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Baurès R, Leblond S, Dewailly A, Cherubini M, Subramanian LD, Kearney JK, Durand JB, Roux FE. Should I stay or should I go? The cerebral bases of street-crossing decision. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25279. [PMID: 38284833 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
An observer willing to cross a street must first estimate if the approaching cars offer enough time to safely complete the task. The brain areas supporting this perception, known as Time-To-Contact (TTC) perception, have been mainly studied through noninvasive correlational approaches. We carried out an experiment in which patients were tested during an awake brain surgery electrostimulation mapping to examine the causal implication of various brain areas in the street-crossing decision process. Forty patients were tested in a gap acceptance task before their surgery to establish a baseline performance. The task was individually adapted upon this baseline level and carried out during their surgery. We acquired and normalized to MNI space the coordinates of the functional areas that influenced task performance. A total of 103 stimulation sites were tested, allowing to establish a large map of the areas involved in the street-crossing decision. Multiple sites were found to impact the gap acceptance decision. A direct implication was however found mostly for sites within the right parietal lobe, while indirect implication was found for sites within the language, motor, or attentional networks. The right parietal lobe can be considered as causally influencing the gap acceptance decision. Other positive sites were all accompanied with dysfunction in other cognitive functions, and therefore should probably not be considered as the site of TTC estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Baurès
- CerCo, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Solène Leblond
- CerCo, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Dewailly
- CerCo, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marta Cherubini
- CerCo, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Franck Emmanuel Roux
- CerCo, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Pôle Neurosciences (Neurochirurgie), Centres Hospitalo-Universitaires, Toulouse, France
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Lukavský J, Oksama L, Děchtěrenko F. Multiple object tracking with extended occlusions. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2094-2106. [PMID: 36398964 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221142463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, we often view objects through a limited aperture (e.g., soccer players on TV or cars slipping into our blind spot on a busy road), where objects often move out of view and reappear in a different place later. We modelled this situation in a series of multiple object tracking (MOT) experiments, in which we introduced a cover on the edges of the observed area and manipulated its width. This method introduced systematic occlusions, which were longer than those used in previous MOT studies. Experiment 1 (N = 50) showed that tracking under such conditions is possible, although difficult. An item-level analysis confirmed that people made more errors in targets that were covered longer and more often. In Experiment 2 (N = 50), we manipulated the tracking workload and found that the participants were less affected by the cover when the tracking load was low. In Experiment 3 (N = 50), we asked the participants to keep track of the objects' identities (multiple identity tracking [MIT]). Although MIT is subjectively more demanding, memorising identities improved performance in the most difficult cover conditions. Contrary to previous reports, we also found that even partial occlusions negatively affected tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Lukavský
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lauri Oksama
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Filip Děchtěrenko
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Nishizono R, Saijo N, Kashino M. Highly reproducible eyeblink timing during formula car driving. iScience 2023; 26:106803. [PMID: 37378324 PMCID: PMC10291330 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
How do humans blink while driving a vehicle? Although gaze control patterns have been previously reported in relation to successful steering, eyeblinks that disrupt vision are believed to be randomly distributed during driving or are ignored. Herein, we demonstrate that eyeblink timing shows reproducible patterns during real formula car racing driving and is related to car control. We studied three top-level racing drivers. Their eyeblinks and driving behavior were acquired during practice sessions. The results revealed that the drivers blinked at surprisingly similar positions on the courses. We identified three factors underlying the eyeblink patterns: the driver's individual blink count, lap pace associated with how strictly they followed their pattern on each lap, and car acceleration associated with when/where to blink at a moment. These findings suggest that the eyeblink pattern reflected cognitive states during in-the-wild driving and experts appear to change such cognitive states continuously and dynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nishizono
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Morinosato Wakamiya 3-1, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Naoki Saijo
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Morinosato Wakamiya 3-1, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Makio Kashino
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Morinosato Wakamiya 3-1, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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Teichmann L, Moerel D, Rich AN, Baker CI. The nature of neural object representations during dynamic occlusion. Cortex 2022; 153:66-86. [PMID: 35597052 PMCID: PMC9247008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objects disappearing briefly from sight due to occlusion is an inevitable occurrence in everyday life. Yet we generally have a strong experience that occluded objects continue to exist, despite the fact that they objectively disappear. This indicates that neural object representations must be maintained during dynamic occlusion. However, it is unclear what the nature of such representation is and in particular whether it is perception-like or more abstract, for example, reflecting limited features such as position or movement direction only. In this study, we address this question by examining how different object features such as object shape, luminance, and position are represented in the brain when a moving object is dynamically occluded. We apply multivariate decoding methods to Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data to track how object representations unfold over time. Our methods allow us to contrast the representations of multiple object features during occlusion and enable us to compare the neural responses evoked by visible and occluded objects. The results show that object position information is represented during occlusion to a limited extent while object identity features are not maintained through the period of occlusion. Together, this suggests that the nature of object representations during dynamic occlusion is different from visual representations during perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Teichmann
- Perception in Action Research Centre & School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, 16 University Ave, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, 10 Center Drive, 10/4C104, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Denise Moerel
- Perception in Action Research Centre & School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, 16 University Ave, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anina N Rich
- Perception in Action Research Centre & School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, 16 University Ave, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Chris I Baker
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, 10 Center Drive, 10/4C104, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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