, the impacts of these pesticides on intra- and intercellular signaling in vitro were estimated. In this study, cervical cells or strips were obtained from cows at days 18-20 of the estrous cycle and were treated with carbaryl or thiram. Neither carbamate (10 or 100 ng/ml) exerted cytotoxic effects. Carbaryl increased the level of mRNA (at a dose of 0.1 ng/ml) and protein (at both doses, 1 and 10 ng/ml) expression for the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), while thiram (at 0.1 and 10 ng/ml or 0.1-10 ng/ml, respectively) caused the opposite effects. Moreover, the level of the second messenger inositol-trisphosphate (IP3) was decreased by carbaryl (10 ng/ml) but increased by thiram (10 ng/ml). Only thiram decreased prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; 0.1 ng/ml) and aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (AKR1B1; 0.1 ng/ml), and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2; 0.1-10 ng/ml) mRNA expression, while thiram (0.1-10 ng/ml) and carbaryl (0.1 and 10 ng/ml) both decreased the release of PGF2α. Carbaryl (10 ng/ml) and thiram (10 ng/ml) also decreased the level of a gap junction protein (GAP). Moreover, carbaryl (10 ng/ml) decreased the level of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). However, the strength of cervical contractions was increased by thiram (1 and 10 ng/ml) but decreased by carbaryl (1 and 10 ng/ml). Carbaryl increased the receptivity of cervical cells to oxytocin (OXT), but inhibited further transduction (IP3) of this signal. Hence, direct inhibition of cervical strip contraction may occur. In contrast, thiram mostly decreased the receptivity of cervical cells to OXT, while it stimulated the contraction of cervical strips. Moreover, compared to carbaryl, thiram more greatly affected the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. These results suggest that carbaryl and thiram disturb OXT signaling, PG secretion and cervical contraction in vitro.