1
|
Zhu Z, Chen H. Additional Evidence for Postoperative Radiation Therapy on Thymic Carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2024; 19:528-530. [PMID: 38582543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfei Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Structural and Functional Thymic Biomarkers Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Thymic Epithelial Tumors: An Overview. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal human thymus originates from the third branchial cleft as two paired anlages that descend into the thorax and fuse on the midline of the anterior–superior mediastinum. Alongside the epithelial and lymphoid components, different types of lymphoid accessory cells, stromal mesenchymal and endothelial cells migrate to, or develop in, the thymus. After reaching maximum development during early postnatal life, the human thymus decreases in size and lymphocyte output drops with age. However, thymic immunological functions persist, although they deteriorate progressively. Several major techniques were fundamental to increasing the knowledge of thymic development and function during embryogenesis, postnatal and adult life; these include immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, in vitro colony assays, transplantation in mice models, fetal organ cultures (FTOC), re-aggregated thymic organ cultures (RTOC), and whole-organ thymic scaffolds. The thymic morphological and functional characterization, first performed in the mouse, was then extended to humans. The purpose of this overview is to provide a report on selected structural and functional biomarkers of thymic epithelial cells (TEC) involved in thymus development and lymphoid cell maturation, and on the historical aspects of their characterization, with particular attention being paid to biomarkers also involved in Thymic Epithelial Tumor (TET) pathogenesis. Moreover, a short overview of targeted therapies in TET, based on currently available experimental and clinical data and on potential future advances will be proposed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Müller D, Mazzeo P, Koch R, Bösherz MS, Welter S, von Hammerstein-Equord A, Hinterthaner M, Cordes L, Belharazem D, Marx A, Ströbel P, Küffer S. Functional apoptosis profiling identifies MCL-1 and BCL-xL as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in advanced thymomas and thymic carcinomas. BMC Med 2021; 19:300. [PMID: 34781947 PMCID: PMC8594228 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-omics studies have shown a high and lack of common driver mutations in most thymomas (TH) and thymic carcinomas (TC) that hamper the development of novel treatment approaches. However, deregulation of apoptosis has been proposed as a common hallmark of TH and TC. BH3 profiling can be utilized to study the readiness of living cancer cells to undergo apoptosis and their dependency on pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins. METHODS We screened a cohort of 62 TH and TC patient samples for expression of BCL-2 family proteins and used the TC cell line 1889c and native TH for dynamic BH3 profiling and treatment with BH3 mimetics. RESULTS Immunohistochemical overexpression of MCL-1 and BCL-xL was a strong prognostic marker of TH and TC, and BH3 profiling indicated a strong dependency on MCL-1 and BCL-xL in TH. Single inhibition of MCL-1 resulted in increased binding of BIM to BCL-xL as an escape mechanism that the combined inhibition of both factors could overcome. Indeed, the inhibition of MCL-1 and BCL-xL in combination induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner in untreated and MCL-1-resistant 1889c cells. CONCLUSION TH and TC are exquisitely dependent on the pro-survival factors MCL-1 and BCL-xL, making them ideal candidates for co-inhibition by BH3 mimetics. Since TH show a heterogeneous dependency on BCL-2 family proteins, upfront BH3 profiling could select patients and tailor the optimal therapy with the least possible toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Mazzeo
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Koch
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark-Sebastian Bösherz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Welter
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Lung Clinic Hemer, Hemer, Germany
| | | | - Marc Hinterthaner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucia Cordes
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Lung Clinic Hemer, Hemer, Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen K, Che J, Zhang X, Jin R, Xiang J, Han D, Sun Y, Gong Z, Zhang D, Li H. Next-generation sequencing in thymic epithelial tumors uncovered novel genomic aberration sites and strong correlation between TMB and MSH6 single nucleotide variations. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:75-86. [PMID: 32061754 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) including thymomas and thymic carcinomas are rare, but they are common primary tumors in the anterior mediastinum. The etiology and tumorigenesis of TET remain unclear. To better understand the novel aberrations of this rare tumor and provide more significant mutation sites for targeted therapy, we performed next-generation sequencing detection on 55 patients with TET. Our results showed that most genes in 12 core pathways harbored aberrations of indeterminate potential. In 4 genes (ARID1A, KMT2C, TGFBR2 and MAP3K1), the indel frequency was above 90%. Dozens of genes, including TGFBR2, KMT2C, PRKDC, ATR, CHD2, SDHA, KDM5A, CHEK1, MSH6 and POLE, possessed frameshift indel with different frequencies in different hotspot sites, which could be the new targets of therapy for TET. For the first time, we revealed a strong correlation between the tumor mutational burden and single nucleotide variations, but not frameshift, on DNA mismatch repair gene MSH6 in TET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiaming Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianfei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Runsen Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dingpei Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- Shanghai YunYing Medical Technology CO., LTD, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Ziying Gong
- Shanghai YunYing Medical Technology CO., LTD, Shanghai, 201600, China.
| | - Daoyun Zhang
- Shanghai YunYing Medical Technology CO., LTD, Shanghai, 201600, China.
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsu CH, Chan JK, Yin CH, Lee CC, Chern CU, Liao CI. Trends in the incidence of thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227197. [PMID: 31891634 PMCID: PMC6938371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the trends in the incidence of thymic cancer, i.e., thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor, in the United States. Data from the United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) database (2001-2015) and those from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (SEER 9 [1973-2015], SEER 13 [1992-2015], and SEER 18 [2000-2015]) were used in this study. All incidences were per 100,000 population at risk. The trends in incidence were described as annual percent change (APC) using the Joinpoint regression program. Data from the USCS (2001-2015) database showed an increase in thymic cancer diagnosis with an APC of 4.89% from 2001 to 2006, which is mainly attributed to the significant increase in the incidence of thymoma and thymic carcinoma particularly in women. The incidence of thymic cancer did not increase from 2006 to 2015, which may be attributed to the increase in the diagnosis of thymic carcinoma from 2004 to 2015, with a concomitant decrease in thymoma from 2008 to 2015. Before declining, the age-specific incidence of thymic cancer peaked at ages 70-74 years, with a peak incidence at 1.06 per 100,000 population, and decreased in older age groups. The incidence of thymic cancer was higher in men than in women. Asian/Pacific Islanders had the highest incidence of thymoma, followed by black and then white people. The incidence of thymic carcinoma increased from 2004 to 2015, with a concomitant decrease in thymoma from 2008 to 2015. Asian/Pacific Islanders had the highest incidence of thymoma than other races.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsiang Hsu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - John K. Chan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, California Pacific & Palo Alto Medical Foundation Sutter Health, San Francisco, CA, the United States of Amaerica
| | - Chun-Hao Yin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Uei Chern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-I Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheufou DH, Valdivia D, Puhlvers S, Fels B, Weinreich G, Taube C, Theegarten D, Stuschke M, Schuler M, Hegedus B, Stamatis G, Aigner C. Lymph Node Involvement and the Surgical Treatment of Thymic Epithelial and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107:1632-1638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
7
|
Nabe Y, Ichiki Y, Fukuichi Y, Mori M, Honda Y, Kanayama M, Taira A, Shinohara S, Kuwata T, Takenaka M, Chikaishi Y, Oka S, Hirai A, Tashima Y, Kuroda K, Imanishi N, Yoneda K, Tanaka F. Outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for thymic carcinoma: a single-center experience. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4283-4286. [PMID: 30174874 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.06.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Thymic carcinoma is uncommon, presents locally at an advanced stage, and behaves aggressively. The optimum treatment for advanced thymic carcinoma is controversial. We retrospectively reviewed our institutional experience with patients with thymic carcinoma. Methods We analyzed the clinical data of six patients who underwent total thymectomy for thymic carcinoma at our institution from 2006 to 2016. Variables analyzed included sex, age, histological classification, Masaoka staging, postoperative treatment, and recurrence. Results The clinical characteristics of the six patients with thymic carcinoma (median age, 56 years; five men and one woman) were as follows: squamous cell carcinoma (n=5); sarcomatoid carcinoma (n=1); Masaoka stages II (n=1), III (n=2), IVa (n=1), and IVb (n=2). Four patients underwent combined pulmonary resection (66.7%) as a component of en bloc resection due to suspicion of pulmonary invasion. Four patients (66.7%) received postoperative therapy, and complete resection was achieved for four patients. There were no perioperative deaths. One patient experienced a recurrence. Conclusions Complete resection for thymic cancer improved the prognosis of our patients, indicating that robust studies will be required to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nabe
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ichiki
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fukuichi
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masataka Mori
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yohei Honda
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kanayama
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taira
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shinji Shinohara
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Taiji Kuwata
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masaru Takenaka
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Chikaishi
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Soichi Oka
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ayako Hirai
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuko Tashima
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koji Kuroda
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Naoko Imanishi
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazue Yoneda
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tanaka
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duan J, Liu X, Chen H, Sun Y, Liu Y, Bai H, Wang J. Impact of PD-L1, transforming growth factor-β expression and tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells on clinical outcome of patients with advanced thymic epithelial tumors. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1341-1353. [PMID: 30168897 PMCID: PMC6209778 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are indolent and poorly responsive to chemotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have shown remarkable clinical benefit in several cancers; however, many immunomodulatory molecules have been identified that affect the immune response. This study examined the progonostic roles of PD-L1, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) in patients with TETs. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 20 patients with stage IV thymic carcinoma and 13 with stage III/IV invasive thymoma. Tissue biopsies were obtained before first-line chemotherapy was administered. Protein levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Objective response rate, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with advanced thymic carcinoma exhibited higher levels of PD-L1 and TGF-β than patients with advanced invasive thymic carcinoma (PD-L1: 65.0% vs. 46.2%, P = 0.472; TGF-β: 65.0% vs. 15.4%, P = 0.011). Five advanced thymic carcinoma patients with low levels of PD-L1 and TGF-β exhibited high levels of CD8 staining. The median OS was 29.5 months patients with high TGF-β expression versus 62.9 in patients with low TGF-β (P = 0.052). In patients with advanced thymic carcinoma, the median PFS in the high PD-L1 expression group was 13.3 months versus 23.5 (P = 0.043) in the low PD-L1, and the median OS was 50.7 months in the high CD8 expression versus 15.1 in the CD8 low group (P = 0.154). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the prognostic roles of PD-L1, TGF-β, and CD8+ TILs in patients with advanced TETs, and the potential for development of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xidong Liu
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Dong Ying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Banna GL, Sheel A, Sheel V, Bille A, Routledge T, Fernando S, Nair A, Lal R. Treatment and prognostic factors of patients with thymic epithelial tumors at first recurrence or progression. Future Oncol 2017; 13:2429-2439. [PMID: 29121777 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The treatment of patients with recurrent or progressive thymic epithelial tumors remains uncertain due to limited data in this rare disease. MATERIALS & METHODS A retrospective 10-year monoinstitutional analysis was conducted on 25 patients with first recurrence or disease progression following primary treatment. RESULTS Twenty patients had thymoma, five thymic carcinomas. Ten patients (40%) received surgery, four (40%) following chemotherapy; 17 (68%) had chemotherapy, with a combination regimen in 16 of them (94%). Surgery had a significant effect both on overall survival and progression-free survival-2 by univariate analysis (p = 0.04), combination chemotherapy only on progression-free survival-2 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Combination chemotherapy and surgery at first recurrence/progression of thymic epithelial tumors were associated with improved survival. DISCUSSION Although several limitations may have affected this retrospective study on a relatively small number of patients with this rare entity of recurrent thymic malignancies, we suggest the use of combination chemotherapy and surgery at their first recurrence may have contributed to the high overall and progression-free survival observed with adequate follow-up and deserve further investigations in broader retrospective and comparative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe L Banna
- Guy's Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Cannizzaro Hospital, via Messina 829, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Ankur Sheel
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, 55 N Lake Ave, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Varun Sheel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Andrea Bille
- Guy's Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tom Routledge
- Guy's Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Arjun Nair
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rohit Lal
- Guy's Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jha V, Sharma P, Mandal AK. Utility of Cluster of Differentiation 5 and Cluster of Differentiation 117 Immunoprofile in Distinguishing Thymic Carcinoma from Pulmonary Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study on 1800 Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cases. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2017; 38:430-433. [PMID: 29333007 PMCID: PMC5759059 DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_148_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mediastinum harbors a mixed bag of neoplastic lesions with varied therapeutic and prognostic implications. Distinguishing pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma from thymic carcinoma is a challenging task owing to rather nonspecific clinicoradiological features and a considerable overlap in histomorphological features. Thus, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of cluster of differentiation 5 (CD5) and CD117 immunohistochemical markers in distinguishing these tumors. Materials and Methods The archives of department of histopathology were retrospectively reviewed from June 2012 to May 2016. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of 1800 cases diagnosed as nonsmall cell lung carcinoma were retrieved, and immunohistochemical expression of CD5 and CD117 was evaluated in these cases. Results Adenocarcinoma (980; 54.44%) was the most common histological subtype of lung carcinoma observed in our study. CD117 was positive in 171 out of 1800 cases (9.5%) of which 120 cases (70.17%) were adenocarcinoma, followed by 40 cases (23.4%) of squamous cell carcinoma. Immunoreactivity for CD5 was observed in 209 cases (11.61%), 200 (95.7%) cases of which were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. None of the cases diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma on histomorphology showed CD5 immunoexpression. Conclusion While thymic squamous cell carcinomas are well known for CD5 and CD117 coexpression, none of the cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in lung express CD5. These markers are a diagnostic tool to distinguish a primary lung squamous cell carcinoma from thymic carcinoma, particularly in the setting of a central pulmonary lesion with mediastinal involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Jha
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu L, Zhang J, Marx A, Weiss C, Fang WT. Clinicopathological analysis of 241 thymic epithelial tumors-experience in the Shanghai Chest Hospital from 1997-2004. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:718-26. [PMID: 27114840 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.03.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the correlation of WHO histological classification of thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs) with prognosis in recently treated patient cohort compared to a historical one from a single institution. METHODS Retrospective review of clinical charts and histological sections of 241 patients treated during 1997-2004. Univariate and multivariate analysis of associations between risk factors including gender, age, tumor size, myasthenia gravis, WHO histological subtype, Masaoka stage, resection status, (neo-)adjuvant therapies, and survival. RESULTS The 5-year overall survival (OS) of A, AB, B1, B2, B3 thymomas and TCs patients was 100%, 100%, 94%, 80%, 94% and 45%. Five-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 100%, 96%, 78%, 80%, 78% and 39%, respectively. The 5-year OS of patients with Masaoka stage I, II, III and IV thymomas and TCs was 96%, 89%, 59% and 50%. (Neo-)adjuvant therapies were administered more often than in the historical cohort. Tumor-related death mainly occurred in patients with stage III, IV and B2, B3 thymomas and TCs. By univariate analysis, gender, tumor size, myasthenia gravis (MG) status, histotype, Masaoka stage, resection status and treatment were associated with OS. By multivariate analysis, histological subtype, Masaoka stage, and (neo-)adjuvant therapy were revealed as independent prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS WHO histological subtype, Masaoka stage and (neo-)adjuvant treatment have remained independent determinants of OS in patients with thymomas and TCs. Compared with the historical cohort during 1969-1996, prognosis of patients with B2, B3 thymomas has improved, which may be partly due to the increased use of adjuvant therapies. Prognosis of patients with TCs remained unsatisfactory, suggesting that neoadjuvant treatment should be tested to improve survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Institute of Pathology, 3 Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Institute of Pathology, 3 Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alexander Marx
- 1 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Institute of Pathology, 3 Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Christel Weiss
- 1 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Institute of Pathology, 3 Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Tao Fang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Institute of Pathology, 3 Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ; 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu J, Fang W, Chen G. The enlightenments from ITMIG Consensus on WHO histological classification of thymoma and thymic carcinoma: refined definitions, histological criteria, and reporting. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:738-43. [PMID: 27114842 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.01.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification of the thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC) has been criticized for poor interobserver reproducibility or inconsistencies in the routine pathological diagnosis. The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) panel achieved an agreement to maintain the widely accepted WHO framework but to refine historic definitions and histological criteria, and further introduce some new terms with the aim to improve interobserver reproducibility. This review addresses the enlightenments we can get from the ITMIG consensus on the WHO histological classification of the thymoma and TC, which may be helpful for most pathologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wentao Fang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Gang Chen
- 1 Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kriegsmann M, Muley T, Harms A, Tavernar L, Goldmann T, Dienemann H, Herpel E, Warth A. Differential diagnostic value of CD5 and CD117 expression in thoracic tumors: a large scale study of 1465 non-small cell lung cancer cases. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:210. [PMID: 26643918 PMCID: PMC4672573 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracic pathologists are frequently faced with tissue specimens from intrathoracic/mediastinal tumors. Specifically the differentiation between thymic and pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC) can be challenging. In order to clarify the differential diagnostic value of CD5 and CD117 in this setting, we performed a large scale expression study of both markers in 1465 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. Methods Tissue microarrays of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded resection specimens of 1465 NSCLC were stained with antibodies against CD117 and CD5. Positivity of both markers was correlated with clinicopathological variables. Results CD117 was positive in 145 out of 1457 evaluable cases (9.9 %) and CD5 was positive in 133 out of 1427 evaluable cases (9.3 %). 28 cases (1.9 %) showed coexpression of CD117 and CD5. Among the 145 cases that were positive for CD117, 97 (66.8 %) were adenocarcinomas (ADC), 34 (23.4 %) were SqCC, 5 (3.4 %) were adenosquamous carcinomas (ADSqCC), 8 (5.5 %) were large cell carcinomas (LC), and one (0.6 %) was a pleomorphic carcinoma (PC). In the CD5 positive group consisting of 133 cases, 123 (92.4 %) were ADC, 0 (0 %) were SqCC, 4 (3.0 %) were ADSqCC, 3 (2.2 %) LC and 3 (2.2 %) were PC. None of the 586 SqCC showed expression of CD5. No association of CD117- or CD5 positivity to patients’ age, pathological stages or to T-, N-, or M- categories was observed. Conclusions A substantial subset of NSCLC exhibit positivity of CD117 and CD5. Since CD5 expression was not observed in pulmonary SqCC, but is expressed in the majority of thymic squamous cell carcinomas, the application of this immunomarker is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of thoracic neoplasms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13000-015-0441-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Harms
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Luca Tavernar
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Dienemann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hishida T, Nomura S, Yano M, Asamura H, Yamashita M, Ohde Y, Kondo K, Date H, Okumura M, Nagai K. Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of surgically treated thymic carcinoma: results of 306 cases from a Japanese Nationwide Database Study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 49:835-41. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
15
|
Thymic carcinoma: a cohort study of patients from the European society of thoracic surgeons database. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:541-8. [PMID: 24736078 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymic carcinoma is a rare and aggressive thymic neoplasm. The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons developed a retrospective database collecting patients undergoing resection for thymic tumors from 1990 to 2010. METHODS Of 2265 patients with thymic tumors, there were 229 thymic carcinomas. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed including age, associated paraneoplastic diseases, stage (Masaoka-Koga), World Health Organization histologic subtypes, type of resection (total/subtotal/biopsy/no resection), tumor size, pre/postoperative treatments, and recurrence. Outcome measures included overall survival (OS), freedom from recurrence, and cumulative incidence of recurrence. RESULTS A complete resection was achieved in 140 patients (69%). Recurrence occurred in 54 patients (28%). Five- and 10-year OS rates were 0.61 and 0.37. Five- and 10-year freedom from recurrence rates were 0.60 and 0.43. Cumulative incidence of recurrence was 0.21 (3 yr), 0.27 (5 yr), and 0.32 (10 yr). Survival was better after surgical resection versus biopsy/no resection (p < 0.001), after complete resection versus subtotal resection (p < 0.001), and when using Masaoka-Koga system (stages I-II versus III versus IV) (p < 0.001). The use of multidisciplinary treatments resulted in a survival advantage which was significant in the surgery + radiotherapy group (p = 0.02). Incomplete resection (p < 0.0001) and advanced stage (Masaoka-Koga III-IV) (p = 0.02) had a negative impact on OS at multivariable analysis. Administration of adjuvant radiotherapy was beneficial in increasing OS (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that patients with thymic carcinoma should undertake surgical resection whenever possible; a complete resection and early Masaoka-Koga stage are independent predictors of improved survival; our results also suggest that postoperative radiotherapy is beneficial in improving survival.
Collapse
|
16
|
ITMIG consensus statement on the use of the WHO histological classification of thymoma and thymic carcinoma: refined definitions, histological criteria, and reporting. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:596-611. [PMID: 24722150 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2004 version of the World Health Organization classification subdivides thymic epithelial tumors into A, AB, B1, B2, and B3 (and rare other) thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TC). Due to a morphological continuum between some thymoma subtypes and some morphological overlap between thymomas and TC, a variable proportion of cases may pose problems in classification, contributing to the poor interobserver reproducibility in some studies. METHODS To overcome this problem, hematoxylin-eosin-stained and immunohistochemically processed sections of prototypic, "borderland," and "combined" thymomas and TC (n = 72) were studied by 18 pathologists at an international consensus slide workshop supported by the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group. RESULTS Consensus was achieved on refined criteria for decision making at the A/AB borderland, the distinction between B1, B2, and B3 thymomas and the separation of B3 thymomas from TCs. "Atypical type A thymoma" is tentatively proposed as a new type A thymoma variant. New reporting strategies for tumors with more than one histological pattern are proposed. CONCLUSION These guidelines can set the stage for reproducibility studies and the design of a clinically meaningful grading system for thymic epithelial tumors.
Collapse
|
17
|
Thymic carcinoma presenting as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Case Rep Oncol Med 2014; 2014:202943. [PMID: 25478263 PMCID: PMC4244944 DOI: 10.1155/2014/202943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are rare tumors, which originate from the epithelial cells of the thymus. We present a case of thymic carcinoma, which presented with DIC as an initial manifestation. DIC improved with corticosteroid treatment and thymic carcinoma was amendable to chemoradiation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Advances in thymic carcinoma diagnosis and treatment: a review of literature. Med Oncol 2014; 31:44. [PMID: 24906655 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thymomas account for up to 50 % of anterior mediastinal neoplasms with an incidence of 0.13 per 100,000 person-years in the USA. Thymic carcinoma is a rare malignancy of the thymus gland distinguished from thymomas as it has a more invasive and metastasizing potential conferring poor prognosis. Due to the rarity of thymic carcinoma and the great variety of its histological subtypes, there is no solid evidence on optimal staging, imaging and treatment guidelines. Herein, we systematically review the literature on current clinical practice with regard to diagnostic evaluation, histopathological assessment, management and treatment of squamous thymic carcinoma.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang H, Sima CS, Beasley MB, Illei P, Saqi A, Nonaka D, Geisinger KR, Huang J, Moreira AL. Classification of Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms Is Still a Challenge to Thoracic Pathologists: A Reproducibility Study Using Digital Microscopy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:658-63. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0028-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case report. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate 2 cases of delayed distant spinal metastasis from a thymoma with comprehensive immunohisto-chemical analysis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Thymoma is a rare slow-growing cancer arising in the mediastinum. Thymomas usually grow invasively into surrounding structures. Distal spinal metastasis is uncommon. To date, only 4 cases with histological verification have been described. METHODS Patient 1: A 42-year-old female complained about back pain for 4 years. She underwent gross-total resection of a type B2 thymoma 8 years earlier without adjuvant therapy. Neurological examination revealed no deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intraspinal extradural tumor at the level of L4-S1 with infiltration of vertebral body L5. A nearly total resection was performed via a partial L4 and L5 hemilaminectomy.Patient 2: A 62-year-old female was referred with segmental thoracic pain. She underwent a total of 6 surgical procedures for resection of a thymic carcinoma during a period of 13 years with a subsequently local radiation therapy and various chemotherapy cycles. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intraspinal extradural tumor at the level of T9-T10 with infiltration of vertebral body T9-T10. A gross-total tumor resection was performed via a costotransversectomy and facetectomy T9-T10. RESULTS Patient 1: The tumor cells were strongly positive for AE1/3- and CK5/14-specific antibodies. Most of the immature T-cells expressed CD3. CD1a, CD5, and TdT expression was observed in a smaller portion. The findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a spinal metastasis of the known type B2 thymoma.Patient 2: The tumor cells were CK5/14 and CK19/20 positive. Only the infiltrating lymphocytes were labeled with CD3-specific antibodies. Histopathological findings revealed a metastasis of a previously resected well-differentiated thymus carcinoma. CONCLUSION We recommend surgical resection because metastasis of thymoma may infiltrate nerve roots and compress the spinal cord. A multidisciplinary approach is required to manage long-term sequelae.
Collapse
|
21
|
Schirosi L, Nannini N, Nicoli D, Cavazza A, Valli R, Buti S, Garagnani L, Sartori G, Calabrese F, Marchetti A, Buttitta F, Felicioni L, Migaldi M, Rea F, Di Chiara F, Mengoli MC, Rossi G. Activating c-KIT mutations in a subset of thymic carcinoma and response to different c-KIT inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2409-2414. [PMID: 22357254 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze a multi-institutional series of type C thymic carcinomas (TCs) (including neuroendocrine tumors), focusing on the expression and mutations of c-KIT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of c-KIT/CD117, p63, CD5 and neuroendocrine markers, as well as mutational analysis of c-KIT exons 9, 11, 13, 14, 17 by direct sequencing of 48 cases of TCs. Immunohistochemical and molecular data were statistically crossed with clinicopathological features. RESULTS Overall, 29 tumors (60%) expressed CD117, 69% were positive for CD5 and 85% (41 cases) for p63. Neuroendocrine markers stained all six atypical carcinoids and five poorly-differentiated thymic squamous cell carcinomas. Overall, six CD117-positive cases (12.5%) showed c-KIT mutation. No mutation was detected in CD117-negative tumors and carcinoids. All the mutations were found in poorly-differentiated thymic squamous cell carcinomas expressing CD117, CD5, p63 and lacking neuroendocrine markers (6 of 12 cases with these features). Mutations involved exon 11 (four cases: V559A, L576P, Y553N, W557R), exon 9 (E490K) and exon 17 (D820E). CONCLUSIONS All TCs need an immunohistochemical screening with CD117, while c-KIT mutation analysis is mandatory only in CD117-positive cases, particularly when coexpressing CD5 and p63, lacking neuroendocrine differentiation. The finding of c-KIT mutation can predict efficacy with different c-KIT inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Schirosi
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - N Nannini
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Sciences and Special Therapies, Special Pathological Anatomy Section, University of Padua Medical School, Padova
| | - D Nicoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital St. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
| | - A Cavazza
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Hospital St. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
| | - R Valli
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Hospital St. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia
| | - S Buti
- Oncology Division, Hospital of Cremona, Cremona
| | - L Garagnani
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - G Sartori
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - F Calabrese
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Sciences and Special Therapies, Special Pathological Anatomy Section, University of Padua Medical School, Padova
| | - A Marchetti
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti
| | - F Buttitta
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti
| | - L Felicioni
- Center of Predictive Molecular Medicine, Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti
| | - M Migaldi
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - F Rea
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - F Di Chiara
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - M C Mengoli
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena
| | - G Rossi
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University Clinic Policlinico of Modena, Modena.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Siesling S, van der Zwan JM, Izarzugaza I, Jaal J, Treasure T, Foschi R, Ricardi U, Groen H, Tavilla A, Ardanaz E. Rare thoracic cancers, including peritoneum mesothelioma. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:949-60. [PMID: 22406029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rare thoracic cancers include those of the trachea, thymus and mesothelioma (including peritoneum mesothelioma). The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, prevalence and survival of rare thoracic tumours using a large database, which includes cancer patients diagnosed from 1978 to 2002, registered in 89 population-based cancer registries (CRs) and followed-up to 31st December 2003. Over 17,688 cases of rare thoracic cancers were selected based on the list of the RACECARE project. Mesothelioma was the most common tumour (19 per million per year) followed by epithelial tumours of the trachea and thymus (1.3 and 1.7, respectively). The age standardised incidence rates of epithelial tumours of the trachea was double in Eastern and Southern Europe versus the other European regions: 2 per million per year. Epithelial tumours of the thymus had the lowest incidence in Northern and Eastern Europe and UK and Ireland(1) and somewhat higher incidence in Central and Southern Europe.(2) Highest incidence in mesothelioma was seen in UK and Ireland(23) and lowest in Eastern Europe.(4) Patients with tumours of the thymus had the best prognosis (1-year survival 85%, 66% at 5 years). Five year survival was lowest for the mesothelioma 5% compared to 14% of patients with tumours of the trachea. Mesothelioma was the most prevalent rare cancer (12,000 cases), followed by thymus (7000) and trachea (1400). Cancer Registry (CR) data play an important role in revealing the burden of rare thoracic cancers and monitoring the effect of regulations on asbestos use and smoking related policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Siesling
- Department of Registry and Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centre The Netherlands, PO Box 330, 9700 AH Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chromosomal imbalances in carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE). Virchows Arch 2011; 459:221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|