1
|
Ayyoub S, Orriols R, Oliver E, Ceide OT. Thrombosis Models: An Overview of Common In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2569. [PMID: 36768891 PMCID: PMC9917341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Occlusions in the blood vessels caused by blood clots, referred to as thrombosis, and the subsequent outcomes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In vitro and in vivo models of thrombosis have advanced our understanding of the complex pathways involved in its development and allowed the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches for its management. This review summarizes different commonly used approaches to induce thrombosis in vivo and in vitro, without detailing the protocols for each technique or the mechanism of thrombus development. For ease of flow, a schematic illustration of the models mentioned in the review is shown below. Considering the number of available approaches, we emphasize the importance of standardizing thrombosis models in research per study aim and application, as different pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in each model, and they exert varying responses to the same carried tests. For the time being, the selection of the appropriate model depends on several factors, including the available settings and research facilities, the aim of the research and its application, and the researchers' experience and ability to perform surgical interventions if needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ayyoub
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon Orriols
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Oliver
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tura Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital de Girona, Santa Caterina Hospital de Salt and the Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phthalide derivative CD21 regulates the platelet- neutrophil extracellular trap-thrombin axis and protects against ischemic brain injury in rodents. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109547. [PMID: 36527877 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prothrombotic and proinflammatory properties of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to brain damage after ischemic stroke. CD21 is a novel phthalide neuroprotectant against cerebral ischemia in rodents. This study investigated effects of CD21 on the platelet-NET-thrombin axis and ischemic brain injury and the underlying mechanism. CD21 exerteddose-dependent neuroprotectionin rats that were subjected to2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion,dose-dependentlyinhibited adenosine diphosphate-mediatedplatelet aggregationin rats, and dose-dependentlyexertedanti-thrombotic activityin rodents that received a collagen-epinephrine combination, ferric chloride, or an arteriovenous shunt. Equimolar CD21 doses exerted stronger efficacy than 3-N-butylphthalide (NBP, natural phthalide for the treatment of ischemic stroke). CD21 dose-dependently improved regional cerebral blood flow, neurobehavioral deficits, and infarct volume in mice that were subjected to photothrombotic stroke (PTS). CD21 (13.79 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly decreased NET components (plasma dsDNA concentrations; mRNA levels of elastase, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and protein level of citrullinated histone H3 in ischemic brain tissues), mRNA and protein levels of peptidyl-arginine deiminase 4 (PDA4, NET formation enzyme), and mRNA levels of NET-related inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1β, interleukin-17A, matrix metalloproteinase 8, and matrix metalloproteinase 9) in ischemic brain tissues, despite no effect on mRNA levels of deoxyribonuclease I (NET elimination enzyme). Pretreatment with compound C (inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase [AMPK]) significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of CD21 on NETs, PDA4, and inflammatory mediators in PTS mice. These results suggest that CD21 might regulate the platelet-NET-thrombin axis and protect against ischemic brain injury partly through the induction of AMPK activation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi P, Zheng W, Zhou J, Han N, Yin J. Effects of MaiLiuPian on carotid thrombosis in rats and acute pulmonary embolism in mice and its antithrombotic mechanism. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14143. [PMID: 35388507 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mailiupian (MLP) is a new patent functional food that consists of Crataegi Fructus, Notoginseng Radix, and Ginkgo Folium, which was reported to be active in improving the microcirculation based on formulation screening. However, whether it is effective in inhibiting thrombus and its mechanism has not been evaluated. Therefore, in the present study, the models of arterial thrombosis induced by FeCl3 and the models of APE by ADP were established to evaluate the antithrombosis effect of MLP. Results showed that MLP markedly reduced the weight and size of wet thrombosis in FeCl3 -induced rats and decreased the recovery time from symptoms of APE mice. MLP was proved to prolong APTT, PT, TT and improve the levels of t-PA and 6-keto-PGF1α significantly, meanwhile, PAI-1 and TXB2 were reduced apparently. By comparing tail bleeding time, MLP showed antithrombotic effects, but without the risk of bleeding, taking aspirin as a control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Our experiments proved that MLP, a new patent health food, acted on both coagulation and fibrinolytic systems and the platelet aggregation to play antithrombosis roles, providing a theoretical basis for applications of MLP in preventing or curing thrombosis diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Shi
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenling Zheng
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Han
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lei Y, Zhang B, Liu D, Zhao J, Dai X, Gao J, Mao Q, Feng Y, Zhao J, Lin F, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Bao Z, Yang Y, Mou Y, Wang S. Switching a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor to a Dual-Target Antagonist of P2Y1 and P2Y12 as an Oral Antiplatelet Agent with a Wider Therapeutic Window in Rats than Ticagrelor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15752-15772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shenyang Hinewy Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., 41 Liutang Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yulin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Timing of Heparin Administration Modulates Arterial Occlusive Thrombotic Response in Rats. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7010010. [PMID: 32197497 PMCID: PMC7151218 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The timing for initiation of effective antithrombotic therapy relative to the onset of arterial thrombosis may influence outcomes. This report investigates the hypothesis that early administration of heparin anticoagulation relative to the onset of thrombotic occlusion will effect a reduction in occlusion. Methods: A standard rat model of experimental thrombosis induction was used, injuring the carotid artery exposure with FeCl3-saturated filter paper, followed by flow monitoring for onset of occlusion and subsequent embolization events. Intravenous heparin administration (200 units/mL) was timed relative to the initiation of injury or onset of near occlusion, compared with controls (no heparin administration). Results: No occlusion was found for delivery of heparin 5 min prior to thrombus induction, whereas all vessels occluded without heparin. Unstable (embolic) thrombi were seen with heparin given at or shortly after initial occlusion. Only 9% (1/11) of the vessels had permanent occlusion when heparin was given at the time of thrombotic onset (p < 0.0001 vs. unheparinized), while 50% occluded when heparin was delayed by 5 min (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that antithrombotic therapy may need to be administered prior to the onset of anticipated loss of patency, with less effectiveness when given after occlusion has occurred.
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Matus MF, Ludueña M, Vilos C, Palomo I, Mariscal MM. Atomic-level characterization and cilostazol affinity of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles conjugated with differentially charged hydrophilic molecules. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1328-1338. [PMID: 29977668 PMCID: PMC6009487 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotherapeutics is a promising field for numerous diseases and represents the forefront of modern medicine. In the present work, full atomistic computer simulations were applied to study poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The formation of this complex system was simulated using the reactive polarizable force field (ReaxFF). A full picture of the morphology, charge and functional group distribution is given. We found that all terminal groups (carboxylic acid, methoxy and amino) are randomly distributed at the surface of the nanoparticles. The surface design of NPs requires that the charged groups must surround the surface region for an optimal functionalization/charge distribution, which is a key factor in determining physicochemical interactions with different biological molecules inside the organism. Another important point that was investigated was the encapsulation of drugs in these nanocarriers and the prediction of the polymer-drug interactions, which provided a better insight into structural features that could affect the effectiveness of drug loading. We employed blind docking to predict NP-drug affinity testing on an antiaggregant compound, cilostazol. The results suggest that the combination of molecular dynamics ReaxFF simulations and blind docking techniques can be used as an explorative tool prior to experiments, which is useful for rational design of new drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Francisca Matus
- Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Martín Ludueña
- INFIQC, CONICET, Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, XUA5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Faculty of Medicine & Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Palomo
- Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo M Mariscal
- INFIQC, CONICET, Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, XUA5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Parent M, Boudier A, Perrin J, Vigneron C, Maincent P, Violle N, Bisson JF, Lartaud I, Dupuis F. In Situ Microparticles Loaded with S-Nitrosoglutathione Protect from Stroke. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144659. [PMID: 26646285 PMCID: PMC4672927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of stroke, especially during the first hours or days, is still lacking. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a cerebroprotective agent with short life time, may help if administered early with a sustain delivery while avoiding intensive reduction in blood pressure. We developed in situ forming implants (biocompatible biodegradable copolymer) and microparticles (same polymer and solvent emulsified with an external oily phase) of GSNO to lengthen its effects and allow cerebroprotection after a single subcutaneous administration to Wistar rats. Arterial pressure was recorded for 3 days (telemetry, n = 14), whole-blood platelet aggregation up to 13 days (aggregometry, n = 58), and neurological score, cerebral infarct size and edema volume for 2 days after obstruction of the middle cerebral artery by autologous blood clots (n = 30). GSNO-loaded formulations (30 mg/kg) induced a slighter and longer hypotension (-10 vs. -56 ± 6 mmHg mean arterial pressure, 18 h vs. 40 min) than free GSNO at the same dose. The change in pulse pressure (-50%) lasted even up to 42 h for microparticles. GSNO-loaded formulations (30 mg/kg) prevented the transient 24 h hyper-aggregability observed with free GSNO and 7.5 mg/kg-loaded formulations. When injected 2 h after stroke, GSNO-loaded microparticles (30 mg/kg) reduced neurological score at 24 (-62%) and 48 h (-75%) vs. empty microparticles and free GSNO 7.5 mg/kg and, compared to free GSNO, divided infarct size by 10 and edema volume by 8 at 48 h. Corresponding implants reduced infarct size and edema volume by 2.5 to 3 times. The longer (at least 2 days) but slight effects on arterial pressures show sustained delivery of GSNO-loaded formulations (30 mg/kg), which prevent transient platelet hyper-responsiveness and afford cerebroprotection against the consequences of stroke. In conclusion, in situ GSNO-loaded formulations are promising candidates for the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Parent
- CITHÉFOR EA 3452, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Ariane Boudier
- CITHÉFOR EA 3452, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Julien Perrin
- INSERM U1116, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Claude Vigneron
- CITHÉFOR EA 3452, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Maincent
- CITHÉFOR EA 3452, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Violle
- ETAP–Ethologie Appliquée, Research Centre in Pharmacology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-François Bisson
- ETAP–Ethologie Appliquée, Research Centre in Pharmacology, Nutrition and Toxicology, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Lartaud
- CITHÉFOR EA 3452, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - François Dupuis
- CITHÉFOR EA 3452, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsantes A, Ikonomidis I, Papadakis I, Kottaridi C, Tsante A, Kalamara E, Kardoulaki A, Kopterides P, Kapsimali V, Karakitsos P, Lekakis J, Travlou A. Evaluation of the role of the new INNOVANCE PFA P2Y test cartridge in detection of clopidogrel resistance. Platelets 2012; 23:481-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2012.689037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
Lee KR, Verheyden VJE, Mumford AD. Evaluation of multiple electrode aggregometry in whole blood using Multiplate Mini Test cells. Thromb Res 2012; 129:e59-64. [PMID: 22281068 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) enables rapid platelet function testing in whole blood using 600 μL disposable standard test cells (STC). However, newly available 350 μL mini test cells (MTC) could potentially be advantageous in some clinical settings where sample volume is limiting. In order to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MTC, we have estimated assay imprecision, correlation and agreement between area under curve (AUC) determined using MTC and STC in whole blood from healthy donors and from 119 cardiac surgery patients. Imprecision was similar with ADP, AA and TRAP test reagents using STC and MTC, but was markedly higher with the unvalidated ADR reagent. AUC determined using MTC and STC and the ADP, AA and TRAP reagents correlated strongly although MTC yield consistently lower AUC values reflecting fewer platelets in the smaller test cell. Agreement between AUC from STC and MTC was less strong, probably reflecting a composite effect of imprecision from both assay formats. MTC and STC are equally valid for MEA but AUC values obtained using one test format cannot be directly transformed to the other. Therefore, STC and MTC cannot be used interchangeably and AUC results must be compared to separately determined reference intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis R Lee
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gresele P, Momi S, Falcinelli E. Anti-platelet therapy: phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:634-46. [PMID: 21649691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of platelet aggregation can be achieved either by the blockade of membrane receptors or by interaction with intracellular signalling pathways. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) are two critical intracellular second messengers provided with strong inhibitory activity on fundamental platelet functions. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), by catalysing the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP, limit the intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides, thus regulating platelet function. The inhibition of PDEs may therefore exert a strong platelet inhibitory effect. Platelets possess three PDE isoforms (PDE2, PDE3 and PDE5), with different selectivity for cAMP and cGMP. Several nonselective or isoenzyme-selective PDE inhibitors have been developed, and some of them have entered clinical use as antiplatelet agents. This review focuses on the effect of PDE2, PDE3 and PDE5 inhibitors on platelet function and on the evidence for an antithrombotic action of some of them, and in particular of dipyridamole and cilostazol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yamada K, Niki H, Nagai H, Nishikawa M, Nakagawa H. Serotonin Potentiates High-Glucose^|^ndash;Induced Endothelial Injury: the Role of Serotonin and 5-HT2A Receptors in Promoting Thrombosis in Diabetes. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 119:243-50. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12009fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|