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Zipponi M, Cacciottola L, Dolmans MM. Overview of crosstalk between stromal and epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis and shared features with deep endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:1608-1617. [PMID: 38885960 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the first description of adenomyosis more than 150 years ago, multiple hypotheses have attempted to explain its pathogenesis. Indeed, research over recent years has greatly enhanced our knowledge of the underlying causes. This has opened up avenues for the development of strategies for both disease prevention and treatment of its main symptoms, such as pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility. However, the current means are still largely ineffective, so it is vital that we shed light on the pathways involved. Dysregulated mechanisms and aberrant protein expression have been identified as contributing factors in interactions between endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, ultimately leading to the growth of adenomyotic lesions. These include collective cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, hormonal influence, and signaling from non-coding RNAs and extracellular vesicles. We provide a concise summary of the latest insights into the crosstalk between glands and stroma in ectopic adenomyotic lesion formation. While there is an abundance of literature on similarities between adenomyosis and deep endometriosis, there are insufficient data on the cytochemical, molecular, and pathogenetic mechanisms of these two disorders. However, various shared features, including alterations of cell adhesion molecules, abnormal hormone regulation, and the presence of cancer-driving mutations and epigenetic modifications, have been identified. Nevertheless, the pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the cause and development of these enigmatic diseases have not been fully elucidated yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zipponi
- Pôle de Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luciana Cacciottola
- Pôle de Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Madeleine Dolmans
- Pôle de Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Hu Y, Yuan M, Cheng L, Xu L, Wang G. Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miR-25-3p promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of endometrial epithelial cells by inducing macrophage polarization. Mol Hum Reprod 2024; 30:gaae010. [PMID: 38407339 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of adenomyosis is closely related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and macrophages. MicroRNAs have been extensively investigated in relation to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a range of malignancies. However, there is a paucity of research on extracellular vesicles derived from the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis and their encapsulated microRNAs. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-25-3p derived from extracellular vesicles in inducing macrophage polarization and promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in endometrial epithelial cells of patients with adenomyosis and controls. We obtained eutopic endometrial samples and isolated extracellular vesicles from the culture supernatant of primary endometrial cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that microRNA-25-3p was highly expressed in extracellular vesicles, as well as in macrophages stimulated by extracellular vesicles from eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis; and macrophages transfected with microRNA-25-3p exhibited elevated levels of M2 markers, while displaying reduced levels of M1 markers. After co-culture with the above polarized macrophages, endometrial epithelial cells expressed higher levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin, and lower protein levels of E-cadherin and Cytokeratin 7. It was revealed that microRNA-25-3p encapsulated in extracellular vesicles from eutopic endometrial cells could induce macrophage polarization toward M2, and the polarized macrophages promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells. However, in vitro experiments revealed no significant disparity in the migratory capacity of endometrial epithelial cells between the adenomyosis group and the control group. Furthermore, it was observed that microRNA-25-3p-stimulated polarized macrophages also facilitated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of endometrial epithelial cells within the control group. Thus, the significance of microRNA-25-3p-induced polarized macrophages in promoting the development of adenomyosis is unclear, and macrophage infiltration alone may be adequate for this process. We emphasize the specificity of the local eutopic endometrial microenvironment and postulate its potential significance in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Gynecology Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Gynecology Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Qi J, Zhao F, Lu Y, Li S, Wu S, Li P, Tan J. PDGFBB improved the biological function of menstrual blood-derived stromal cells and the anti-fibrotic properties of exosomes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:113. [PMID: 37118830 PMCID: PMC10148410 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a reproductive dysfunction disease characterized by endometrial fibrosis, with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Our previous studies confirmed that menstrual blood-derived stromal cells (MenSCs) effectively attenuated endometrial fibrosis in an animal model of IUA mainly through exosomes. This therapeutic effect can be enhanced by platelet-rich plasma (PRP), in which PDGFBB is an abundant growth factor. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of PRP and PDGFBB on the biological activities of MenSCs in vitro, and to further investigate the molecular mechanism of MenSCs-derived exosomes in alleviating endometrial fibrosis. METHODS MenSCs were isolated for in vitro functional assays to examine the viability, migration, and stemness of MenSCs. Endometrial stromal cells (EndoSCs) were treated with 50 ug/ml of MenSCs-derived exosomes, obtained by differential ultracentrifugation extraction. The molecular mechanisms by which PDGFBB improves MenSCs and exosomes alleviate EndoSCs fibrosis were then explored using immunofluorescence, western blot, and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Both 100 ng/ml PDGFBB and 10% activated PRP promoted the proliferation, increased the S phase of cell cycle, and inhibited apoptosis of MenSCs in vitro. Compared with PRP, PDGFBB significantly promoted MenSCs migration. All of these effects were inhibited by sorafenib, a PDGFR-β inhibitor. PRP and PDGFBB activated AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in MenSCs and increased the expression of P65 and OCT4. Moreover, pretreatment of PDGFBB did not increase the secretion of MenSCs but significantly increased the anti-fibrosis effects of MenSCs-derived exosomes on IUA-EndoSCs. MenSCs-derived exosomes attenuated SMAD3 phosphorylation and increased YAP ubiquitination, which reduced the binding of YAP/SMAD3. Pretreatment with PDGFBB amplified this effect. CONCLUSIONS In summary, PDGFBB could improve the biological functions of MenSCs via AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, including viability, migration, and stemness. Our results indicated that PDGFBB amplified MenSCs-derived exosomes to attenuate endometrial fibrosis by inhibiting YAP activity, revealing a novel mechanism by which PRP enhanced the ability of MenSCs to repair tissue injury and providing a potential option for improving stem cell efficacy in IUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Jiarui Qi
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Fujie Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Yimeng Lu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Jichun Tan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Disease and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, 110022, China.
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Guo Z, Duan H, Wang S, Wang S, Lin Q, Li Y. RNA-seq reveals co-dysregulated circular RNAs in the adenomyosis eutopic endometrium and endometrial–myometrial interface. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:293. [PMID: 35841021 PMCID: PMC9284893 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Uterine adenomyosis is associated with chronic pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, and infertility. The pathogenesis of adenomyosis is still unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in several benign diseases and malignant tumors. We aimed to explore the co-dysregulated circular RNA profile in the eutopic endometrium and endometrial–myometrial interface (EMI) of adenomyosis.
Methods
Total RNA was extracted from the eutopic endometrium and EMI of 5 patients with adenomyosis and 3 patients without adenomyosis. Next-generation sequencing was performed to identify the circRNA expression profile of the two tissue types. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict circRNA-binding miRNAs and miRNA-binding mRNAs and construct ceRNA networks, and functional enrichment analysis was performed to predict the biological functions of circRNAs.
Results
Among the adenomyosis patients, 760 circRNAs were significantly upregulated and 119 circRNAs were significantly downregulated in the EMI of adenomyosis, while 47 circRNAs were significantly upregulated and 17 circRNAs were significantly downregulated in the eutopic endometrium of adenomyosis. We identified hsa_circ_0002144 and hsa_circ_0005806 as co-upregulated and hsa_circ_0079536 and hsa_circ_0024766 as co-downregulated in the eutopic endometrium and EMI. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to construct a ceRNA network of codifferentially expressed circRNAs. The MAPK signaling pathway is the most important signaling pathway involved in the function of the ceRNA network.
Conclusions
Co-dysregulated circRNAs were present in the eutopic endometrium and EMI of adenomyosis. MiRNA binding sites were observed for all of these circRNAs and found to regulate gene expression. Co-dysregulated circRNAs may induce the eutopic endometrial invagination process through the MAPK signaling pathway and promote the progression of adenomyosis.
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Liu L, Wang S, Li D, Tuo Y. Effect of Co-Cultured Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSC) and Neuropilin 1 on the Migration of Endometrial Stromal Cells and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Adenomyosis. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our study intends to assess the effect of co-cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and Neuropilin 1 on the migration of endometrial stromal cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in adenomyosis. qRT-PCR was utilized for measuring Neuropilin 1 level in adenomyosis tissues
and cells. Endometrial stromal cells were treated with BMSC, si-Neuropilin 1, and pc-DNANeuropilin followed by analysis of cell proliferation and migration, as well as the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. Neuropilin 1 expression was significantly upregulated
in 77 adenomyosis patients. Neuropilin 1 expression showed a positive correlation with the diagnostic sensitivity of adenomyosis. BMSC+pc-DNA-Neuropilin 1 treatment significantly promoted cell viability, migration, and EMT which were reduced by BMSC+si-Neuropilin 1. In conclusion, our study
demonstrates that co-culture of BMSCs and Neuropilin 1 increases cell viability, migration, and EMT in adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Liu
- Master of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010050, China
| | - Saren Wang
- Bachelor of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010050, China
| | - Debang Li
- Master of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010050, China
| | - Ya Tuo
- Doctor of Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010050, China
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Neuropilin (NRPs) Related Pathological Conditions and Their Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158402. [PMID: 35955539 PMCID: PMC9368954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) represents one of the two homologous neuropilins (NRP, splice variants of neuropilin 2 are the other) found in all vertebrates. It forms a transmembrane glycoprotein distributed in many human body tissues as a (co)receptor for a variety of different ligands. In addition to its physiological role, it is also associated with various pathological conditions. Recently, NRP1 has been discovered as a coreceptor for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, along with ACE2, and has thus become one of the COVID-19 research foci. However, in addition to COVID-19, the current review also summarises its other pathological roles and its involvement in clinical diseases like cancer and neuropathic pain. We also discuss the diversity of native NRP ligands and perform a joint analysis. Last but not least, we review the therapeutic roles of NRP1 and introduce a series of NRP1 modulators, which are typical peptidomimetics or other small molecule antagonists, to provide the medicinal chemistry community with a state-of-the-art overview of neuropilin modulator design and NRP1 druggability assessment.
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Gan L, Li Y, Chen Y, Huang M, Cao J, Cao M, Wang Z, Wan G, Gui T. Transcriptome analysis of eutopic endometrial stromal cells in women with adenomyosis by RNA-sequencing. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12637-12649. [PMID: 35603555 PMCID: PMC9275863 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2077614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongrong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Xiangcheng People’s Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meihua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiling Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Xiangcheng People’s Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiping Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Gui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Mechanisms and Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-022-00326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of the Review
The purpose of this review is to provide a synopsis of all the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. It will summarize recent advances in the field, discussing current controversies, and considering potential future directions.
Recent Findings
Adenomyosis pathogenesis is still a topic under investigation, however advancements in the understanding of disease development and mechanisms have been made. New data coming from new next generation sequencing-based studies and more-in-depth acquisitions on sex hormones imbalance, neuroangiogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis and cell proliferation have been obtained.
Summary
Adenomyosis is a uterine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by a benign invasion of the endometrium basalis (glands and stroma) within the myometrium.
So far, three theories for the pathophysiology of adenomyosis have been proposed:
An invagination of the endometrial basalis into the myometrium by tissue injury and repair.
The development from adult stem cells or displaced embryonic müllerian remnants.
An “invasion from outside to inside”.
In order to invade and develop, endometrial cells require a series of pathogenetic mechanisms which drive to adenomyosis. Altered sex steroids hormones receptors may be the primary event which causes increased endometrial cell proliferations and differentiation from epithelial to mesenchymal cells. Once invaded the myometrium, an inflammatory reaction is displayed, probably driven by local immune changes. The processes of neuroangiogenesis and fibrosis are also involved in the adenomyosis development and may explain some of the associated clinical symptoms (dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, and infertility).
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Guo Y, Wang J, Jia C, Liao Y. SKP2 regulates ZEB1 expression and stimulates eutopic endometrial stromal cell invasion and proliferation of adenomyosis. Reprod Biol 2021; 22:100578. [PMID: 34844164 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though endometriosis is benign, however, it shares certain characteristics with cancers, such as the ability to invade and metastasize. Previous studies have demonstrated that S-phase kinase associated protein2 (SKP2) promotes invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. However, its correlation with adenomyosis is unclear. Herein, we aimed to look into SKP2 expression patterns and regulatory effects on endometrial stromal cell (ESC) proliferation and invasion, and its internal mechanism in adenomyosis. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunochemistry were carried out for detecting SKP2 and ZEB1 expression in ESC of adenomyosis and adenomyosis endometrial tissue. The primary ESCs were identified using immunofluorescence. SKP2 knockdown was accomplished in vitro by transfecting a particular lentivirus vector. The colony formation and CCK-8 assays were carried out for assessing cell proliferation, while cell invasion potential was assessed using the transwell assay. Both SKP2 and ZEB1 were found to be significantly upregulated in adenomyosis endometrial tissue. Knockdown of SKP2 inhibited adenomyotic ESC invasion and proliferation. Further experiments showed that knocking out SKP2 reduced ZEB1 expression in adenomyotic ESCs. Our results showed that SKP2 could regulate ZEB1 expression, and increased SKP2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis and stimulating ESC proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Jianchao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China
| | - Chunyan Jia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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