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Reuter J, Otten C, Jacquier N, Lee J, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Löckener I, Kluj R, Mayer C, Corona F, Dannenberg J, Aeby S, Bühl H, Greub G, Vollmer W, Ouellette SP, Schneider T, Henrichfreise B. An NlpC/P60 protein catalyzes a key step in peptidoglycan recycling at the intersection of energy recovery, cell division and immune evasion in the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011047. [PMID: 36730465 PMCID: PMC9928106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular Chlamydiaceae do not need to resist osmotic challenges and thus lost their cell wall in the course of evolution. Nevertheless, these pathogens maintain a rudimentary peptidoglycan machinery for cell division. They build a transient peptidoglycan ring, which is remodeled during the process of cell division and degraded afterwards. Uncontrolled degradation of peptidoglycan poses risks to the chlamydial cell, as essential building blocks might get lost or trigger host immune response upon release into the host cell. Here, we provide evidence that a primordial enzyme class prevents energy intensive de novo synthesis and uncontrolled release of immunogenic peptidoglycan subunits in Chlamydia trachomatis. Our data indicate that the homolog of a Bacillus NlpC/P60 protein is widely conserved among Chlamydiales. We show that the enzyme is tailored to hydrolyze peptidoglycan-derived peptides, does not interfere with peptidoglycan precursor biosynthesis, and is targeted by cysteine protease inhibitors in vitro and in cell culture. The peptidase plays a key role in the underexplored process of chlamydial peptidoglycan recycling. Our study suggests that chlamydiae orchestrate a closed-loop system of peptidoglycan ring biosynthesis, remodeling, and recycling to support cell division and maintain long-term residence inside the host. Operating at the intersection of energy recovery, cell division and immune evasion, the peptidoglycan recycling NlpC/P60 peptidase could be a promising target for the development of drugs that combine features of classical antibiotics and anti-virulence drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jula Reuter
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Otten
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jacquier
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Iris Löckener
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Kluj
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Organismic Interactions/Glycobiology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Organismic Interactions/Glycobiology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Federico Corona
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Dannenberg
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sébastien Aeby
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrike Bühl
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Scot P. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Funes Chabán M, Hrast M, Frlan R, Graikioti DG, Athanassopoulos CM, Carpinella MC. Inhibition of MurA Enzyme from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by Diterpenes from Lepechinia meyenii and Their Synthetic Analogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1535. [PMID: 34943747 PMCID: PMC8698320 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes MurA and MurF, involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis, have been validated as targets for the discovery of novel antibiotics. A panel of plant-origin antibacterial diterpenes and synthetic analogs derived therefrom were investigated for their inhibitory properties on these enzymes from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Six compounds were proven to be effective for inhibiting MurA from both bacteria, with IC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 25.1 µM. To further mechanistically investigate the nature of binding and to explain the activity, these compounds were docked into the active site of MurA from E. coli. The aromatic ring of the active compounds showed a T-shaped π-π interaction with the phenyl ring of Phe328, and at least one hydrogen bond was formed between the hydroxy groups and Arg120 and/or Arg91. The results disclosed here establish new chemical scaffolds for the development of novel entities targeting MurA as potential antibiotics to combat the threat of pathogenic bacteria, particularly resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Funes Chabán
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
| | - Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Rok Frlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Dafni G. Graikioti
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.G.G.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Constantinos M. Athanassopoulos
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.G.G.); (C.M.A.)
| | - María Cecilia Carpinella
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
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3
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Kunz TC, Rühling M, Moldovan A, Paprotka K, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Rudel T, Fraunholz M. The Expandables: Cracking the Staphylococcal Cell Wall for Expansion Microscopy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:644750. [PMID: 33796486 PMCID: PMC8008081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.644750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion Microscopy (ExM) is a novel tool improving the resolution of fluorescence microscopy by linking the sample into a hydrogel that gets physically expanded in water. Previously, we have used ExM to visualize the intracellular Gram-negative pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Simkania negevensis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gram-positive bacteria have a rigid and thick cell wall that impedes classic expansion strategies. Here we developed an approach, which included a series of enzymatic treatments resulting in isotropic 4× expansion of the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We further demonstrate the suitability of the technique for imaging of planktonic bacteria as well as endocytosed, intracellular bacteria at a spatial resolution of approximately 60 nm with conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C Kunz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rühling
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adriana Moldovan
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Penicillin-binding proteins regulate multiple steps in the polarized cell division process of Chlamydia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12588. [PMID: 32724139 PMCID: PMC7387471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 and Chlamydia muridarum, which do not express FtsZ, undergo polarized cell division. During division, peptidoglycan assembles at the pole of dividing Chlamydia trachomatis cells where daughter cell formation occurs, and peptidoglycan regulates at least two distinct steps in the polarized division of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia muridarum. Cells treated with inhibitors that prevent peptidoglycan synthesis or peptidoglycan crosslinking by penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) are unable to initiate polarized division, while cells treated with inhibitors that prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking by penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3/FtsI) initiate polarized division, but the process arrests at an early stage of daughter cell growth. Consistent with their distinct roles in polarized division, peptidoglycan organization is different in cells treated with PBP2 and PBP3-specific inhibitors. Our analyses indicate that the sequential action of PBP2 and PBP3 drives changes in peptidoglycan organization that are essential for the polarized division of these obligate intracellular bacteria. Furthermore, the roles we have characterized for PBP2 and PBP3 in regulating specific steps in chlamydial cell division have not been described in other bacteria.
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Fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of isoprenoid synthesis, induces persistence in Chlamydia by inhibiting peptidoglycan assembly. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008078. [PMID: 31622442 PMCID: PMC6818789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic, fosmidomycin (FSM) targets the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid synthesis by inhibiting the essential enzyme, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (Dxr) and is lethal to intracellular parasites and bacteria. The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, Chlamydia trachomatis, alternates between two developmental forms: the extracellular, infectious elementary body (EB), and the intracellular, replicative form called the reticulate body (RB). Several stressful growth conditions including iron deprivation halt chlamydial cell division and cause development of a morphologically enlarged, but viable form termed an aberrant body (AB). This phenotype constitutes the chlamydial developmental state known as persistence. This state is reversible as removal of the stressor allows the chlamydiae to re-enter and complete the normal developmental cycle. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that C. trachomatis encodes a homolog of Dxr, but its function and the requirement for isoprenoid synthesis in chlamydial development is not fully understood. We hypothesized that chlamydial Dxr (DxrCT) is functional and that the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is required for normal chlamydial development. Thus, FSM exposure should be lethal to C. trachomatis. Overexpression of chlamydial Dxr (DxrCT) in Escherichia coli under FSM exposure and in a conditionally lethal dxr mutant demonstrated that DxrCT functions similarly to E. coli Dxr. When Chlamydia-infected cultures were exposed to FSM, EB production was significantly reduced. However, titer recovery assays, electron microscopy, and peptidoglycan labeling revealed that FSM inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis is not lethal to C. trachomatis, but instead induces persistence. Bactoprenol is a critical isoprenoid required for peptidoglycan precursor assembly. We therefore conclude that FSM induces persistence in Chlamydia by preventing bactoprenol production necessary for peptidoglycan precursor assembly and subsequent cell division.
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Abstract
The evolutionary separated Gram-negative Chlamydiales show a biphasic life cycle and replicate exclusively within eukaryotic host cells. Members of the genus Chlamydia are responsible for many acute and chronic diseases in humans, and Chlamydia-related bacteria are emerging pathogens. We revisit past efforts to detect cell wall material in Chlamydia and Chlamydia-related bacteria in the context of recent breakthroughs in elucidating the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the chlamydial cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we also discuss the role of cell wall biosynthesis in chlamydial FtsZ-independent cell division and immune modulation. In the past, penicillin susceptibility of an invisible wall was referred to as the "chlamydial anomaly." In light of new mechanistic insights, chlamydiae may now emerge as model systems to understand how a minimal and modified cell wall biosynthetic machine supports bacterial cell division and how cell wall-targeting beta-lactam antibiotics can also act bacteriostatically rather than bactericidal. On the heels of these discussions, we also delve into the effects of other cell wall antibiotics in individual chlamydial lineages.
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7
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Liechti G, Singh R, Rossi PL, Gray MD, Adams NE, Maurelli AT. Chlamydia trachomatis dapF Encodes a Bifunctional Enzyme Capable of Both d-Glutamate Racemase and Diaminopimelate Epimerase Activities. mBio 2018; 9:e00204-18. [PMID: 29615498 PMCID: PMC5885031 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00204-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is a sugar/amino acid polymer unique to bacteria and essential for division and cell shape maintenance. The d-amino acids that make up its cross-linked stem peptides are not abundant in nature and must be synthesized by bacteria de novo d-Glutamate is present at the second position of the pentapeptide stem and is strictly conserved in all bacterial species. In Gram-negative bacteria, d-glutamate is generated via the racemization of l-glutamate by glutamate racemase (MurI). Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of infectious blindness and sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. While its genome encodes a majority of the enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, no murI homologue has ever been annotated. Recent studies have revealed the presence of peptidoglycan in C. trachomatis and confirmed that its pentapeptide includes d-glutamate. In this study, we show that C. trachomatis synthesizes d-glutamate by utilizing a novel, bifunctional homologue of diaminopimelate epimerase (DapF). DapF catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of meso-diaminopimelate, another amino acid unique to peptidoglycan. Genetic complementation of an Escherichia coli murI mutant demonstrated that Chlamydia DapF can generate d-glutamate. Biochemical analysis showed robust activity, but unlike canonical glutamate racemases, activity was dependent on the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate. Genetic complementation, enzymatic characterization, and bioinformatic analyses indicate that chlamydial DapF shares characteristics with other promiscuous/primordial enzymes, presenting a potential mechanism for d-glutamate synthesis not only in Chlamydia but also numerous other genera within the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobiae-Chlamydiae superphylum that lack recognized glutamate racemases.IMPORTANCE Here we describe one of the last remaining "missing" steps in peptidoglycan synthesis in pathogenic Chlamydia species, the synthesis of d-glutamate. We have determined that the diaminopimelate epimerase (DapF) encoded by Chlamydia trachomatis is capable of carrying out both the epimerization of DAP and the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent racemization of glutamate. Enzyme promiscuity is thought to be the hallmark of early microbial life on this planet, and there is currently an active debate as to whether "moonlighting enzymes" represent primordial evolutionary relics or are a product of more recent reductionist evolutionary pressures. Given the large number of Chlamydia species (as well as members of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobiae-Chlamydiae superphylum) that possess DapF but lack homologues of MurI, it is likely that DapF is a primordial isomerase that functions as both racemase and epimerase in these organisms, suggesting that specialized d-glutamate racemase enzymes never evolved in these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liechti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raghuveer Singh
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Patricia L Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Miranda D Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy E Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony T Maurelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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8
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Bayramova F, Jacquier N, Greub G. Insight in the biology of Chlamydia-related bacteria. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:432-440. [PMID: 29269129 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Chlamydiales order is composed of obligate intracellular bacteria and includes the Chlamydiaceae family and several family-level lineages called Chlamydia-related bacteria. In this review we will highlight the conserved and distinct biological features between these two groups. We will show how a better characterization of Chlamydia-related bacteria may increase our understanding on the Chlamydiales order evolution, and may help identifying new therapeutic targets to treat chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firuza Bayramova
- Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jacquier
- Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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van Niftrik L, Devos DP. Editorial: Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae Bacterial Superphylum: New Model Organisms for Evolutionary Cell Biology. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1458. [PMID: 28824586 PMCID: PMC5539593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura van Niftrik
- Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo-CSIC, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSeville, Spain
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10
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Atwal S, Giengkam S, Chaemchuen S, Dorling J, Kosaisawe N, VanNieuwenhze M, Sampattavanich S, Schumann P, Salje J. Evidence for a peptidoglycan-like structure in Orientia tsutsugamushi. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:440-452. [PMID: 28513097 PMCID: PMC5523937 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell walls are composed of the large cross-linked macromolecule peptidoglycan, which maintains cell shape and is responsible for resisting osmotic stresses. This is a highly conserved structure and the target of numerous antibiotics. Obligate intracellular bacteria are an unusual group of organisms that have evolved to replicate exclusively within the cytoplasm or vacuole of a eukaryotic cell. They tend to have reduced amounts of peptidoglycan, likely due to the fact that their growth and division takes place within an osmotically protected environment, and also due to a drive to reduce activation of the host immune response. Of the two major groups of obligate intracellular bacteria, the cell wall has been much more extensively studied in the Chlamydiales than the Rickettsiales. Here, we present the first detailed analysis of the cell envelope of an important but neglected member of the Rickettsiales, Orientia tsutsugamushi. This bacterium was previously reported to completely lack peptidoglycan, but here we present evidence supporting the existence of a peptidoglycan-like structure in Orientia, as well as an outer membrane containing a network of cross-linked proteins, which together confer cell envelope stability. We find striking similarities to the unrelated Chlamydiales, suggesting convergent adaptation to an obligate intracellular lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjeet Atwal
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Suparat Giengkam
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Suwittra Chaemchuen
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jack Dorling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nont Kosaisawe
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Somponnat Sampattavanich
- Siriraj Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Schumann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeanne Salje
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand
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11
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Rivas-Marín E, Canosa I, Devos DP. Evolutionary Cell Biology of Division Mode in the Bacterial Planctomycetes- Verrucomicrobia- Chlamydiae Superphylum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1964. [PMID: 28018303 PMCID: PMC5147048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria from the Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Chlamydiae (PVC) superphylum are exceptions to the otherwise dominant mode of division by binary fission, which is based on the interaction between the FtsZ protein and the peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis machinery. Some PVC bacteria are deprived of the FtsZ protein and were also thought to lack PG. How these bacteria divide is still one of the major mysteries of microbiology. The presence of PG has recently been revealed in Planctomycetes and Chlamydiae, and proteins related to PG synthesis have been shown to be implicated in the division process in Chlamydiae, providing important insights into PVC mechanisms of division. Here, we review the historical lack of observation of PG in PVC bacteria, its recent detection in two phyla and its involvement in chlamydial cell division. Based on the detection of PG-related proteins in PVC proteomes, we consider the possible evolution of the diverse division mechanisms in these bacteria. We conclude by summarizing what is known and what remains to be understood about the evolutionary cell biology of PVC division modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rivas-Marín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Canosa
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
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12
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Shima K, Coopmeiners J, Graspeuntner S, Dalhoff K, Rupp J. Impact of micro-environmental changes on respiratory tract infections with intracellular bacteria. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3887-3904. [PMID: 27509029 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia is caused by intra- and extracellular bacteria, with some of these bacteria also being linked to the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular pathogen that is highly sensitive to micro-environmental conditions controlling both pathogen growth and host immune responses. The availability of nutrients, as well as changes in oxygen, pH and interferon-γ levels, have been shown to directly influence the chlamydial life cycle and clearance. Although the lung has been traditionally regarded as a sterile environment, sequencing approaches have enabled the identification of a large number of bacteria in healthy and diseased lungs. The influence of the lung microbiota on respiratory infections has not been extensively studied so far and data on chlamydial infections are currently unavailable. In the present study, we speculate on how lung microbiota might interfere with acute and chronic infections by focusing exemplarily on the obligate intracellular C. pneumoniae. Furthermore, we consider changes in the gut microbiota as an additional player in the control of lung infections, especially in view the increasing evidence suggesting the involvement of the gut microbiota in various immunological processes throughout the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonas Coopmeiners
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaus Dalhoff
- Medical Clinic III, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein/Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Pinos S, Pontarotti P, Raoult D, Baudoin JP, Pagnier I. Compartmentalization in PVC super-phylum: evolution and impact. Biol Direct 2016; 11:38. [PMID: 27507008 PMCID: PMC4977879 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PVC super-phylum gathers bacteria from seven phyla (Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobiae, Chlamydiae, Lentisphaera, Poribacteria, OP3, WWE2) presenting different lifestyles, cell plans and environments. Planctomyces and several Verrucomicrobiae exhibit a complex cell plan, with an intracytoplasmic membrane inducing the compartmentalization of the cytoplasm into two regions (pirellulosome and paryphoplasm). The evolution and function of this cell plan is still subject to debate. In this work, we hypothesized that it could play a role in protection of the bacterial DNA, especially against Horizontal Genes Transfers (HGT). Therefore, 64 bacterial genomes belonging to seven different phyla (whose four PVC phyla) were studied. We reconstructed the evolution of the cell plan as precisely as possible, thanks to information obtained by bibliographic study and electronic microscopy. We used a strategy based on comparative phylogenomic in order to determine the part occupied by the horizontal transfers for each studied genomes. RESULTS Our results show that the bacteria Simkania negevensis (Chlamydiae) and Coraliomargarita akajimensis (Verrucomicrobiae), whose cell plan were unknown before, are compartmentalized, as we can see on the micrographies. This is one of the first indication of the presence of an intracytoplasmic membrane in a Chlamydiae. The proportion of HGT does not seems to be related to the cell plan of bacteria, suggesting that compartmentalization does not induce a protection of bacterial DNA against HGT. Conversely, lifestyle of bacteria seems to impact the ability of bacteria to exchange genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study allows a best reconstruction of the evolution of intracytoplasmic membrane, but this structure seems to have no impact on HGT occurrences. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Mircea Podar and Olivier Tenaillon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pinos
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M UMR 7373, Evolution Biologique et Modélisation, 13385 Marseille, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M UMR 7373, Evolution Biologique et Modélisation, 13385 Marseille, Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Pierre Baudoin
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Pagnier
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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14
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Hirano T, Tanidokoro K, Shimizu Y, Kawarabayasi Y, Ohshima T, Sato M, Tadano S, Ishikawa H, Takio S, Takechi K, Takano H. Moss Chloroplasts Are Surrounded by a Peptidoglycan Wall Containing D-Amino Acids. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1521-32. [PMID: 27325639 PMCID: PMC4981129 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that the plastids in green plants lost peptidoglycan (i.e., a bacterial cell wall-containing d-amino acids) during their evolution from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium. Although wall-like structures could not be detected in the plastids of green plants, the moss Physcomitrella patens has the genes required to generate peptidoglycan (Mur genes), and knocking out these genes causes defects in chloroplast division. Here, we generated P patens knockout lines (∆Pp-ddl) for a homolog of the bacterial peptidoglycan-synthetic gene encoding d-Ala:d-Ala ligase. ∆Pp-ddl had a macrochloroplast phenotype, similar to other Mur knockout lines. The addition of d-Ala-d-Ala (DA-DA) to the medium suppressed the appearance of giant chloroplasts in ∆Pp-ddl, but the addition of l-Ala-l-Ala (LA-LA), DA-LA, LA-DA, or d-Ala did not. Recently, a metabolic method for labeling bacterial peptidoglycan was established using ethynyl-DA-DA (EDA-DA) and click chemistry to attach an azide-modified fluorophore to the ethynyl group. The ∆Pp-ddl line complemented with EDA-DA showed that moss chloroplasts are completely surrounded by peptidoglycan. Our findings strongly suggest that the moss plastids have a peptidoglycan wall containing d-amino acids. By contrast, no plastid phenotypes were observed in the T-DNA tagged ddl mutant lines of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hirano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Tanidokoro
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawarabayasi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohshima
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Momo Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Tadano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Susumu Takio
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan Center for Marine Environment Studies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Takechi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan Institute of Pulsed Power Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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15
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Hsu YP, Meng X, VanNieuwenhze M. Methods for visualization of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Ortiz C, Natale P, Cueto L, Vicente M. The keepers of the ring: regulators of FtsZ assembly. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:57-67. [PMID: 26377318 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ, a GTPase distributed in the cytoplasm of most bacteria, is the major component of the machinery responsible for division (the divisome) in Escherichia coli. It interacts with additional proteins that contribute to its function forming a ring at the midcell that is essential to constrict the membrane. FtsZ is indirectly anchored to the membrane and it is prevented from polymerizing at locations where septation is undesired. Several properties of FtsZ are mediated by other proteins that function as keepers of the ring. ZipA and FtsA serve to anchor the ring, and together with a set of Zap proteins, they stabilize it. The MinCDE and SlmA proteins prevent the polymerization of FtsZ at sites other than the midcell. Finally, ClpP degrades FtsZ, an action prevented by ZipA. Many of the FtsZ keepers interact with FtsZ through a central hub located at its carboxy terminal end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Paolo Natale
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Laura Cueto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
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17
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Randich AM, Brun YV. Molecular mechanisms for the evolution of bacterial morphologies and growth modes. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:580. [PMID: 26106381 PMCID: PMC4460556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria exhibit a rich diversity of morphologies. Within this diversity, there is a uniformity of shape for each species that is replicated faithfully each generation, suggesting that bacterial shape is as selectable as any other biochemical adaptation. We describe the spatiotemporal mechanisms that target peptidoglycan synthesis to different subcellular zones to generate the rod-shape of model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. We then demonstrate, using the related genera Caulobacter and Asticcacaulis as examples, how the modularity of the core components of the peptidoglycan synthesis machinery permits repositioning of the machinery to achieve different growth modes and morphologies. Finally, we highlight cases in which the mechanisms that underlie morphological evolution are beginning to be understood, and how they depend upon the expansion and diversification of the core components of the peptidoglycan synthesis machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Randich
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN, USA
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18
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van Teeseling MCF, Mesman RJ, Kuru E, Espaillat A, Cava F, Brun YV, VanNieuwenhze MS, Kartal B, van Niftrik L. Anammox Planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6878. [PMID: 25962786 PMCID: PMC4432595 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Planctomycetes are intriguing microorganisms that apparently lack peptidoglycan, a structure that controls the shape and integrity of almost all bacterial cells. Therefore, the planctomycetal cell envelope is considered exceptional and their cell plan uniquely compartmentalized. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) Planctomycetes play a key role in the global nitrogen cycle by releasing fixed nitrogen back to the atmosphere as N2. Here using a complementary array of state-of-the-art techniques including continuous culturing, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, peptidoglycan-specific probes and muropeptide analysis, we show that the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis contains peptidoglycan. On the basis of the thickness, composition and location of peptidoglycan in K. stuttgartiensis, we propose to redefine Planctomycetes as Gram-negative bacteria. Our results demonstrate that Planctomycetes are not an exception to the universal presence of peptidoglycan in bacteria. Planctomycetes are unusual bacteria with complex intracellular compartments and an apparent lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Here, van Teeseling et al. show that the cell wall of an anammox planctomycete does contain peptidoglycan, and propose to redefine planctomycetes as Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C F van Teeseling
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Mesman
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Erkin Kuru
- Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | | - Boran Kartal
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands [2] Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Gent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
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19
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Otten C, De Benedetti S, Gaballah A, Bühl H, Klöckner A, Brauner J, Sahl HG, Henrichfreise B. Co-solvents as stabilizing agents during heterologous overexpression in Escherichia coli - application to chlamydial penicillin-binding protein 6. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122110. [PMID: 25849314 PMCID: PMC4388811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous overexpression of foreign proteins in Escherichia coli often leads to insoluble aggregates of misfolded inactive proteins, so-called inclusion bodies. To solve this problem use of chaperones or in vitro refolding procedures are the means of choice. These methods are time consuming and cost intensive, due to additional purification steps to get rid of the chaperons or the process of refolding itself. We describe an easy to use lab-scale method to avoid formation of inclusion bodies. The method systematically combines use of co-solvents, usually applied for in vitro stabilization of biologicals in biopharmaceutical formulation, and periplasmic expression and can be completed in one week using standard equipment in any life science laboratory. Demonstrating the unique power of our method, we overproduced and purified for the first time an active chlamydial penicillin-binding protein, demonstrated its function as penicillin sensitive DD-carboxypeptidase and took a major leap towards understanding the "chlamydial anomaly."
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Otten
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (BH); (CO)
| | | | - Ahmed Gaballah
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrike Bühl
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Klöckner
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jarryd Brauner
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (BH); (CO)
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20
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Jacquier N, Viollier PH, Greub G. The role of peptidoglycan in chlamydial cell division: towards resolving the chlamydial anomaly. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:262-75. [PMID: 25670734 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular bacteria including some important pathogens causing trachoma, genital tract infections and pneumonia, among others. They share an atypical division mechanism, which is independent of an FtsZ homologue. However, they divide by binary fission, in a process inhibited by penicillin derivatives, causing the formation of an aberrant form of the bacteria, which is able to survive in the presence of the antibiotic. The paradox of penicillin sensitivity of chlamydial cells in the absence of detectable peptidoglycan (PG) was dubbed the chlamydial anomaly, since no PG modified by enzymes (Pbps) that are the usual target of penicillin could be detected in Chlamydiales. We review here the recent advances in this field with the first direct and indirect evidences of PG-like material in both Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria. Moreover, PG biosynthesis is required for proper localization of the newly described septal proteins RodZ and NlpD. Taken together, these new results set the stage for a better understanding of the role of PG and septal proteins in the division mechanism of Chlamydiales and illuminate the long-standing chlamydial anomaly. Moreover, understanding the chlamydial division mechanism is critical for the development of new antibiotics for the treatment of chlamydial chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquier
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick H Viollier
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine / CMU, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Siegrist MS, Swarts BM, Fox DM, Lim SA, Bertozzi CR. Illumination of growth, division and secretion by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell surface. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:184-202. [PMID: 25725012 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the essential interface between a bacterium and its surroundings. Composed primarily of molecules that are not directly genetically encoded, this highly dynamic structure accommodates the basic cellular processes of growth and division as well as the transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. In this review, we describe aspects of bacterial growth, division and secretion that have recently been uncovered by metabolic labeling of the cell envelope. Metabolite derivatives can be used to label a variety of macromolecules, from proteins to non-genetically-encoded glycans and lipids. The embedded metabolite enables precise tracking in time and space, and the versatility of newer chemoselective detection methods offers the ability to execute multiple experiments concurrently. In addition to reviewing the discoveries enabled by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell envelope, we also discuss the potential of these techniques for translational applications. Finally, we offer some guidelines for implementing this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Douglas M Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shion An Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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22
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Comparative proteomics reveal the impact of OmcA/MtrC deletion on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in response to hexavalent chromium exposure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9735-47. [PMID: 25341401 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a priority pollutant causing serious environmental issues. Microbial reduction provides an alternative strategy for Cr(VI) remediation. The dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, was employed to study Cr(VI) reduction and toxicity in this work. To understand the effect of membrane cytochromes on Cr(VI) response, a comparative protein profile analysis from S. oneidensis MR-1 wild type and its mutant of deleting OmcA and MtrC (△omcA/mtrC) was conducted using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technology. The 2-DE patterns were compared, and the proteins with abundant changes of up to twofold in the Cr(VI) treatment were detected. Using mass spectrometry, 38 and 45 differentially abundant proteins were identified in the wild type and the mutant, respectively. Among them, 25 proteins were shared by the two strains. The biological functions of these identified proteins were analyzed. Results showed that Cr(VI) exposure decreased the abundance of proteins involved in transcription, translation, pyruvate metabolism, energy production, and function of cellular membrane in both strains. There were also significant differences in protein expressions between the two strains under Cr(VI) treatment. Our results suggest that OmcA/MtrC deletion might result in the Cr(VI) toxicity to outer membrane and decrease assimilation of lactate, vitamin B12, and cystine. When carbohydrate metabolism was inhibited by Cr(VI), leucine and sulfur metabolism may act as the important compensatory mechanisms in the mutant. Furthermore, the mutant may regulate electron transfer in the inner membrane and periplasm to compensate for the deletion of OmcA and MtrC in Cr(VI) reduction.
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23
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Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2856. [PMID: 24292151 PMCID: PMC3847603 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are important pathogens and symbionts, with unique cell biology features. They lack the cell-division protein FtsZ, which functions in maintaining cell shape and orchestrating cell division in almost all other bacteria. In addition, the existence of peptidoglycan (PG) in chlamydial cell envelopes has been highly controversial. Using electron cryotomography, mass spectrometry and fluorescent labeling dyes, here we show that some environmental chlamydiae have cell-wall sacculi consisting of an unusual PG type. Treatment with fosfomycin (a PG synthesis inhibitor) leads to lower infection rates and aberrant cell shapes, suggesting that PG synthesis is crucial for the chlamydial life cycle. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the presence of PG in a member of the Chlamydiae. They also present a unique example of a bacterium with a PG sacculus but without FtsZ, challenging the current hypothesis that it is the absence of a cell wall that renders FtsZ non-essential.
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24
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Klöckner A, Otten C, Derouaux A, Vollmer W, Bühl H, De Benedetti S, Münch D, Josten M, Mölleken K, Sahl HG, Henrichfreise B. AmiA is a penicillin target enzyme with dual activity in the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4201. [PMID: 24953137 PMCID: PMC4083426 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Chlamydiaceae do not need to resist osmotic challenges and a functional cell wall was not detected in these pathogens. Nevertheless, a recent study revealed evidence for circular peptidoglycan-like structures in Chlamydiaceae and penicillin inhibits cytokinesis, a phenomenon known as the chlamydial anomaly. Here, by characterizing a cell wall precursor-processing enzyme, we provide insights into the mechanisms underlying this mystery. We show that AmiA from Chlamydia pneumoniae separates daughter cells in an Escherichia coli amidase mutant. Contrary to homologues from free-living bacteria, chlamydial AmiA uses lipid II as a substrate and has dual activity, acting as an amidase and a carboxypeptidase. The latter function is penicillin sensitive and assigned to a penicillin-binding protein motif. Consistent with the lack of a regulatory domain in AmiA, chlamydial CPn0902, annotated as NlpD, is a carboxypeptidase, rather than an amidase activator, which is the case for E. coli NlpD. Functional conservation of AmiA implicates a role in cytokinesis and host response modulation. Penicillin inhibits growth of chlamydial pathogens despite their lack of a conventional peptidoglycan cell wall. Here the authors report that the chlamydial amidase, AmiA, which can rescue cell division defects of an E. coli amiA mutant, has dual activity as a penicillin sensitive, lipid II-targetting carboxypeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klöckner
- 1] Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany [2]
| | - Christian Otten
- 1] Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany [2]
| | - Adeline Derouaux
- 1] The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK [2]
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Henrike Bühl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Münch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michaele Josten
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Mölleken
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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25
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Frohlich KM, Hua Z, Quayle AJ, Wang J, Lewis ME, Chou CW, Luo M, Buckner LR, Shen L. Membrane vesicle production by Chlamydia trachomatis as an adaptive response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:73. [PMID: 24959424 PMCID: PMC4050530 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved specific adaptive responses to cope with changing environments. These adaptations include stress response phenotypes with dynamic modifications of the bacterial cell envelope and generation of membrane vesicles (MVs). The obligate intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, typically has a biphasic lifestyle, but can enter into an altered growth state typified by morphologically aberrant chlamydial forms, termed persistent growth forms, when induced by stress in vitro. How C. trachomatis can adapt to a persistent growth state in host epithelial cells in vivo is not well understood, but is an important question, since it extends the host-bacterial relationship in vitro and has thus been indicated as a survival mechanism in chronic chlamydial infections. Here, we review recent findings on the mechanistic aspects of bacterial adaptation to stress with a focus on how C. trachomatis remodels its envelope, produces MVs, and the potential important consequences of MV production with respect to host-pathogen interactions. Emerging data suggest that the generation of MVs may be an important mechanism for C. trachomatis intracellular survival of stress, and thus may aid in the establishment of a chronic infection in human genital epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla M Frohlich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neonatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorder, The Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Alison J Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Maria E Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chau-wen Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
| | - Miao Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lyndsey R Buckner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Abstract
Getting visible: A new method to label bacterial cell walls shows the presence of functional peptidoglycan in the important pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. This might clarify the long-standing paradox of the "chlamydial anomaly".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamimount Mohammadi
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands)
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Cell wall precursors are required to organize the chlamydial division septum. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3578. [PMID: 24709914 PMCID: PMC3988822 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Chlamydiales order are major bacterial pathogens that divide at mid-cell, without a sequence homologue of the FtsZ cytokinetic tubulin and without a classical peptidoglycan cell wall. Moreover, the spatiotemporal mechanisms directing constriction in Chlamydia are not known. Here we show that the MreB actin homologue and its conserved regulator RodZ localize to the division furrow in Waddlia chondrophila, a member of the Chlamydiales order implicated in human miscarriage. RodZ is recruited to the septal site earlier than MreB and in a manner that depends on biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II by the MurA enzyme. By contrast, crosslinking of lipid II peptides by the Pbp3 transpeptidase disperses RodZ from the septum. Altogether, these findings provide a cytological framework for understanding chlamydial cytokinesis driven by septal cell wall synthesis.
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De Benedetti S, Bühl H, Gaballah A, Klöckner A, Otten C, Schneider T, Sahl HG, Henrichfreise B. Characterization of serine hydroxymethyltransferase GlyA as a potential source of D-alanine in Chlamydia pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:19. [PMID: 24616885 PMCID: PMC3935232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For intracellular Chlamydiaceae, there is no need to withstand osmotic challenges, and a functional cell wall has not been detected in these pathogens so far. Nevertheless, penicillin inhibits cell division in Chlamydiaceae resulting in enlarged aberrant bodies, a phenomenon known as chlamydial anomaly. D-alanine is a unique and essential component in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. In free-living bacteria like Escherichia coli, penicillin-binding proteins such as monofunctional transpeptidases PBP2 and PBP3, the putative targets of penicillin in Chlamydiaceae, cross-link adjacent peptidoglycan strands via meso-diaminopimelic acid and D-Ala-D-Ala moieties of pentapeptide side chains. In the absence of genes coding for alanine racemase Alr and DadX homologs, the source of D-Ala and thus the presence of substrates for PBP2 and PBP3 activity in Chlamydiaceae has puzzled researchers for years. Interestingly, Chlamydiaceae genomes encode GlyA, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase that has been shown to exhibit slow racemization of D- and L-alanine as a side reaction in E. coli. We show that GlyA from Chlamydia pneumoniae can serve as a source of D-Ala. GlyA partially reversed the D-Ala auxotrophic phenotype of an E. coli racemase double mutant. Moreover, purified chlamydial GlyA had racemase activity on L-Ala in vitro and was inhibited by D-cycloserine, identifying GlyA, besides D-Ala ligase MurC/Ddl, as an additional target of this competitive inhibitor in Chlamydiaceae. Proof of D-Ala biosynthesis in Chlamydiaceae helps to clarify the structure of cell wall precursor lipid II and the role of chlamydial penicillin-binding proteins in the development of non-dividing aberrant chlamydial bodies and persistence in the presence of penicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Benedetti
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrike Bühl
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Ahmed Gaballah
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Klöckner
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Otten
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
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29
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Penicillin kills Chlamydia following the fusion of bacteria with lysosomes and prevents genital inflammatory lesions in C. muridarum-infected mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83511. [PMID: 24376710 PMCID: PMC3871543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia exists as two distinct forms. Elementary bodies (EBs) are infectious and extra-cellular, whereas reticulate bodies (RBs) replicate within a specialized intracellular compartment termed an ‘inclusion’. Alternative persistent intra-cellular forms can be induced in culture by diverse stimuli such as IFNγ or adenosine/EHNA. They do not grow or divide but revive upon withdrawal of the stimulus and are implicated in several widespread human diseases through ill-defined in vivo mechanisms. β-lactam antibiotics have also been claimed to induce persistence in vitro. The present report shows that upon penicillin G (pG) treatment, inclusions grow as fast as those in infected control cells. After removal of pG, Chlamydia do not revert to RBs. These effects are independent of host cell type, serovar, biovar and species of Chlamydia. Time-course experiments demonstrated that only RBs were susceptible to pG. pG-treated bacteria lost their control over host cell apoptotic pathways and no longer expressed pre-16S rRNA, in contrast to persistent bacteria induced with adenosine/EHNA. Confocal and live-video microscopy showed that bacteria within the inclusion fused with lysosomal compartments in pG-treated cells. That leads to recruitment of cathepsin D as early as 3 h post pG treatment, an event preceding bacterial death by several hours. These data demonstrate that pG treatment of cultured cells infected with Chlamydia results in the degradation of the bacteria. In addition we show that pG is significantly more efficient than doxycycline at preventing genital inflammatory lesions in C. muridarum-C57Bl/6 infected mice. These in vivo results support the physiological relevance of our findings and their potential therapeutic applications.
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30
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de Barsy M, Greub G. Waddlia chondrophila: from biology to pathogenicity. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:1033-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Crescent and star shapes of members of the Chlamydiales order: impact of fixative methods. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:521-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Candidatus Syngnamydia venezia, a novel member of the phylum Chlamydiae from the broad nosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70853. [PMID: 23951025 PMCID: PMC3741330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria and important pathogens of humans and animals. Chlamydia-related bacteria are also major fish pathogens, infecting epithelial cells of the gills and skin to cause the disease epitheliocystis. Given the wide distribution, ancient origins and spectacular diversity of bony fishes, this group offers a rich resource for the identification and isolation of novel Chlamydia. The broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) is a widely distributed and genetically diverse temperate fish species, susceptible to epitheliocystis across much of its range. We describe here a new bacterial species, Candidatus Syngnamydia venezia; epitheliocystis agent of S. typhle and close relative to other chlamydial pathogens which are known to infect diverse hosts ranging from invertebrates to humans.
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33
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Davis JJ, Xia F, Overbeek RA, Olsen GJ. Genomes of the class Erysipelotrichia clarify the firmicute origin of the class Mollicutes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:2727-2741. [PMID: 23606477 PMCID: PMC3749518 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.048983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree of life is paramount for achieving an integrated understanding of microbial evolution and the relationships between physiology, genealogy and genomics. It provides the framework for interpreting environmental sequence data, whether applied to microbial ecology or to human health. However, there remain many instances where there is ambiguity in our understanding of the phylogeny of major lineages, and/or confounding nomenclature. Here we apply recent genomic sequence data to examine the evolutionary history of members of the classes Mollicutes (phylum Tenericutes) and Erysipelotrichia (phylum Firmicutes). Consistent with previous analyses, we find evidence of a specific relationship between them in molecular phylogenies and signatures of the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, ribosomal proteins and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase proteins. Furthermore, by mapping functions over the phylogenetic tree we find that the erysipelotrichia lineages are involved in various stages of genomic reduction, having lost (often repeatedly) a variety of metabolic functions and the ability to form endospores. Although molecular phylogeny has driven numerous taxonomic revisions, we find it puzzling that the most recent taxonomic revision of the phyla Firmicutes and Tenericutes has further separated them into distinct phyla, rather than reflecting their common roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | | | - Ross A Overbeek
- Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, IL, USA
| | - Gary J Olsen
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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34
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de Barsy M, Greub G. Functional genomics of intracellular bacteria. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 12:341-53. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Aistleitner K, Heinz C, Hörmann A, Heinz E, Montanaro J, Schulz F, Maier E, Pichler P, Benz R, Horn M. Identification and characterization of a novel porin family highlights a major difference in the outer membrane of chlamydial symbionts and pathogens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55010. [PMID: 23383036 PMCID: PMC3561449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chlamydiae constitute an evolutionary well separated group of intracellular bacteria comprising important pathogens of humans as well as symbionts of protozoa. The amoeba symbiont Protochlamydia amoebophila lacks a homologue of the most abundant outer membrane protein of the Chlamydiaceae, the major outer membrane protein MOMP, highlighting a major difference between environmental chlamydiae and their pathogenic counterparts. We recently identified a novel family of putative porins encoded in the genome of P. amoebophila by in silico analysis. Two of these Protochlamydiaouter membrane proteins, PomS (pc1489) and PomT (pc1077), are highly abundant in outer membrane preparations of this organism. Here we show that all four members of this putative porin family are toxic when expressed in the heterologous host Escherichia coli. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibodies against heterologously expressed PomT and PomS purified directly from elementary bodies, respectively, demonstrated the location of both proteins in the outer membrane of P. amoebophila. The location of the most abundant protein PomS was further confirmed by immuno-transmission electron microscopy. We could show that pomS is transcribed, and the corresponding protein is present in the outer membrane throughout the complete developmental cycle, suggesting an essential role for P. amoebophila. Lipid bilayer measurements demonstrated that PomS functions as a porin with anion-selectivity and a pore size similar to the Chlamydiaceae MOMP. Taken together, our results suggest that PomS, possibly in concert with PomT and other members of this porin family, is the functional equivalent of MOMP in P. amoebophila. This work contributes to our understanding of the adaptations of symbiotic and pathogenic chlamydiae to their different eukaryotic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Aistleitner
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Heinz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Hörmann
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Heinz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Frederik Schulz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Maier
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Pichler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Benz
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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36
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Di Pietro M, De Santis F, De Biase D, Sessa R. The Elusive but Pathogenic Peptidoglycan of Chlamydiae. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia species cause a broad spectrum of diseases in humans including severe chronic sequelae related to persistent forms. Despite the lack of detectable amounts of peptidoglycan, several studies suggest the presence of small quantities of peptidoglycan or its derivative at least in some stages of the growth cycle. Based on recent discovery in Chlamydiae of the aminotransferase pathway for biosynthesis of meso-diaminopimelic acid, we demonstrated the up-regulation of the gene (cp0259) encoding L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase in chlamydial persistent forms. This finding may be important in the search for target molecules to diagnose and treat Chlamydia-associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - F. De Santis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - D. De Biase
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University, Latina, Italy
| | - R. Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
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37
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Beeckman DS, De Puysseleyr L, De Puysseleyr K, Vanrompay D. Chlamydial biology and its associated virulence blockers. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 40:313-28. [PMID: 23134414 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.726210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. They can be distinguished from other Gram-negative bacteria through their characteristic developmental cycle, in addition to special biochemical and physical adaptations to subvert the eukaryotic host cell. The host spectrum includes humans and other mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, insects and even amoeba, causing a plethora of diseases. The first part of this review focuses on the specific chlamydial infection biology and metabolism. As resistance to classical antibiotics is emerging among Chlamydiae as well, the second part elaborates on specific compounds and tools to block chlamydial virulence traits, such as adhesion and internalization, Type III secretion and modulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Beeckman
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
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38
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Trunk G, Oxenius A. Innate instruction of CD4+ T cell immunity in respiratory bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:616-28. [PMID: 22723524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes invading microbes via conserved pattern recognition receptors and uses inflammatory signals to concert adaptive defense mechanisms. However, microbial and host parameters involved in CD4 T cell priming and direction of Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation in the context of infections with complex pathogens in vivo are incompletely understood. In this study, we used Legionella pneumophila, which triggers membrane-bound and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, to study the innate instruction of adaptive immunity. Upon airway infection, T cells were primed exclusively in the lung-draining lymph nodes and differentiated into Th1/Th17 effector cells upon arrival in the lung. Although engagement of membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors was sufficient for initial T cell activation and proliferation, cytosolic pattern recognition was required for effector T cell differentiation. In the absence of cytoplasmic pattern recognition, MyD88 was key for T cell priming, whereas, in its presence, MyD88-mediated signals were crucial for Th17 differentiation. Specifically, cytosolic sensing of Legionella-derived flagellin, inflammasome activation, and IL-1 signaling contributed to Th17 development. In the absence of TLR signaling, a simultaneous Th1/Th2 response developed that was independent of the inflammasome-IL-1 axis. Collectively, these data illustrate the important role for various pattern recognition receptors triggered by complex pathogens and how they each instruct specific differentiation programs in responding CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Trunk
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Patin D, Bostock J, Chopra I, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Blanot D. Biochemical characterisation of the chlamydial MurF ligase, and possible sequence of the chlamydial peptidoglycan pentapeptide stem. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:505-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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Gimenez G, Bertelli C, Moliner C, Robert C, Raoult D, Fournier PE, Greub G. Insight into cross-talk between intra-amoebal pathogens. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:542. [PMID: 22047552 PMCID: PMC3220658 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amoebae are phagocytic protists where genetic exchanges might take place between amoeba-resistant bacteria. These amoebal pathogens are able to escape the phagocytic behaviour of their host. They belong to different bacterial phyla and often show a larger genome size than human-infecting pathogens. This characteristic is proposed to be the result of frequent gene exchanges with other bacteria that share a sympatric lifestyle and contrasts with the genome reduction observed among strict human pathogens. Results We sequenced the genome of a new amoebal pathogen, Legionella drancourtii, and compared its gene content to that of a Chlamydia-related bacterium, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae. Phylogenetic reconstructions identified seven potential horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) between the two amoeba-resistant bacteria, including a complete operon of four genes that encodes an ABC-type transporter. These comparisons pinpointed potential cases of gene exchange between P. acanthamoebae and Legionella pneumophila, as well as gene exchanges between other members of the Legionellales and Chlamydiales orders. Moreover, nine cases represent possible HGTs between representatives from the Legionellales or Chlamydiales and members of the Rickettsiales order. Conclusions This study identifies numerous gene exchanges between intracellular Legionellales and Chlamydiales bacteria, which could preferentially occur within common inclusions in their amoebal hosts. Therefore it contributes to improve our knowledge on the intra-amoebal gene properties associated to their specific lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Gimenez
- Unité des rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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41
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Gaballah A, Kloeckner A, Otten C, Sahl HG, Henrichfreise B. Functional analysis of the cytoskeleton protein MreB from Chlamydophila pneumoniae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25129. [PMID: 22022378 PMCID: PMC3187750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In rod-shaped bacteria, the bacterial actin ortholog MreB is considered to organize the incorporation of cell wall precursors into the side-wall, whereas the tubulin homologue FtsZ is known to tether incorporation of cell wall building blocks at the developing septum. For intracellular bacteria, there is no need to compensate osmotic pressure by means of a cell wall, and peptidoglycan has not been reliably detected in Chlamydiaceae. Surprisingly, a nearly complete pathway for the biosynthesis of the cell wall building block lipid II has been found in the genomes of Chlamydiaceae. In a previous study, we discussed the hypothesis that conservation of lipid II biosynthesis in cell wall-lacking bacteria may reflect the intimate molecular linkage of cell wall biosynthesis and cell division and thus an essential role of the precursor in cell division. Here, we investigate why spherical-shaped chlamydiae harbor MreB which is almost exclusively found in elongated bacteria (i.e. rods, vibrios, spirilla) whereas they lack the otherwise essential division protein FtsZ. We demonstrate that chlamydial MreB polymerizes in vitro and that polymerization is not inhibited by the blocking agent A22. As observed for MreB from Bacillus subtilis, chlamydial MreB does not require ATP for polymerization but is capable of ATP hydrolysis in phosphate release assays. Co-pelleting and bacterial two-hybrid experiments indicate that MreB from Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae interacts with MurF, MraY and MurG, three key components in lipid II biosynthesis. In addition, MreB polymerization is improved in the presence of MurF. Our findings suggest that MreB is involved in tethering biosynthesis of lipid II and as such may be necessary for maintaining a functional divisome machinery in Chlamydiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaballah
- University of Bonn, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Kloeckner
- University of Bonn, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Otten
- University of Bonn, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- University of Bonn, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- University of Bonn, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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42
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Kebbi-Beghdadi C, Batista C, Greub G. Permissivity of fish cell lines to three Chlamydia-related bacteria: Waddlia chondrophila, Estrella lausannensis and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:339-45. [PMID: 22092560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epitheliocystis is an infectious disease affecting gills and skin of various freshwater and marine fishes, associated with high mortality and reduced growth of survivors. Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis and Clavochlamydia salmonicola have recently been identified as aetiological agents of epitheliocystis in Atlantic Salmon. In addition, several other members of the Chlamydiales order have been identified in other fish species. To clarify the pathogenicity of Chlamydia-like organisms towards fishes, we investigated the permissivity of two fish cell lines, EPC-175 (Fathead Minnow) and RTG-2 (rainbow trout) to three Chlamydia-related bacteria: Waddlia chondrophila, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Estrella lausannensis. Quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence demonstrated that W. chondrophila and, to a lesser extent, E. lausannensis were able to replicate in the two cell lines tested. Waddlia chondrophila multiplied rapidly in its host cell and a strong cytopathic effect was observed. During E. lausannensis infection, we observed a limited replication of the bacteria not followed by host cell lysis. Very limited replication of P. acanthamoebae was observed in both cell lines tested. Given its high infectivity and cytopathic effect towards fish cell lines, W. chondrophila represents the most interesting Chlamydia-related bacteria to be used to develop an in vivo model of epitheliocystis disease in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria (CRIB), Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lienard J, Croxatto A, Prod'hom G, Greub G. Estrella lausannensis, a new star in the Chlamydiales order. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:1232-41. [PMID: 21816232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the Chlamydiales order was represented by a single family, the Chlamydiaceae, composed of several pathogens, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus. Recently, 6 new families of Chlamydia-related bacteria have been added to the Chlamydiales order. Most of these obligate intracellular bacteria are able to replicate in free-living amoebae. Amoebal co-culture may be used to selectively isolate amoeba-resisting bacteria. This method allowed in a previous work to discover strain CRIB 30, from an environmental water sample. Based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Criblamydia sequanensis, strain CRIB 30 was considered as a new member of the Criblamydiaceae family. In the present work, phylogenetic analyses of the genes gyrA, gyrB, rpoA, rpoB, secY, topA and 23S rRNA as well as MALDI-TOF MS confirmed the taxonomic classification of strain CRIB 30. Morphological examination revealed peculiar star-shaped elementary bodies (EBs) similar to those of C. sequanensis. Therefore, this new strain was called "Estrella lausannensis". Finally, E. lausannensis showed a large amoebal host range and a very efficient replication rate in Acanthamoeba species. Furthermore, E. lausannensis is the first member of the Chlamydiales order to grow successfully in the genetically tractable Dictyostelium discoideum, which opens new perspectives in the study of chlamydial biology.
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MESH Headings
- Acanthamoeba/microbiology
- Amoeba/microbiology
- Chlamydiales/classification
- Chlamydiales/genetics
- Chlamydiales/growth & development
- Chlamydiales/isolation & purification
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Dictyostelium/microbiology
- Genes, rRNA/genetics
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienard
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bernander R, Ettema TJG. FtsZ-less cell division in archaea and bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:747-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Heinz E, Pichler P, Heinz C, op den Camp HJM, Toenshoff ER, Ammerer G, Mechtler K, Wagner M, Horn M. Proteomic analysis of the outer membrane of Protochlamydia amoebophila elementary bodies. Proteomics 2010; 10:4363-76. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Bacteria can exist in metabolically inactive states that allow them to survive conditions that are not conducive for growth. Such dormant cells may sense when conditions have improved and re-initiate growth, lest they be outcompeted by their neighbours. Growing bacteria turn over and release large quantities of their cell walls into the environment. Drawing from recent work on the germination of Bacillus subtilis spores, we propose that many microorganisms exit dormancy in response to cell wall muropeptides.
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Bertelli C, Collyn F, Croxatto A, Rückert C, Polkinghorne A, Kebbi-Beghdadi C, Goesmann A, Vaughan L, Greub G. The Waddlia genome: a window into chlamydial biology. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10890. [PMID: 20531937 PMCID: PMC2878342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that a novel member of the Chlamydiales order, Waddlia chondrophila, is a potential agent of miscarriage in humans and abortion in ruminants. Due to the lack of genetic tools to manipulate chlamydia, genomic analysis is proving to be the most incisive tool in stimulating investigations into the biology of these obligate intracellular bacteria. 454/Roche and Solexa/Illumina technologies were thus used to sequence and assemble de novo the full genome of the first representative of the Waddliaceae family, W. chondrophila. The bacteria possesses a 2′116′312bp chromosome and a 15′593 bp low-copy number plasmid that might integrate into the bacterial chromosome. The Waddlia genome displays numerous repeated sequences indicating different genome dynamics from classical chlamydia which almost completely lack repetitive elements. Moreover, W. chondrophila exhibits many virulence factors also present in classical chlamydia, including a functional type III secretion system, but also a large complement of specific factors for resistance to host or environmental stresses. Large families of outer membrane proteins were identified indicating that these highly immunogenic proteins are not Chlamydiaceae specific and might have been present in their last common ancestor. Enhanced metabolic capability for the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, lipids and other co-factors suggests that the common ancestor of the modern Chlamydiales may have been less dependent on their eukaryotic host. The fine-detailed analysis of biosynthetic pathways brings us closer to possibly developing a synthetic medium to grow W. chondrophila, a critical step in the development of genetic tools. As a whole, the availability of the W. chondrophila genome opens new possibilities in Chlamydiales research, providing new insights into the evolution of members of the order Chlamydiales and the biology of the Waddliaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bertelli
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Collyn
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antony Croxatto
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lloyd Vaughan
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Center for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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48
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Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane complex proteins by differential proteomics. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:2852-60. [PMID: 20348250 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01628-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular chlamydial infectious particle, or elementary body (EB), is enveloped by an intra- and intermolecular cysteine cross-linked protein shell called the chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC). A few abundant proteins, including the major outer membrane protein and cysteine-rich proteins (OmcA and OmcB), constitute the overwhelming majority of COMC proteins. The identification of less-abundant COMC proteins has been complicated by limitations of proteomic methodologies and the contamination of COMC fractions with abundant EB proteins. Here, we used parallel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 434/Bu EB, COMC, and Sarkosyl-soluble EB fractions to identify proteins enriched or depleted from COMC. All well-described COMC proteins were specifically enriched in the COMC fraction. In contrast, multiple COMC-associated proteins found in previous studies were strongly enriched in the Sarkosyl-soluble fraction, suggesting that these proteins are not COMC components or are not stably associated with COMC. Importantly, we also identified novel proteins enriched in COMC. The list of COMC proteins identified in this study has provided reliable information for further understanding chlamydial protein secretion systems and modeling COMC and EB structures.
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Takano H, Takechi K. Plastid peptidoglycan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Heinz E, Tischler P, Rattei T, Myers G, Wagner M, Horn M. Comprehensive in silico prediction and analysis of chlamydial outer membrane proteins reflects evolution and life style of the Chlamydiae. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:634. [PMID: 20040079 PMCID: PMC2811131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria comprising some of the most important bacterial pathogens of animals and humans. Although chlamydial outer membrane proteins play a key role for attachment to and entry into host cells, only few have been described so far. We developed a comprehensive, multiphasic in silico approach, including the calculation of clusters of orthologues, to predict outer membrane proteins using conservative criteria. We tested this approach using Escherichia coli (positive control) and Bacillus subtilis (negative control), and applied it to five chlamydial species; Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia (a.k.a. Chlamydophila) pneumoniae, Chlamydia (a.k.a. Chlamydophila) caviae, and Protochlamydia amoebophila. Results In total, 312 chlamydial outer membrane proteins and lipoproteins in 88 orthologous clusters were identified, including 238 proteins not previously recognized to be located in the outer membrane. Analysis of their taxonomic distribution revealed an evolutionary conservation among Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia, Lentisphaerae and Planctomycetes as well as lifestyle-dependent conservation of the chlamydial outer membrane protein composition. Conclusion This analysis suggested a correlation between the outer membrane protein composition and the host range of chlamydiae and revealed a common set of outer membrane proteins shared by these intracellular bacteria. The collection of predicted chlamydial outer membrane proteins is available at the online database pCOMP http://www.microbial-ecology.net/pcomp and might provide future guidance in the quest for anti-chlamydial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Heinz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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