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Hu X, Xu W, Ren Y, Wang Z, He X, Huang R, Ma B, Zhao J, Zhu R, Cheng L. Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:245. [PMID: 37357239 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a severe condition with an extremely high disability rate. The challenges of SCI repair include its complex pathological mechanisms and the difficulties of neural regeneration in the central nervous system. In the past few decades, researchers have attempted to completely elucidate the pathological mechanism of SCI and identify effective strategies to promote axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling, but the results have not been ideal. Recently, new pathological mechanisms of SCI, especially the interactions between immune and neural cell responses, have been revealed by single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptome analysis. With the development of bioactive materials and stem cells, more attention has been focused on forming intermediate neural networks to promote neural regeneration and neural circuit reconstruction than on promoting axonal regeneration in the corticospinal tract. Furthermore, technologies to control physical parameters such as electricity, magnetism and ultrasound have been constantly innovated and applied in neural cell fate regulation. Among these advanced novel strategies and technologies, stem cell therapy, biomaterial transplantation, and electromagnetic stimulation have entered into the stage of clinical trials, and some of them have already been applied in clinical treatment. In this review, we outline the overall epidemiology and pathophysiology of SCI, expound on the latest research progress related to neural regeneration and circuit reconstruction in detail, and propose future directions for SCI repair and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilong Ren
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolie He
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Ma
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Center For Brain And Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
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Hu H, Jian X. The protective mechanism of action of plantamajoside on a rat model of acute spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:378. [PMID: 33680100 PMCID: PMC7918247 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) is a severe traumatic disease of the central nervous system, characterized by a high incidence and high morbidity, for which there are no effective drug therapies in the clinic. A rat model of ASCI was established to study the effects of plantamajoside (PMS) treatment on the expression of apoptotic factors, including caspase-3, caspase-9, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Bax and Bcl-2. The Allen's weight hit rat ASCI model was used for the present study, and the rats were treated with various concentrations of PMS. The behavior of rats was assessed using the Basso-Beattle-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB), the histopathologic changes of spinal cord tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, the survival of neurons was assessed by TUNEL staining and the expression levels of apoptotic proteins such as caspase-3, caspase-9, PARP, Bcl-2 and Bax was measured using western blot assays and RT-qPCR. It was observed that PMS could reverse the decrease in the BBB score after ASCI, improve the morphological characteristics of the spinal cord, reduce the degree apoptosis and affect the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, PARP, Bax and Bcl-2 in a concentration dependent manner. In conclusion, PMS protected ASCI rats by inhibiting apoptosis; therefore PMS may be a potential candidate for ASCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiangan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiangan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
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Chen J, Yang S, Wu C, Cui Z, Wan Y, Xu G, Bao G, Zhang J, Chen C, Song D. Novel Role of HAX-1 in Neurons Protection After Spinal Cord Injury Involvement of IRE-1. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2302-2311. [PMID: 32681444 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the diseases with high probability of causing disability in human beings, and there is no reliable treatment at present. Neuronal apoptosis is a vital component of secondary injury and plays a critical role in the development of neurological dysfunction after spinal cord injury. In this study, we found that the expression and distribution of HAX-1 in neurons increased 1 day after SCI. PC12 cells overexpressing HAX-1 showed decreased apoptosis and PC12 cells are more likely to undergo apoptosis after down-regulating HAX-1, which was confirmed via TUNEL experiments. We found GRP94 showed the same trend as HAX-1 in expression and interacted with HAX-1 and IRE-1 in both spinal cord tissue and PC12 cells, and this interaction seems to be enhanced after SCI. When the expression of HAX-1 was up-regulated, GRP94 also increased, but IRE-1 did not change at all. Further studies showed that overexpression of HAX-1 decreased the expression of pIRE-1, rather than IRE-1, and downstream proteins of the IRE signaling pathway (Caspase12, pJNK and CHOP) were significantly reduced, and vice versa. In animals treated with HAX-1 expressing adenovirus there are more neuronal cells remaining in the damaged spinal cord tissue, and hindlimb motor function of rats was significantly improved. So, we speculate that HAX-1 might play a role in protecting neurons from apoptosis after SCI by regulating the IRE-1 signaling pathway via promoting the dissociation of GRP94 from IRE-1. This may provide a theoretical basis and a potential therapeutic target for clinical improvement of neural function recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saishuai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunshuai Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 6 Haier Lane North Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Wang X, Ma W, Wang T, Yang J, Wu Z, Liu K, Dai Y, Zang C, Liu W, Liu J, Liang Y, Guo J, Li L. BDNF-TrkB and proBDNF-p75NTR/Sortilin Signaling Pathways are Involved in Mitochondria-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis in Dorsal Root Ganglia after Sciatic Nerve Transection. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:66-82. [PMID: 31957620 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200117110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) plays critical roles during development
of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in neuronal survival after injury.
Although proBDNF induces neuronal apoptosis after injury in vivo, whether it can also act as a death
factor in vitro and in vivo under physiological conditions and after nerve injury, as well as its mechanism
of inducing apoptosis, is still unclear.
Objective:
In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which proBDNF causes apoptosis in sensory
neurons and Satellite Glial Cells (SGCs) in Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) After Sciatic Nerve
Transection (SNT).
Methods:
SGCs cultures were prepared and a scratch model was established to analyze the role of
proBDNF in sensory neurons and SGCs in DRG following SNT. Following treatment with proBDNF
antiserum, TUNEL and immunohistochemistry staining were used to detect the expression of Glial
Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in DRG tissue; immunocytochemistry
and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay were used to detect GFAP expression and
cell viability of SGCs, respectively. RT-qPCR, western blot, and ELISA were used to measure mRNA
and protein levels, respectively, of key factors in BDNF-TrkB, proBDNF-p75NTR/sortilin, and apoptosis
signaling pathways.
Results:
proBDNF induced mitochondrial apoptosis of SGCs and neurons by modulating BDNF-TrkB
and proBDNF-p75NTR/sortilin signaling pathways. In addition, neuroprotection was achieved by inhibiting
the biological activity of endogenous proBDNF protein by injection of anti-proBDNF serum. Furthermore,
the anti-proBDNF serum inhibited the activation of SGCs and promoted their proliferation.
Conclusion:
proBDNF induced apoptosis in SGCs and sensory neurons in DRG following SNT. The
proBDNF signaling pathway is a potential novel therapeutic target for reducing sensory neuron and
SGCs loss following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jinwei Yang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Kuangpin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yunfei Dai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chenghao Zang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jianhui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Liyan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Tiano F, Amati F, Cherubini F, Morini E, Vancheri C, Maletta S, Fortuni S, Serio D, Quatrana A, Luffarelli R, Benini M, Alfedi G, Panarello L, Rufini A, Toschi N, Frontali M, Romano S, Marcotulli C, Casali C, Gioiosa S, Mariotti C, Mongelli A, Fichera M, Condò I, Novelli G, Testi R, Malisan F. Frataxin deficiency in Friedreich's ataxia is associated with reduced levels of HAX-1, a regulator of cardiomyocyte death and survival. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:471-482. [PMID: 31943004 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Frataxin deficiency, responsible for Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), is crucial for cell survival since it critically affects viability of neurons, pancreatic beta cells and cardiomyocytes. In FRDA, the heart is frequently affected with typical manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which can progress to heart failure and cause premature death. A microarray analysis performed on FRDA patient's lymphoblastoid cells stably reconstituted with frataxin, indicated HS-1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) as the most significantly upregulated transcript (FC = +2, P < 0.0006). quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis performed on (I) HEK293 stably transfected with empty vector compared to wild-type frataxin and (II) lymphoblasts from FRDA patients show that low frataxin mRNA and protein expression correspond to reduced levels of HAX-1. Frataxin overexpression and silencing were also performed in the AC16 human cardiomyocyte cell line. HAX-1 protein levels are indeed regulated through frataxin modulation. Moreover, correlation between frataxin and HAX-1 was further evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from FRDA patients and from non-related healthy controls. A regression model for frataxin which included HAX-1, group membership and group* HAX-1 interaction revealed that frataxin and HAX-1 are associated both at mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, a linked expression of FXN, HAX-1 and antioxidant defence proteins MnSOD and Nrf2 was observed both in PBMCs and AC16 cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that HAX-1 could be considered as a potential biomarker of cardiac disease in FRDA and the evaluation of its expression might provide insights into its pathogenesis as well as improving risk stratification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tiano
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Amati
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Cherubini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Morini
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Vancheri
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Maletta
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fortuni
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Serio
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Quatrana
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Luffarelli
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics Srl, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Benini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics Srl, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Alfedi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics Srl, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Panarello
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics Srl, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Medical Physics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marina Frontali
- CNR Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Marcotulli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino-Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino-Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Silvia Gioiosa
- SCAI (Super Computing Applications and Innovations) CINECA, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mongelli
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Fichera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Condò
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics Srl, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Florence Malisan
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
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