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Miki T, Yamamoto S, Liu C, Torikai K, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Kawai T. Highly sensitive two-dimensional profiling of N-linked glycans by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and dual stacking capillary gel electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1320:342990. [PMID: 39142768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications in proteins. As the N-glycan profiles in biological samples are diverse and change according to the pathological condition, various profiling methods have been developed, such as liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and mass spectrometry. However, conventional analytical methods have limitations in sensitivity and/or resolution, hindering the discovery of minor but specific N-glycans that are important both in the basic glycobiology research and in the medical application as biomarkers. Therefore, a highly sensitive and high-resolution N-glycan profiling method is required. RESULTS In this study, we developed a novel two-dimensional (2D) separation system, which couples hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) via large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS). Owing to the efficient preconcentration efficiency of LDIS, limit of detection reached 12 pM (60 amol, S/N = 3) with good calibration curve linearity (R2 > 0.999) in the 2D analysis of maltoheptaose. Finally, 2D profiling of N-glycans obtained from standard glycoproteins and cell lysates were demonstrated. High-resolution 2D profiles were successfully obtained by data alignment using triple internal standards. N-glycans were well distributed on the HILIC/CGE 2D plane based on the glycan size, number of sialic acids, linkage type, and so on. As a result, specific minor glycans were successfully identified in HepG2 and HeLa cell lysates. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY In conclusion, the HILIC/CGE 2D analysis method showed sufficient sensitivity and resolution for identifying minor but specific N-glycans from complicated cellular samples, indicating the potential as a next-generation N-glycomics tool. Our novel approach for coupling LC and CE can also dramatically improve the sensitivity in other separation modes, which can be a new standard of 2D bioanalysis applicable not only to glycans, but also to other diverse biomolecules such as metabolites, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Miki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, 4 University Str., Tashkent, 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan.
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Brower K, Wiltberger K, Berdugo C, Bosley A, Goodrich E, Pferdeort V, Schaefer G. Process development and characterization for integrated continuous bioprocesses-Highlights from N-mAb. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3425. [PMID: 38289271 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The N-mAb case study was produced by the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL) to support teaching and learning for both industry and to accelerate adoption of advanced manufacturing process technologies such as integrated continuous bioprocesses (ICB) for mAbs. Similar to the A-mAb case study, N-mAb presents the evolution of an integrated control strategy, from early clinical through process validation and commercial manufacturing with a focus on elements that are unique to integrated continuous bioprocesses. This publication presents a summary of the process design and characterization chapters to allow a greater focus on the unique elements relevant to that phase of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brower
- Sanofi, Purification Development-Mammalian Platform, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Biogen, Biologics Development, Biogen, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Allen Bosley
- AstraZeneca, Purification Process Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Valerie Pferdeort
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gene Schaefer
- National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), Newark, Delaware, USA
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3
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Ou J, Cui W, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Williams A, Wasalathanthri D, Xu J, Lee J, Borys MC, Khetan A. Use of spectroscopic process analytical technology for rapid quality evaluation during preparation of CHO cell culture media. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3477. [PMID: 38699906 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Media preparation parameters contribute significantly to media quality, cell culture performance, productivity, and product quality. Establishing proper media preparation procedures is critical for ensuring a robust CHO cell culture process. Process analytical technology (PAT) enables unique ways to quantify assessments and improve media quality. Here, cell culture media were prepared under a wide range of temperatures (40-80°C) and pH (7.6-10.0). Media quality profiles were compared using three real-time PATs: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies identified shifts in media quality under high preparation temperature (80°C) and at differing preparation pH which negatively impacted monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. In fed-batch processes for production of three different mAbs, viable cell density (VCD) and cell viability were mostly unaffected under all media preparation temperatures, while titer and cell specific productivity of mAb decreased when cultured in basal and feed media prepared at 80°C. High feed preparation pH alone was tolerated but cell growth and productivity profiles deviated from the control condition. Further, charge variants (main, acidic, basic species) and glycosylation (G0F, afucosylation, and high mannose) were examined. Statistically significant differences were observed for one or more of these quality attributes with any shifts in media preparation. In this study, we demonstrated strong associations between media preparation conditions and cell growth, productivity, and product quality. The rapid evaluation of media by PAT implementation enabled more comprehensive understanding of different parameters on media quality and consequential effects on CHO cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Ou
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanyue Cui
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yawen Tang
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Williams
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhanuka Wasalathanthri
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang X, Xu J, Guo Q, Li Z, Cao J, Fu R, Xu M, Zhao X, Wang F, Zhang X, Dong T, Li X, Qian W, Hou S, Ji L, Zhang D, Guo H. Improving product quality and productivity of an antibody-based biotherapeutic using inverted frustoconical shaking bioreactors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1352098. [PMID: 38585708 PMCID: PMC10995296 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1352098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells serve as a common choice in biopharmaceutical production, traditionally cultivated in stirred tank bioreactors (STRs). Nevertheless, the pursuit of improved protein quality and production output for commercial purposes demand exploration into new bioreactor types. In this context, inverted frustoconical shaking bioreactors (IFSB) present unique physical properties distinct from STRs. This study aims to compare the production processes of an antibody-based biotherapeutic in both bioreactor types, to enhance production flexibility. The findings indicate that, when compared to STRs, IFSB demonstrates the capability to produce an antibody-based biotherapeutic with either comparable or enhanced bioprocess performance and product quality. IFSB reduces shear damage to cells, enhances viable cell density (VCD), and improves cell state at a 5-L scale. Consequently, this leads to increased protein expression (3.70 g/L vs 2.56 g/L) and improved protein quality, as evidenced by a reduction in acidic variants from 27.0% to 21.5%. Scaling up the culture utilizing the Froude constant and superficial gas velocity ensures stable operation, effective mixing, and gas transfer. The IFSB maintains a high VCD and cell viability at both 50-L and 500-L scales. Product expression levels range from 3.0 to 3.6 g/L, accompanied by an improved acidic variants attribute of 20.6%-22.7%. The IFSB exhibits superior productivity and product quality, underscoring its potential for incorporation into the manufacturing process for antibody-based biotherapeutics. These results establish the foundation for IFSB to become a viable option in producing antibody-based biotherapeutics for clinical and manufacturing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Fugui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Taimin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lusha Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-scale Manufacturing, Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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5
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Romann P, Vuillemin T, Pavone S, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Bielser JM, Herwig C, Villiger TK. Maduramycin, a novel glycosylation modulator for mammalian fed-batch and steady-state perfusion processes. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:73-85. [PMID: 38340899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling high-mannose (HM) content of therapeutic proteins during process intensification, reformulation for subcutaneous delivery, antibody-drug conjugate or biosimilar manufacturing represents an ongoing challenge. Even though a range of glycosylation levers to increase HM content exist, modulators specially increasing M5 glycans are still scarce. Several compounds of the polyether ionophore family were screened for their ability to selectively increase M5 glycans of mAb products and compared to the well-known α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine known to increase mainly M8-M9 glycans. Maduramycin, amongst other promising polyether ionophores, showed the desired effect on different cell lines. For fed-batch processes, a double bolus addition modulator feed strategy was developed maximizing the effect on glycosylation by minimizing impact on culture performance. Further, a continuous feeding strategy for steady-state perfusion processes was successfully developed, enabling consistent product quality at elevated HM glycan levels. With kifunensine and maduramycin showing inverse effects on the relative HM distribution, a combined usage of these modulators was further evaluated to fine-tune a desired HM glycan pattern. The discovered HM modulators expand the current HM modulating toolbox for biotherapeutics. Their application not only for fed-batch processes, but also steady-state perfusion processes, make them a universal tool with regards to fully continuous manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Olin M, Wolnick N, Crittenden H, Quach A, Russell B, Hendrick S, Armstrong J, Webster T, Hadley B, Dickson M, Hodgkins J, Busa K, Connolly R, Downey B. An automated high inoculation density fed-batch bioreactor, enabled through N-1 perfusion, accommodates clonal diversity and doubles titers. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3410. [PMID: 38013663 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
An important consideration for biopharmaceutical processes is the cost of goods (CoGs) of biotherapeutics manufacturing. CoGs can be reduced by dramatically increasing the productivity of the bioreactor process. In this study, we demonstrate that an intensified process which couples a perfused N-1 seed reactor and a fully automated high inoculation density (HID) N stage reactor substantially increases the bioreactor productivity as compared to a low inoculation density (LID) control fed-batch process. A panel of six CHOK1SV GS-KO® CHO cell lines expressing three different monoclonal antibodies was evaluated in this intensified process, achieving an average 85% titer increase and 132% space-time yield (STY) increase was demonstrated when comparing the 12-day HID process to a 15-day LID control process. These productivity increases were enabled by automated nutrient feeding in both the N-1 and N stage bioreactors using in-line process analytical technologies (PAT) and feedback control. The N-1 bioreactor utilized in-line capacitance to automatically feed the bioreactor based on a capacitance-specific perfusion rate (CapSPR). The N-stage bioreactor utilized in-line Raman spectroscopy to estimate real-time concentrations of glucose, phenylalanine, and methionine, which are held to target set points using automatic feed additions. These automated feeding methodologies were shown to be generalizable across six cell lines with diverse feed requirements. We show this new process can accommodate clonal diversity and reproducibly achieve substantial titer uplifts compared to traditional cell culture processes, thereby establishing a baseline technology platform upon which further increases bioreactor productivity and CoGs reduction can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla Olin
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Bend, Oregon, USA
| | - Nicolas Wolnick
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Bend, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Anthony Quach
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Bend, Oregon, USA
| | - Brian Russell
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Bend, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Julia Armstrong
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Bend, Oregon, USA
| | - Thaddaeus Webster
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian Hadley
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Marissa Dickson
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jessica Hodgkins
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kevin Busa
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Roger Connolly
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brandon Downey
- Research and Development, Lonza Biologics, Bend, Oregon, USA
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7
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Romann P, Schneider S, Tobler D, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Herwig C, Bielser JM, Villiger TK. Raman-controlled pyruvate feeding to control metabolic activity and product quality in continuous biomanufacturing. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300318. [PMID: 37897126 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite technological advances ensuring stable cell culture perfusion operation over prolonged time, reaching a cellular steady-state metabolism remains a challenge for certain manufacturing cell lines. This study investigated the stabilization of a steady-state perfusion process producing a bispecific antibody with drifting product quality attributes, caused by shifting metabolic activity in the cell culture. MAIN METHODS A novel on-demand pyruvate feeding strategy was developed, leveraging lactate as an indicator for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle saturation. Real-time lactate monitoring was achieved through in-line Raman spectroscopy, enabling accurate control at predefined target setpoints. MAJOR RESULTS The implemented feedback control strategy resulted in a three-fold reduction of ammonium accumulation and stabilized product quality profiles. Stable and flat glycosylation profiles were achieved with standard deviations below 0.2% for high mannose and fucosylation. Whereas galactosylation and sialylation were stabilized in a similar manner, varying lactate setpoints might allow for fine-tuning of these glycan forms. IMPLICATION The Raman-controlled pyruvate feeding strategy represents a valuable tool for continuous manufacturing, stabilizing metabolic activity, and preventing product quality drifting in perfusion cell cultures. Additionally, this approach effectively reduced high mannose, helping to mitigate increases associated with process intensification, such as extended culture durations or elevated culture densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Tobler
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Science, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Biotech Process Science, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Biotech Process Science, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Biotech Process Science, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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8
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Barlan K, Bhide GP, White DR, Lake MR, Lu C, Rieder SE, Fan L, Hsieh CL. Genome-scale functional genomics screening highlights genes impacting protein fucosylation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:52-58. [PMID: 37844762 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that has various effects on multiple types of proteins. The extent to which an N-linked glycoprotein is modified and the identity of glycans species involved is of great interest to the biopharmaceutical industry, since glycosylation can impact the efficacy and safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs lacking core fucose, for example, display enhanced clinical efficacy through increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. We performed a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the workhorse cell culture system for industrial production of mAbs, aimed at identifying novel regulators of protein fucosylation. Using a lectin binding assay, we identified 224 gene perturbations that significantly alter protein fucosylation, including well-known glycosylation genes. This functional genomics framework could readily be extended and applied to study the genetic pathways involved in regulation of other glycoforms. We hope this resource will provide useful guidance toward the development of next generation CHO cell lines and mAb therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Barlan
- Genomics Research Center, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gaurang P Bhide
- Biologics Analytical Research and Development, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Derek R White
- Biologics Production, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marc R Lake
- Biologics Production, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles Lu
- Genomics Research Center, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephanie E Rieder
- Biologics Science and Technology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lianchun Fan
- Biologics Science and Technology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Chen-Lin Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, North Chicago, IL, United States.
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9
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Baumeister J, Meudt M, Ebert S, Rosenau F, Mizaikoff B, Blech M, Aertker KMJ, Higel F. Decoding the mannose receptor-mAb interaction: the importance of high-mannose N-glycans and glycan-pairing. MAbs 2024; 16:2400414. [PMID: 39245969 PMCID: PMC11385167 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
During the development process of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it is crucial to control (critical) quality attributes such as N-glycosylation influencing pharmacokinetics (PK) and Fc effector functions. Previous reports have shown that mAbs containing high-mannose N-glycans are cleared faster from blood circulation, leading to reduced half-lives. The high-mannose N-glycan content of mAbs can be influenced during the cell culture process by factors such as cell lines, process conditions, and media. Furthermore, mAbs have either one high mannose N-glycan (asymmetrical high-mannose glyco-pair) or two high mannose N-glycans (symmetrical high-mannose glyco-pair). The hypothesis that the mannose receptor (MR, CD206) accelerates clearance by facilitating their internalization and subsequent lysosomal degradation is widespread. However, the interaction between MR and mAbs has not been explicitly demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate this interaction, providing the first systematic demonstration of MR binding to the Fc region of mAbs with high-mannose N-glycans. Two novel analytical methods, MR surface plasmon resonance and MR affinity chromatography, were developed and applied to investigate the MR-mAb interaction. The interaction is found to be dependent on high-mannose content, but is independent of the mAb format or sequence. However, different glyco-pairs exhibited varying binding affinities to the MR, with the symmetrical high-mannose glyco-pair showing the strongest binding properties. These findings strengthen the hypothesis for the MR-mediated mAb interaction and contribute to a deeper understanding of the MR-mAb interaction, which could affect the criticality of high-mannose containing mAbs development strategies of IgG-based molecules and improve their PK profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baumeister
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Meudt
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sybille Ebert
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kristina M J Aertker
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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10
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Luo S, Zhang B. Benchmark Glycan Profile of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Produced by Mammalian Cell Expression Systems. Pharm Res 2024; 41:29-37. [PMID: 37914842 PMCID: PMC10811051 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to establish a benchmark glycan profile for commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). METHODS We conducted a rigorous comparison of glycosylation data from the regulatory submissions for FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies up to May 2023. This analysis includes over 150 mAbs produced by various mammalian cell expression systems. RESULTS The study identified nine prevalent glycan epitopes across all FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies produced by different expression systems. These epitopes include terminal N-acetylglucosamine, core fucose, terminal galactose, high mannose, α-galactose, terminal α2,3-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid, terminal α2,6-linked N-glycolylneuraminic acid, triantennary structure, and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, thus establishing a benchmark glycan profile. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study have significant implications for therapeutic antibody development, quality control, and regulatory compliance. The benchmark glycan profile enables the assessment of glycosylation consistency and comparability across a diverse range of antibody products, ensuring improved product quality within the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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11
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Spruit CM, Sweet IR, Maliepaard JCL, Bestebroer T, Lexmond P, Qiu B, Damen MJA, Fouchier RAM, Reiding KR, Snijder J, Herfst S, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. Contemporary human H3N2 influenza A viruses require a low threshold of suitable glycan receptors for efficient infection. Glycobiology 2023; 33:784-800. [PMID: 37471650 PMCID: PMC10629718 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent human H3N2 influenza A viruses have evolved to employ elongated glycans terminating in α2,6-linked sialic acid as their receptors. These glycans are displayed in low abundancies by (humanized) Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, which are commonly employed to propagate influenza A virus, resulting in low or no viral propagation. Here, we examined whether the overexpression of the glycosyltransferases β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1, which are responsible for the elongation of poly-N-acetyllactosamines (LacNAcs), would result in improved A/H3N2 propagation. Stable overexpression of β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney and "humanized" Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells was achieved by lentiviral integration and subsequent antibiotic selection and confirmed by qPCR and protein mass spectrometry experiments. Flow cytometry and glycan mass spectrometry experiments using the β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and/or β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 knock-in cells demonstrated increased binding of viral hemagglutinins and the presence of a larger number of LacNAc repeating units, especially on "humanized" Madin-Darby Canine Kidney-β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase cells. An increase in the number of glycan receptors did, however, not result in a greater infection efficiency of recent human H3N2 viruses. Based on these results, we propose that H3N2 influenza A viruses require a low number of suitable glycan receptors to infect cells and that an increase in the glycan receptor display above this threshold does not result in improved infection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor R Sweet
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C L Maliepaard
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boning Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J A Damen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R Reiding
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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García-Alija M, van Moer B, Sastre DE, Azzam T, Du JJ, Trastoy B, Callewaert N, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Modulating antibody effector functions by Fc glycoengineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108201. [PMID: 37336296 PMCID: PMC11027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based drugs, including IgG monoclonal antibodies, are an expanding class of therapeutics widely employed to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. IgG antibodies have a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 that bears complex type N-glycans which, along with other less conserved N- and O-glycosylation sites, fine-tune effector functions, complement activation, and half-life of antibodies. Fucosylation, galactosylation, sialylation, bisection and mannosylation all generate glycoforms that interact in a specific manner with different cellular antibody receptors and are linked to a distinct functional profile. Antibodies, including those employed in clinical settings, are generated with a mixture of glycoforms attached to them, which has an impact on their efficacy, stability and effector functions. It is therefore of great interest to produce antibodies containing only tailored glycoforms with specific effects associated with them. To this end, several antibody engineering strategies have been developed, including the usage of engineered mammalian cell lines, in vitro and in vivo glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Berre van Moer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycoimmunology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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13
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Mao L, Schneider JW, Robinson AS. Use of single analytic tool to quantify both absolute N-glycosylation and glycan distribution in monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3365. [PMID: 37221987 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins represent almost half of the top selling therapeutics-with over a hundred billion dollars in global sales-and their efficacy and safety strongly depend on glycosylation. In this study, we showcase a simple method to simultaneously analyze N-glycan micro- and macroheterogeneity of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) by quantifying glycan occupancy and distribution. Our approach is linear over a wide range of glycan and glycoprotein concentrations down to 25 ng/mL. Additionally, we present a case study demonstrating the effect of small molecule metabolic regulators on glycan heterogeneity using this approach. In particular, sodium oxamate (SOD) decreased Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) glucose metabolism and reduced IgG glycosylation by 40% through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the UDP-GlcNAc pool, while maintaining a similar glycan profile to control cultures. Here, we suggest glycan macroheterogeneity as an attribute should be included in bioprocess screening to identify process parameters that optimize culture performance without compromising antibody quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leran Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James W Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Toul M, Slonkova V, Mican J, Urminsky A, Tomkova M, Sedlak E, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Hernychova L, Prokop Z. Identification, characterization, and engineering of glycosylation in thrombolyticsa. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108174. [PMID: 37182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, are the most common causes of disability and death worldwide. Blood clot hydrolysis by thrombolytic enzymes and thrombectomy are key clinical interventions. The most widely used thrombolytic enzyme is alteplase, which has been used in clinical practice since 1986. Another clinically used thrombolytic protein is tenecteplase, which has modified epitopes and engineered glycosylation sites, suggesting that carbohydrate modification in thrombolytic enzymes is a viable strategy for their improvement. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge on computational and experimental identification of glycosylation sites and glycan identity, together with methods used for their reengineering. Practical examples from previous studies focus on modification of glycosylations in thrombolytics, e.g., alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase, urokinase, saruplase, and desmoteplase. Collected clinical data on these glycoproteins demonstrate the great potential of this engineering strategy. Outstanding combinatorics originating from multiple glycosylation sites and the vast variety of covalently attached glycan species can be addressed by directed evolution or rational design. Directed evolution pipelines would benefit from more efficient cell-free expression and high-throughput screening assays, while rational design must employ structure prediction by machine learning and in silico characterization by supercomputing. Perspectives on challenges and opportunities for improvement of thrombolytic enzymes by engineering and evolution of protein glycosylation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Slonkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Urminsky
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Tomkova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Erik Sedlak
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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15
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Mastrangeli R, Satwekar A, Bierau H. Innovative Metrics for Reporting and Comparing the Glycan Structural Profile in Biotherapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083304. [PMID: 37110538 PMCID: PMC10143042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute in biotherapeutics, impacting properties such as protein stability, solubility, clearance rate, efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. Due to the heterogenic and complex nature of protein glycosylation, comprehensive characterization is demanding. Moreover, the lack of standardized metrics for evaluating and comparing glycosylation profiles hinders comparability studies and the establishment of manufacturing control strategies. To address both challenges, we propose a standardized approach based on novel metrics for a comprehensive glycosylation fingerprint which greatly facilitates the reporting and objective comparison of glycosylation profiles. The analytical workflow is based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based multi-attribute method. Based on the analytical data, a matrix of glycosylation-related quality attributes, both at site-specific and whole molecule level, are computed, which provide metrics for a comprehensive product glycosylation fingerprint. Two case studies illustrate the applicability of the proposed indices as a standardized and versatile approach for reporting all dimensions of the glycosylation profile. The proposed approach further facilitates the assessments of risks associated with changes in the glycosylation profile that may affect efficacy, clearance, and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Mastrangeli
- Global CMC Development Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Abhijeet Satwekar
- Global CMC Development, Global Analytical Development, Global Analytical-Pharmaceutical Science & Innovation, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Horst Bierau
- Global CMC Development Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
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16
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Zhang L, Li Y, Li R, Yang X, Zheng Z, Fu J, Yu H, Chen X. Glycoprotein In Vitro N-Glycan Processing Using Enzymes Expressed in E. coli. Molecules 2023; 28:2753. [PMID: 36985724 PMCID: PMC10051842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that plays significant roles on the structure, property, and function of glycoproteins. Due to N-glycan heterogeneity of naturally occurring glycoproteins, the functions of specific N-glycans on a particular glycoprotein are not always clear. Glycoprotein in vitro N-glycan engineering using purified recombinant enzymes is an attractive strategy to produce glycoproteins with homogeneous N-glycoforms to elucidate the specific functions of N-glycans and develop better glycoprotein therapeutics. Toward this goal, we have successfully expressed in E. coli glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases from bacterial and human origins and developed a robust enzymatic platform for in vitro processing glycoprotein N-glycans from high-mannose-type to α2-6- or α2-3-disialylated biantennary complex type. The recombinant enzymes are highly efficient in step-wise or one-pot reactions. The platform can find broad applications in N-glycan engineering of therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Guo R, Zhang T, Lambert TOT, Wang T, Voglmeir J, Rand KD, Liu L. PNGase H + variant from Rudaea cellulosilytica with improved deglycosylation efficiency for rapid analysis of eukaryotic N-glycans and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of glycoproteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9376. [PMID: 35945033 PMCID: PMC9541014 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of glycoproteins and the comparison of protein N-glycosylation from different eukaryotic origins require unbiased and robust analytical workflows. The structural and functional analysis of vertebrate protein N-glycosylation currently depends extensively on bacterial peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases (PNGases), which are indispensable enzymatic tools in releasing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) from glycoproteins. So far, only limited PNGase candidates are available for N-glycans analysis, and particularly the analysis of plant and invertebrate N-glycans is hampered by the lack of suitable PNGases. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) workflows, such as hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), require a highly efficient enzymatic release of N-glycans at low pH values to facilitate the comprehensive structural analysis of glycoproteins. Herein, we describe a previously unstudied superacidic bacterial N-glycanase (PNGase H+ ) originating from the soil bacterium Rudaea cellulosilytica (Rc), which has significantly improved enzymatic properties compared to previously described PNGase H+ variants. Active and soluble recombinant PNGase Rc was expressed at a higher protein level (3.8-fold) and with higher specific activity (~56% increase) compared to the currently used PNGase H+ variant from Dyella japonicum (Dj). Recombinant PNGase Rc was able to deglycosylate the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase and bovine lactoferrin significantly faster than PNGase Dj (10 min vs. 6 h). The versatility of PNGase Rc was demonstrated by releasing N-glycans from a diverse array of samples such as peach fruit, king trumpet mushroom, mouse serum, and the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The presence of only two disulfide bonds shown in the AlphaFold protein model (so far all other superacidic PNGases possess more disulfide bonds) could be corroborated by intact mass- and peptide mapping analysis and provides a possible explanation for the improved recombinant expression yield of PNGase Rc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Rui Guo
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian‐Chan Zhang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Protein Analysis Group, Department of PharmacyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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18
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Haga Y, Yamada M, Fujii R, Saichi N, Yokokawa T, Hama T, Hayakawa Y, Ueda K. Fast and Ultrasensitive Glycoform Analysis by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15948-15955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Haga
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamada
- Global Application Development Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho 1, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Risa Fujii
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Naomi Saichi
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokokawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hama
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Global Application Development Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho 1, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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19
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Melo Diaz JM, Peel SR, Spencer DI, Hendel JL. Extraction and purification of a High Mannose type oligosaccharide from Phaseolus lunatus beans by oxidative release with sodium hypochlorite. Carbohydr Res 2022; 517:108583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ferreira KB, Benlegrimet A, Diane G, Pasquier V, Guillot R, De Poli M, Chappuis L, Vishwanathan N, Souquet J, Broly H, Bielser JM. Transfer of continuous manufacturing process principles for mAb production in a GMP environment - a step in the transition from batch to continuous. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3259. [PMID: 35412696 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Implementation of continuous in lieu of batch upstream processing (USP) and downstream process (DSP) for the production of recombinant therapeutic protein is a significant paradigm change. The present report describes how the first kilograms of monoclonal antibody were produced with equipment originally designed for batch operations while using continuous manufacturing processes and principles. Project timelines for the delivery of clinical material have driven this ambition and helped the transition. Nevertheless, because of equipment availability, a tradeoff between the envisaged continuous downstream process (cDSP) operations and the ones described in this paper had to be taken. A total of 2.1 kg of monoclonal antibody were produced in two GMP runs for clinical trials. For USP, a 200-L single-use pilot scale bioreactor was upgraded to enable perfusion operation. DSP steps were designed to be easily transferable to cDSP for later clinical or commercial productions. An in-line conditioning buffer preparation strategy was tested in a discontinuous way to prove its efficiency and the purification cascade was structured in parallel to the continuous collection of antibody-containing cell culture supernatant. This strategy will avoid any process change when later moving to the continuous equipment that are currently under qualification. Alignment between small-scale references runs and the GMP runs in terms of productivity and quality confirmed that the presented approach was valid. Thus, we demonstrate that existing fed-batch infrastructure can be adapted to continuous manufacturing without significant additional investments. Such approach is useful to evaluate next generation manufacturing processes before making large investments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Diane
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Pasquier
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guillot
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Marc De Poli
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Chappuis
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Aubonne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonathan Souquet
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
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21
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Liu T, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang D, Li J, Qian W, Guo H, Zhou X, Hou S. Identification, Efficacy, and Stability Evaluation of Succinimide Modification With a High Abundance in the Framework Region of Golimumab. Front Chem 2022; 10:826923. [PMID: 35449588 PMCID: PMC9017650 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.826923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinimide (Asu) is the intermediate for asparagine deamidation in therapeutic proteins, and it can be readily hydrolyzed to form aspartate and iso-aspartate residues. Moreover, Asu plays an important role in the protein degradation pathways, asparagine deamidation, and aspartic acid isomerization. Here, Asu modification with a high abundance in the framework region (FR) of golimumab was first reported, the effect of denaturing buffer pH on the Asu modification homeostasis was studied, and the results revealed that it was relatively stable over a pH range of 6.0–7.0 whereas a rapid decrease at pH 8.0. Then, the peptide-based multi-attribute method (MAM) analyses showed that the Asu formation was at Asn 43 in the FR of the heavy chain. Meanwhile, the efficacy [affinity, binding and bioactivity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity] and stability of the Asu modification of golimumab were evaluated, and the current results demonstrated comparable efficacy and stability between the Asu low- and high-abundance groups. Our findings provide valuable insights into Asu modification and its effect on efficacy and stability, and this study also demonstrates that there is a need to develop a broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate platform to identify and characterize new peaks in the development of therapeutic proteins, particularly for antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huaizu Guo, ; Xinli Zhou, ; Sheng Hou,
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Huaizu Guo, ; Xinli Zhou, ; Sheng Hou,
| | - Sheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- *Correspondence: Huaizu Guo, ; Xinli Zhou, ; Sheng Hou,
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22
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Bi M, Bai B, Tian Z. Structure-Specific N-Glycoproteomics Characterization of NIST Monoclonal Antibody Reference Material 8671. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1276-1284. [PMID: 35349291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bi
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center of Precision Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zhixin Tian
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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23
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Singh SK, Lee KH. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Glycan Heterogeneity Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:805788. [PMID: 35087805 PMCID: PMC8786911 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.805788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) is an invaluable technology for the characterization of protein glycosylation. HILIC/MS-based glycan analysis relies on the library search using Glucose Units (GU) and accurate mass (AM) as the primary search parameters for identification. However, GU-based identifications are gradient-dependent and are not suitable for applications where separation gradients need to be optimized to analyze complex samples or achieve higher throughput. Additionally, the workflow requires calibration curves (using dextran ladder) to be generated for each analysis campaign, which in turn, are used to derive the GU values of the separated glycan species. To overcome this limitation, we employed a two-step strategy for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The first step is to create a custom library of the glycans of interest independent of GU values (thereby eliminating the need for a calibration curve) and instead uses AM and retention time (RT) as the primary search variables. The second step is to perform targeted glycan screening using the custom-built library. The developed workflow was applied for targeted glycan analysis of a mAb expressed in CHO for 1) cell line selection 2) characterizing the day-wise glycan evolution in a model mAb during a fed-batch culture, 3) assessing the impact of different media conditions on glycosylation, and 4) evaluating the impact of two different process conditions on glycosylation changes in a model mAb grown in a bioreactor. Taken together, the data presented in this study provides insights into the sources of glycan heterogeneity in a model mAb that are seen during its commercial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, India
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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24
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Caso S, Aeby M, Jordan M, Guillot R, Bielser J. Effects of pyruvate on primary metabolism and product quality for a high‐density perfusion process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1053-1061. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Caso
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Aeby
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guillot
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
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25
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Rathore A, Malani H. Need for a risk-based control strategy for managing glycosylation profile for biosimilar products. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:123-131. [PMID: 34431439 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1973425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies, though a popular class of therapeutics, are complex molecules that are manufactured using complex processes, making it nontrivial to maintain high level of batch-to-batch consistency in product quality. Glycosylation is a posttranslation modification that is widely considered a critical quality attribute (CQA) as its variations are known to impact the Fc effector functions of mAbs. With continuing rise of biosimilars, comparability of these products to the reference product with respect to glycosylation is a topic of immense interest. AREAS COVERED In this article, we focus on the various aspects related to this topic including criticality of the various glycosylated forms, as well as comparability of biosimilars with respect to glycosylation. EXPERT OPINION We propose that manufacturers should focus on those glycoforms that are present in larger amounts and are known to be critical with respect to the biotherapeutic's safety and efficacy. Such risk-based evaluation of glycoforms and their control would offer an optimal route to biosimilar manufacturers for a cost-effective approach toward product development without compromising on the safety and efficacy characteristics of the therapeutic. For mAbs lacking Fc effector function, devising stringent glycosylation control strategies can be bypassed, thereby simplifying process and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Malani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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26
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Jakes C, Millán-Martín S, Carillo S, Scheffler K, Zaborowska I, Bones J. Tracking the Behavior of Monoclonal Antibody Product Quality Attributes Using a Multi-Attribute Method Workflow. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1998-2012. [PMID: 33513021 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The multi-attribute method (MAM) is a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based method that is used to directly characterize and monitor many product quality attributes and impurities on biotherapeutics, most commonly at the peptide level. It utilizes high-resolution accurate mass spectral data which are analyzed in an automated fashion. MAM is a promising approach that is intended to replace or supplement several conventional assays with a single LC-MS analysis and can be implemented in a Current Good Manufacturing Practice environment. MAM provides accurate site-specific quantitation information on targeted attributes and the nontargeted new peak detection function allows to detect new peaks as impurities, modifications, or sequence variants when comparing to a reference sample. The high resolution MAM workflow was applied here for three independent case studies. First, to monitor the behavior of monoclonal antibody product quality attributes over the course of a 12-day cell culture experiment providing an insight into the behavior and dynamics of product attributes throughout the process. Second, the workflow was applied to test the purity and identity of a product through analysis of samples spiked with host cell proteins. Third, through the comparison of a drug product and a biosimilar with known sequence variants. The three case studies presented here, clearly demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the MAM workflow that implies suitability for deployment in the regulated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Jakes
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co., Dublin, A94 X099 Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millán-Martín
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co., Dublin, A94 X099 Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co., Dublin, A94 X099 Ireland
| | - Kai Scheffler
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Izabela Zaborowska
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co., Dublin, A94 X099 Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co., Dublin, A94 X099 Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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27
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Trastoy B, Du JJ, Li C, García-Alija M, Klontz EH, Roberts BR, Donahue TC, Wang LX, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. GH18 endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases use distinct mechanisms to process hybrid-type N-linked glycans. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101011. [PMID: 34324829 PMCID: PMC8374693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is one of the most abundant posttranslational modifications of proteins, essential for many physiological processes, including protein folding, protein stability, oligomerization and aggregation, and molecular recognition events. Defects in the N-glycosylation pathway cause diseases that are classified as congenital disorders of glycosylation. The ability to manipulate protein N-glycosylation is critical not only to our fundamental understanding of biology but also for the development of new drugs for a wide range of human diseases. Chemoenzymatic synthesis using engineered endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) has been used extensively to modulate the chemistry of N-glycosylated proteins. However, defining the molecular mechanisms by which ENGases specifically recognize and process N-glycans remains a major challenge. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of the ENGase EndoBT-3987 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in complex with a hybrid-type glycan product. In combination with alanine scanning mutagenesis, molecular docking calculations and enzymatic activity measurements conducted on a chemically engineered monoclonal antibody substrate unveil two mechanisms for hybrid-type recognition and processing by paradigmatic ENGases. Altogether, the experimental data provide pivotal insight into the molecular mechanism of substrate recognition and specificity for GH18 ENGases and further advance our understanding of chemoenzymatic synthesis and remodeling of homogeneous N-glycan glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycobiology Lab, Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Structural Glycobiology Lab, IIS-Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Lab, Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Structural Glycobiology Lab, IIS-Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Erik H Klontz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas C Donahue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Lab, Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Structural Glycobiology Lab, IIS-Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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28
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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