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McNally DL, Macdougall LJ, Kirkpatrick BE, Maduka CV, Hoffman TE, Fairbanks BD, Bowman CN, Spencer SL, Anseth KS. Reversible Intracellular Gelation of MCF10A Cells Enables Programmable Control Over 3D Spheroid Growth. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302528. [PMID: 38142299 PMCID: PMC10939856 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In nature, some organisms survive extreme environments by inducing a biostatic state wherein cellular contents are effectively vitrified. Recently, a synthetic biostatic state in mammalian cells is achieved via intracellular network formation using bio-orthogonal strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions between functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers. In this work, the effects of intracellular network formation on a 3D epithelial MCF10A spheroid model are explored. Macromer-transfected cells are encapsulated in Matrigel, and spheroid area is reduced by ≈50% compared to controls. The intracellular hydrogel network increases the quiescent cell population, as indicated by increased p21 expression. Additionally, bioenergetics (ATP/ADP ratio) and functional metabolic rates are reduced. To enable reversibility of the biostasis effect, a photosensitive nitrobenzyl-containing macromer is incorporated into the PEG network, allowing for light-induced degradation. Following light exposure, cell state, and proliferation return to control levels, while SPAAC-treated spheroids without light exposure (i.e., containing intact intracellular networks) remain smaller and less proliferative through this same period. These results demonstrate that photodegradable intracellular hydrogels can induce a reversible slow-growing state in 3D spheroid culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney L McNally
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Chima V Maduka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Timothy E Hoffman
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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Lin CL, Fang ZS, Hsu CY, Liu YH, Lin JC, Yao BY, Li FA, Yen SCB, Chang YC, Hu CMJ. Rapid plasma membrane isolation via intracellular polymerization-mediated biomolecular confinement. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:325-335. [PMID: 38000526 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane isolation is a foundational process in membrane proteomic research, cellular vesicle studies, and biomimetic nanocarrier development, yet separation processes for this outermost layer are cumbersome and susceptible to impurities and low yield. Herein, we demonstrate that cellular cytosol can be chemically polymerized for decoupling and isolation of plasma membrane within minutes. A rapid, non-disruptive in situ polymerization technique is developed with cell membrane-permeable polyethyleneglycol-diacrylate (PEG-DA) and a blue-light-sensitive photoinitiator, lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP). The photopolymerization chemistry allows for precise control of intracellular polymerization and tunable confinement of cytosolic molecules. Upon cytosol solidification, plasma membrane proteins and vesicles are rapidly derived and purified as nucleic acids and intracellular proteins as small as 15 kDa are stably entrapped for removal. The polymerization chemistry and membrane derivation technique are broadly applicable to primary and fragile cell types, enabling facile membrane vesicle extraction from shorted-lived neutrophils and human primary CD8 T cells. The study demonstrates tunable intracellular polymerization via optimized live cell chemistry, offers a robust membrane isolation methodology with broad biomedical utility, and reveals insights on molecular crowding and confinement in polymerized cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Isolating the minute fraction of plasma membrane proteins and vesicles requires extended density gradient ultracentrifugation processes, which are susceptible to low yield and impurities. The present work demonstrates that the membrane isolation process can be vastly accelerated via a rapid, non-disruptive intracellular polymerization approach that decouples cellular cytosols from the plasma membrane. Following intracellular polymerization, high-yield plasma membrane proteins and vesicles can be derived from lysis buffer and sonication treatment, respectively. And the intracellular content entrapped within the polymerized hydrogel is readily removed within minutes. The technique has broad utility in membrane proteomic research, cellular vesicle studies, and biomimetic materials development, and the work offers insights on intracellular hydrogel-mediated molecular confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Long Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Syun Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chwen Bruce Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming J Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica. 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Nguyen VD, Park JO, Choi E. Macrophage-Based Microrobots for Anticancer Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:553. [PMID: 37999194 PMCID: PMC10669771 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, possess sensory receptors that enable them to target cancer cells. In addition, they are able to engulf large amounts of particles through phagocytosis, suggesting a potential "Trojan horse" drug delivery approach to tumors by facilitating the engulfment of drug-hidden particles by macrophages. Recent research has focused on the development of macrophage-based microrobots for anticancer therapy, showing promising results and potential for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent development of macrophage-based microrobot research for anticancer therapy. First, we discuss the types of macrophage cells used in the development of these microrobots, the common payloads they carry, and various targeting strategies utilized to guide the microrobots to cancer sites, such as biological, chemical, acoustic, and magnetic actuations. Subsequently, we analyze the applications of these microrobots in different cancer treatment modalities, including photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and various synergistic combination therapies. Finally, we present future outlooks for the development of macrophage-based microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Du Nguyen
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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