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Lipovšek S, Novak T, Dariš B, Hofer F, Leitinger G, Letofsky-Papst I. Ultrastructure of spherites in the midgut diverticula and Malpighian tubules of the harvestman Amilenus aurantiacus during the winter diapause. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 157:107-118. [PMID: 34738145 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amilenus aurantiacus overwinter in diapause, a natural starvation period, in hypogean habitats. The structure of spherites in the midgut diverticula (MD) and Malpighian tubules (MT) has been studied comparatively by light microscopy and TEM to detect eventual differences in mineral consumption in the beginning and at the end of the starvation period in these organs (MD and MT) associated with digestive processes. The chemical composition of spherites was examined by combining energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM). The structure of the spherites changed during overwintering in both organs. At the beginning of overwintering, the spherites were composed of densely packed concentric layers of electron-dense and electron-lucent material. In the middle and at the end of overwintering, the electron-lucent layers between the layers of material indicated the loss of some material. The chemical composition of the spherites changed only in the MD; at the beginning of overwintering, these contained Si, O, C and Fe, while later there was no more Fe. In contrast, spherites in the MT were composed of Si, O, C and Ca throughout overwintering. A less intensive exploitation of the MD spherites was probably due to complete cessation of digestive and other cell activity in this organ during the winter diapause; activity of the MT slowed, but continued removing the cell metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saška Lipovšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia. .,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia. .,Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Tone Novak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Dariš
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Lipovšek S, Kozel P, Leitinger G, Novak T. Malpighian tubules in harvestmen. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1145-1153. [PMID: 33782782 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In arachnids, the Malpighian tubules (MTs), coxal glands and stercoral pockets are capable of collecting and removing excreta from the body. The presence of the MTs among Opiliones was evidenced for the first time in Amilenus aurantiacus in 2015. Individuals undergo a winter diapause subterranean habitats. Here, we provided the morphological and cytological description of the MTs and asked whether their structure and ultrastructure change during the winter diapause. We studied the changes using light and transmission electron microscopy. The MTs consisted of the ureter and a pair of long, lateral blind-ended tubules, forming a long loop in the opisthosoma, and a coiled, terminal ball in the prosoma. The MTs were uniform, composed of a single-cell type, a monolayer of cuboidal epithelial cells, and the basal lamina. The cell ultrastructure was quite comparable to those in other arthropods, except for very long infoldings of the basal membrane protruding close to the nucleus. Except for spherite exploitation, no changes were observed in the ultrastructure of the MT epithelial cells during overwintering. We suggest that the analogous MTs in A. aurantiacus, and the nephron anatomies, along with a single-cell-type MT epithelium, might be of advantage in modelled studies of the nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saška Lipovšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, University of Maribor, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter Kozel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia
- ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute, Novi trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tone Novak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenia
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Amutkan Mutlu D, Polat I, Suludere Z. Histomorphology of the Malpighian Tubules and the Chemical Composition of the Spherocrystals in the Tubule Epithelial Cells of Adult Leptophyes albovittata (Kollar, 1833) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34344493 DOI: 10.1017/s143192762101223x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In insects, the number, cytological and histological structures, and the spherocrystals of the Malpighian tubules (MTs) can vary considerably in different insect groups. These differences are considered important because they can be used as taxonomic characters. For this purpose, the ultrastructure of the MT epithelial cells in Leptophyes albovittata (Kollar, 1833) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) was examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The wall of each tubule consists of a single layer of cells. These cells have round-shaped nuclei. Two different cell types were demonstrated in the tubule cell. These are cells that have electron-dense cytoplasm and electron-lucent cytoplasm. It was observed that the cytoplasm of these cells has many spherocrystals. The chemical composition of the spherocrystals was found to be high in carbon, phosphorus, and manganese in tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Amutkan Mutlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara06500, Turkey
| | - Irmak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı18100, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Suludere
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara06500, Turkey
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Liu L, Hua BZ. Ultrastructure of the larval Malpighian tubules in Terrobittacus implicatus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1121-1128. [PMID: 29429130 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Bittacidae, a cosmopolitan family in Mecoptera, have an interesting habit of spraying the body surface with soil through the anus after hatching, and each molts. The fine structure of Malpighian tubules, however, remains largely unknown in the larvae of Bittacidae to date. Here, we studied the ultrastructure of the larval Malpighian tubules in the hangingfly Terrobittacus implicatus (Huang & Hua) using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The larvae of T. implicatus have six elongate Malpighian tubules at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. The tubule comprises a basal lamina, a single-layered epithelium, and a central lumen. The basal plasma membranes of the epithelial cells are conspicuously infolded and generate a labyrinth. The epithelium consists of two types of cells: large principal cells and scattered stellate cells. Mitochondria and cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum are numerous in the principal cells but are sparsely distributed in the stellate cells, indicating that the principal cells are active in transport. On the other hand, spherites are only abundant in the principal cells and are likely associated with the soil-spraying habit of the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Lipovšek S, Janžekovič F, Novak T. Ultrastructure of fat body cells and Malpighian tubule cells in overwintering Scoliopteryx libatrix (Noctuoidea). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2189-2199. [PMID: 28401359 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The herald moths, Scoliopteryx libatrix, overwinter in hypogean habitats. The ultrastructure of their fat body (FB) cells and Malpighian tubule (MT) epithelial cells was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and essential biometric and biochemical measurements were performed. The FB was composed of adipocytes and sparse urocytes. The ultrastructure of both cells did not change considerably during this natural starvation period, except for rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) which became more abundant in March females. In the cells, the reserve material consisted of numerous lipid droplets, glycogen rosettes, and protein granula. During overwintering, the lipid droplets diminished, and protein granula became laminated. The MTs consisted of a monolayer epithelium and individual muscle cells. The epithelial cells were attached to the basal lamina by numerous hemidesmosomes. The apical plasma membrane was differentiated into numerous microvilli, many of them containing mitochondria. Nuclei were surrounded by an abundant rER. There were numerous spherites in the perinuclear part of the cells. The basal plasma membrane formed infoldings with mitochondria in between. Nuclei were located either in the basal or in the central part of the cells. During overwintering, spherites were gradually exploited, and autophagic structures appeared: autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and residual bodies. There were no statistical differences between the sexes in any measured biometric and biochemical variables in the same time frames. The energy-supplying lipids and glycogen, and spherite stores were gradually spent during overwintering. In March, the augmented rER signified the intensification of synthetic processes prior to the epigean ecophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saška Lipovšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribo, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Franc Janžekovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tone Novak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
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Mohammed A, O'Hare MB, Warley A, Tear G, Tuxworth RI. in vivo localization of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis proteins, CLN3 and CLN7, at endogenous expression levels. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 103:123-132. [PMID: 28365214 PMCID: PMC5441185 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of recessively inherited, childhood-onset neurodegenerative conditions. Several forms are caused by mutations in genes encoding putative lysosomal membrane proteins. Studies of the cell biology underpinning these disorders are hampered by the poor antigenicity of the membrane proteins, which makes visualization of the endogenous proteins difficult. We have used Drosophila to generate knock-in YFP-fusions for two of the NCL membrane proteins: CLN7 and CLN3. The YFP-fusions are expressed at endogenous levels and the proteins can be visualized live without the need for overexpression. Unexpectedly, both CLN7 and CLN3 have restricted expression in the CNS of Drosophila larva and are predominantly expressed in the glia that form the insect blood-brain-barrier. CLN7 is also expressed in neurons in the developing visual system. Analogous with murine CLN3, Drosophila CLN3 is strongly expressed in the excretory and osmoregulatory Malpighian tubules, but the knock-in also reveals unexpected localization of the protein to the apical domain adjacent to the lumen. In addition, some CLN3 protein in the tubules is localized within mitochondria. Our in vivo imaging of CLN7 and CLN3 suggests new possibilities for function and promotes new ideas about the cell biology of the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamin Mohammed
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Megan B O'Hare
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alice Warley
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Guy Tear
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Lipovšek S, Novak T, Janžekovič F, Weiland N, Leitinger G. Malpighian Tubule Cells in Overwintering Cave Crickets Troglophilus cavicola (Kollar, 1833) and T. neglectus Krauss, 1879 (Rhaphidophoridae, Ensifera). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158598. [PMID: 27379687 PMCID: PMC4933385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During winter, cave cricket larvae undergo dormancy in subterranean habitats; this dormancy is termed diapause in second year Troglophilus cavicola larvae because they mature during this time, and termed quiescence in T. neglectus, because they mature after dormancy. Here we used electron microscopy to analyze ultrastructural changes in the epithelial cells in the Malpighian tubules (MTs) of T. cavicola during diapause, in order to compare them with previous findings on T. neglectus. Moreover, the autophagosomes were studied with immunofluorescence microscopy in both species. Although the basic ultrastructure of the cells was similar, specific differences appeared during overwintering. During this natural starvation period, the nucleus, rER, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria did not show structural changes, and the spherites were exploited. The abundances of autophagic structures in both species increased during overwintering. At the beginning of overwintering, in both species and sexes, the rates of cells with autophagic structures (phagophores, autophagosomes, autolysosomes and residual bodies) were low, while their rates increased gradually towards the end of overwintering. Between sexes, in T. cavicola significant differences were found in the autophagosome abundances in the middle and at the end, and in T. neglectus at the end of overwintering. Females showed higher rates of autophagic cells than males, and these were more abundant in T. cavicola. Thus, autophagic processes in the MT epithelial cells induced by starvation are mostly parallel in diapausing T. cavicola and quiescent T. neglectus, but more intensive in diapausing females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saška Lipovšek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tone Novak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Franc Janžekovič
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nina Weiland
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Occluding junctions of invertebrate epithelia. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:17-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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