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Lin J, Guan M, Liao Y, Zhang L, Qiao H, Huang L. An old thrombus may potentially identify patients at higher risk of poor outcome in anterior circulation stroke undergoing thrombectomy. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:381-390. [PMID: 36269335 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-03069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate thrombus age and its association with clinical and procedural parameters in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to anterior circulation occlusions. METHODS The thrombi of 107 consecutive AIS patients with occlusions in anterior circulation large-arteries were collected during mechanical recanalization. By hematoxylin-eosin staining analysis, thrombi were classified as fresh (< 3 days) or old (≥ 3 days) according to the hemosiderin positivity. Old thrombi were further classified as thrombi with focal hemosiderin or diffuse hemosiderin according to their predominant distribution. Neuro-interventional data and clinical outcomes were compared based on thrombus age. RESULTS We identified fresh thrombi in 29 patients and old thrombi in 78 patients. Compared with patients with fresh thrombi, patients with old thrombi were associated with (i) a longer mechanical recanalization time (p = 0.027), (ii) a higher percentage of fibrin/platelets and leukocytes (all p = 0.02) and a lower percentage of erythrocytes (p = 0.001), and (iii) less favorable clinical outcomes at discharge (p = 0.019) and 90 days later (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.09-6.99, p = 0.032). Furthermore, 18 (16.8%) of all patients had focal hemosiderin in old thrombi, which was independently linked to a poor clinical outcome 90 days later (adjusted OR = 5.37, 95% CI = 1.14-25.28, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION The presence of old thrombi, particularly those with focal hemosiderin, may aid in identifying patients with acute ischemic anterior circulation stroke who are at a higher risk of poor clinical outcome at 3-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia'xing Lin
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, NO.613 the West of Huangpu street, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Min Guan
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, NO.613 the West of Huangpu street, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yu Liao
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, NO.613 the West of Huangpu street, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, NO.613 the West of Huangpu street, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hong'yu Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, NO.613 the West of Huangpu street, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li'an Huang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, NO.613 the West of Huangpu street, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Erythrocyte Fraction in Thrombi Is Increased with Serum Iron by Influencing Fibrin Networks via Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:3673313. [PMID: 34976298 PMCID: PMC8719990 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3673313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated whether the erythrocyte fraction in thrombi would be increased with serum iron via oxidative stress. Methods This study retrospectively enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke treated using endovascular treatment in a single stroke center from October to December 2019. We examined the relationship between serum iron and erythrocyte-rich thrombi and the correlation of serum iron and the erythrocyte fraction in thrombi using clinical samples. Experiments in vivo and in vitro were performed to investigate the influence of oxidative stress on the correlation between serum iron concentration and erythrocyte fraction in thrombi. Results We found from the clinical samples that serum iron concentration was related to erythrocyte-rich thrombi and positively associated with the erythrocyte fraction in thrombi in vivo. Further, the tightness of the fibrin networks regulating the erythrocyte fraction in thrombi was increased with serum iron concentration in vivo. Additionally, the oxidative stress level was increased with serum iron concentration in vivo. Moreover, we found that the tightness of the fibrin networks increased with higher oxidative stress levels in vitro. Lastly, experiments in vivo with inhibiting oxidative stress showed that the erythrocyte fraction in thrombi and the tightness of fibrin networks significantly increased in the iron group than those in the iron with oxidative stress inhibitor group and control group. Conclusions Oxidative stress played a role in the process that the erythrocyte fraction in thrombi was increased with serum iron by influencing fibrin networks.
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Aliena-Valero A, Baixauli-Martín J, Torregrosa G, Tembl JI, Salom JB. Clot Composition Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool to Gain Insight into Ischemic Stroke Etiology: A Systematic Review. J Stroke 2021; 23:327-342. [PMID: 34649378 PMCID: PMC8521257 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2021.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy renders the occluding clot available for analysis. Insights into thrombus composition could help establish the stroke cause. We aimed to investigate the value of clot composition analysis as a complementary diagnostic tool in determining the etiology of large vessel occlusion (LVO) ischemic strokes (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] registration # CRD42020199436). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we ran searches on Medline (using the PubMed interface) and Web of Science for studies reporting analyses of thrombi retrieved from LVO stroke patients subjected to mechanical thrombectomy (January 1, 2006 to September 21, 2020). The PubMed search was updated weekly up to February 22, 2021. Reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews were hand-searched. From 1,714 identified studies, 134 eligible studies (97 cohort studies, 31 case reports, and six case series) were included in the qualitative synthesis. Physical, histopathological, biological, and microbiological analyses provided information about the gross appearance, mechanical properties, structure, and composition of the thrombi. There were non-unanimous associations of thrombus size, structure, and composition (mainly proportions of fibrin and blood formed elements) with the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) etiology and underlying pathologies, and similarities between cryptogenic thrombi and those of known TOAST etiology. Individual thrombus analysis contributed to the diagnosis, mainly in atypical cases. Although cohort studies report an abundance of quantitative rates of main thrombus components, a definite clot signature for accurate diagnosis of stroke etiology is still lacking. Nevertheless, the qualitative examination of the embolus remains an invaluable tool for diagnosing individual cases, particularly regarding atypical stroke causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Joint Cerebrovascular Research Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Germán Torregrosa
- Joint Cerebrovascular Research Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José I. Tembl
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Service, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B. Salom
- Joint Cerebrovascular Research Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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