1
|
Rahmati E, Khoshtaghaza MH, Banakar A, Ebadi MT, Hamidi-Esfahani Z. Continuous decontamination of cumin seed by non-contact induction heating technology: Assessment of microbial load and quality changes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25504. [PMID: 38384505 PMCID: PMC10878883 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the demand for high-quality food has increased steadily. Therefore, it is essential to develop innovative technologies that effectively reduce microbial load while minimizing any negative effect on the quality of spices. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a self-designed non-contact induction heating system using contaminated cumin seeds. The non-contact induction heating decontamination process was performed at different temperatures of 115, 135 and 155°C and durations (45, 60 and 75 s) through continuous process (screw conveyor) in Pyrex cylinder chamber. Various parameters including microbial load, color characteristics, essential oil content, surface morphology, sample temperature, and energy consumption were analyzed as dependent variables in the study. The results showed that the treatment combination (155°C - 60 s) reduced the aerobic plate count from 6.21 to 2.97 CFU/g. Mold, yeast and coliforms in the treatment combination (155°C-45 s) were also reduced by 3.26 and 3.6 CFU/g, respectively. The total color difference of the samples increased due to the degradation and alteration of pigments at high temperatures. However, no statistically significant disparity in essential oil content was observed between the treatment groups and the control group. The quantities of essential oil components in the cumin seeds were determined to align with the ISO standard, with the primary constituents identified as follows: Terpinen-7-al γ (38.98%), Cumin aldehyde (20.75%), γ-Terpinene (18.81%), β-Pinene (13.66%), and p-Cymene (6.2%). In summary, non-contact induction heating system shows promise as an effective technology for surface decontamination of spices. The acquired findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of the induction heating process on both the microbial contamination levels and the quality attributes of cumin seeds. This scientific knowledge serves as a foundational framework for the prospective adoption and integration of this technology on a larger industrial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edris Rahmati
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Banakar
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Batasheva S, Fakhrullin R. Probing Antimicrobial Halloysite/Biopolymer Composites with Electron Microscopy: Advantages and Limitations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3510. [PMID: 34685269 PMCID: PMC8538282 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Halloysite is a tubular clay nanomaterial of the kaolin group with a characteristic feature of oppositely charged outer and inner surfaces, allowing its selective spatial modification. The natural origin and specific properties of halloysite make it a potent material for inclusion in biopolymer composites with polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. The applications of halloysite/biopolymer composites range from drug delivery and tissue engineering to food packaging and the creation of stable enzyme-based catalysts. Another important application field for the halloysite complexes with biopolymers is surface coatings resistant to formation of microbial biofilms (elaborated communities of various microorganisms attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces and embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix). Within biofilms, the microorganisms are protected from the action of antibiotics, engendering the problem of hard-to-treat recurrent infectious diseases. The clay/biopolymer composites can be characterized by a number of methods, including dynamic light scattering, thermo gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as well as a range of microscopic techniques. However, most of the above methods provide general information about a bulk sample. In contrast, the combination of electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy allows assessment of the appearance and composition of biopolymeric coatings on individual nanotubes or the distribution of the nanotubes in biopolymeric matrices. In this review, recent contributions of electron microscopy to the studies of halloysite/biopolymer composites are reviewed along with the challenges and perspectives in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.C.); (D.K.)
| | - Svetlana Batasheva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı, 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia;
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.C.); (D.K.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı, 18, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yaqoob M, Sharma S, Aggarwal P. Imaging techniques in Agro-industry and their applications, a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
4
|
Cenini V, Gallagher L, McKerr G, McCarthy N, McSweeney D, Auty M, O'Hagan B. A novel approach for dynamic in-situ surface characterisation of milk protein concentrate hydration and reconstitution using an environmental scanning electron microscope. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Metilli L, Francis M, Povey M, Lazidis A, Marty-Terrade S, Ray J, Simone E. Latest advances in imaging techniques for characterizing soft, multiphasic food materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102154. [PMID: 32330733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the development and production of innovative, customer-tailored food products with enhanced health benefits have seen major advances. However, the manufacture of edible materials with tuned physical and organoleptic properties requires a good knowledge of food microstructure and its relationship to the macroscopic properties of the final food product. Food products are complex materials, often consisting of multiple phases. Furthermore, each phase usually contains a variety of biological macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, as well as water droplets and gas bubbles. Micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, might also play an important role in determining and engineering food microstructure. Considering this complexity, highly advanced physio-chemical techniques are required for characterizing the microstructure of food systems prior to, during and after processing. Fast, in situ techniques are also essential for industrial applications. Due to the wide variety of instruments and methods, the scope of this paper is focused only on the latest advances of selected food characterization techniques, with emphasis on soft, multi-phasic food materials.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacobsen C, García-Moreno PJ, Mendes AC, Mateiu RV, Chronakis IS. Use of Electrohydrodynamic Processing for Encapsulation of Sensitive Bioactive Compounds and Applications in Food. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 9:525-549. [PMID: 29400995 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of vitamins, polyphenolic antioxidants, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and probiotics for the fortification of foods is increasing. However, these bioactive compounds have low stability and need to be protected to avoid deterioration in the food system itself or in the gastrointestinal tract. For that purpose, efficient encapsulation of the compounds may be required. Spray drying is one of the most commonly used encapsulation techniques in the food industry, but it uses high temperature, which can lead to decomposition of the bioactive compounds. Recently, alternative technologies such as electrospraying and electrospinning have received increasing attention. This review presents the principles of electrohydrodynamic processes for the production of nano-microstructures (NMSs) containing bioactive compounds. It provides an overview of the current use of this technology for encapsulation of bioactive compounds and discusses the future potential of the technology. Finally, the review discusses advanced microscopy techniques to study the morphology of NMSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Jacobsen
- Research Group for Bioactives-Analysis and Application, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Pedro J García-Moreno
- Research Group for Bioactives-Analysis and Application, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Ana C Mendes
- Nano-Bio Science Research Group, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ramona V Mateiu
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ioannis S Chronakis
- Nano-Bio Science Research Group, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wiest LA, Ferraro JV, Binetti KM, Forman SL, Esker DA, Kibunjia M, Brugal JP, Zechmann B. Morphological characteristics of preparator air-scribe marks: Implications for taphonomic research. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209330. [PMID: 30571785 PMCID: PMC6301663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taphonomic analyses of bone-surface modifications can provide key insights into past biotic involvement with animal remains, as well as elucidate the context(s) of other biostratinomic (pre-burial) processes, diagenesis, excavation, preparation and storage. Such analyses, however, first require researchers to rigorously disambiguate between continuums of damage morphologies prior to attributing individual marks to specific actors and effectors (e.g., carnivore tooth, stone tool cutting edge, etc.). To date, a number of bone-modifying agents have been identified, and criteria for identifying their traces have been published. Relatively little research, however, has focused on bone-surface modifications imparted during specimen preparation. Herein we report that air scribes, small pneumatic tools commonly used for preparation in museum contexts, can generate unintentional marks that may mimic surficial modification caused by carnivores. To aid investigators in assessing the hypothesis that a mark in question is derived from air-scribe preparation activities, we provide high-resolution, detailed morphological information imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main diagnostic characteristic of air-scribe damage is the occurrence of sequential, variously spaced, sub-millimeter scallop-like stepped bone removals. This morphology can resemble damage imparted by carnivore teeth. In contrast to marks produced by trampling, stone tools and carnivores, however, no continuous internal features, such as linear microstriations, were observed within grooves produced by the air scribe. Thus, the presence of such features can be used to disprove an air-scribe origin. A culmination of the morphological criteria presented herein, cross-cutting relationships with other surficial features (e.g., diagenetic discoloration, weathering textures), the position of occurrence, and an overall contextual framework for the assemblage is suggested for accurate identification of such traces. The ability to recognize or disprove air-scribe damage will allow researchers to confidently proceed with interpreting past biological and sedimentological interactions with animal remains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan A. Wiest
- Department of Geosciences, and Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph V. Ferraro
- Department of Anthropology, and Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Binetti
- Department of Anthropology, and Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Forman
- Department of Geosciences, and Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Esker
- Department of Geosciences, and Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-Philip Brugal
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UMR 7269 LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rheological, thermal, micro structural and functional properties of freeze dried onion powders as affected by sprouting. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Abnormal gas-liquid-solid phase transition behaviour of water observed with in situ environmental SEM. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46680. [PMID: 28436421 PMCID: PMC5402395 DOI: 10.1038/srep46680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas-liquid-solid phase transition behaviour of water is studied with environmental scanning electron microscopy for the first time. Abnormal phenomena are observed. At a fixed pressure of 450 Pa, with the temperature set to −7 °C, direct desublimation happens, and ice grows continuously along the substrate surface. At 550 Pa, although ice is the stable phase according to the phase diagram, metastable liquid droplets first nucleate and grow to ~100–200 μm sizes. Ice crystals nucleate within the large sized droplets, grow up and fill up the droplets. Later, the ice crystals grow continuously through desublimation. At 600 Pa, the metastable liquid grows quickly, with some ice nuclei floating in it, and the liquid-solid coexistence state exists for a long time. By lowering the vapour pressure and/or increasing the substrate temperature, ice sublimates into vapour phase, and especially, the remaining ice forms a porous structure due to preferential sublimation in the concave regions, which can be explained with surface tension effect. Interestingly, although it should be forbidden for ice to transform into liquid phase when the temperature is well below 0 °C, liquid like droplets form during the ice sublimation process, which is attributed to the surface tension effect and the quasiliquid layers.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang SW, Watkinson P, Gillies G, James BJ. Microstructural transformations in anisotropy and melt-stretch properties of low moisture part skim mozzarella cheese. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Mattarozzi M, Visioli G, Sanangelantoni AM, Careri M. ESEM-EDS: In vivo characterization of the Ni hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens. Micron 2015; 75:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
An optimized methodology to analyze biopolymer capsules by environmental scanning electron microscopy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 47:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Rossi M, Cubadda F, Dini L, Terranova M, Aureli F, Sorbo A, Passeri D. Scientific basis of nanotechnology, implications for the food sector and future trends. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
15
|
Cheng JH, Sun DW, Han Z, Zeng XA. Texture and Structure Measurements and Analyses for Evaluation of Fish and Fillet Freshness Quality: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 13:52-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hu Cheng
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology; Agriculture and Food Science Centre; Univ. College Dublin, Natl. Univ. of Ireland; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Zhong Han
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China Univ. of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bernstein A, Noreña CPZ. Study of Thermodynamic, Structural, and Quality Properties of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) During Drying. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-1027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
Microstructural characterization of chitosan and alginate films by microscopy techniques and texture image analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:289-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
COLÍN-CRUZ MARIADELOSÁNGELES, DUBLÁN-GARCÍA OCTAVIO, ESPINOZA-ORTEGA ANGÉLICA, DOMINGUEZ-LOPEZ AURELIO. The effect of varying fat content on the microstructure of Oaxaca
cheese, a typical pasta filata cheese. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
François NJ, Viñarta SC, Fariña JI, Daraio ME. Investigation on the film-forming properties of lab fermenter scale produced scleroglucans from Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Ong L, Dagastine RR, Kentish SE, Gras SL. Microstructure of milk gel and cheese curd observed using cryo scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
James B, Yang SW. Testing meat tenderness using an in situ straining stage with variable pressure scanning electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
22
|
Stabentheiner E, Zankel A, Pölt P. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM)--a versatile tool in studying plants. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 246:89-99. [PMID: 20446004 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) enables the investigation of hydrated and uncoated plant samples and the in situ observation of dynamic processes. Water vapor in the microscope chamber takes part in secondary electron detection and charge prevention. Two ESEM modes are available and offer a broad spectrum of applications. The environmental or wet mode prevents sample dehydration by the combination of sample cooling (5°C) and a vapor pressure of 4-6 Torr. In the low vacuum mode, the maximum chamber pressure is limited to 1 Torr (corresponding to about 5% relative humidity in the chamber) and allows the simultaneous use of a backscattered electron detector for imaging material contrast. A selection of characteristic plant samples and various applications are presented as a guide to ESEM for plant scientists. Leaf surfaces, trichomes, epicuticular waxes, and inorganic surface layers represent samples being comparatively resistant to dehydration, whereas callus cells and stigmatic tissue are examples for dehydration- and beam-sensitive samples. The potential of investigating dynamic processes in situ is demonstrated by studying anther opening, by tensile testing of leaves, and by performing hydration/dehydration experiments by changing the vapor pressure. Additionally, automated block-face imaging and serial sectioning using in situ ultramicrotomy is presented. The strengths and weaknesses of ESEM are discussed and it is shown that ESEM is a versatile tool in plant science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Stabentheiner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|