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Matsuike D, Tahara YO, Nonaka T, Wu HN, Hamaguchi T, Kudo H, Hayashi Y, Arai M, Miyata M. Structure and Function of Gli123 Involved in Mycoplasma mobile Gliding. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0034022. [PMID: 36749051 PMCID: PMC10029712 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00340-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile is a fish pathogen that glides on solid surfaces by means of its own gliding machinery composed of internal and surface structures. In the present study, we focused on the function and structure of Gli123, a surface protein that is essential for the localization of other surface proteins. The amino acid sequence of Gli123, which is 1,128 amino acids long, contains lipoprotein-specific repeats. We isolated the native Gli123 protein from M. mobile cells and a recombinant protein, rGli123, from Escherichia coli. The isolated rGli123 complemented a nonbinding and nongliding mutant of M. mobile that lacked Gli123. Circular dichroism and rotary-shadowing electron microscopy (EM) showed that rGli123 has a structure that is not significantly different from that of the native protein. Rotary-shadowing EM suggested that Gli123 adopts two distinct globular and rod-like structures, depending on the ionic strength of the solution. Negative-staining EM coupled with single-particle analysis revealed that Gli123 forms a globular structure featuring a small protrusion with dimensions of approximately 15.7, 14.7, and 14.1 nm for the "height," major axis and minor axis, respectively. Small-angle X-ray scattering analyses indicated a rod-like structure composed of several tandem globular domains with total dimensions of approximately 34 nm in length and 6 nm in width. Both molecular structures were suggested to be dimers, based on the predicted molecular size and structure. Gli123 may have evolved by multiplication of repeating lipoprotein units and acquired a role for Gli521 and Gli349 assembly. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that are widespread in animals. They are characterized by small cell and genome sizes but are equipped with unique abilities for infection, such as surface variation and gliding. Here, we focused on a surface-localizing protein named Gli123 that is essential for Mycoplasma mobile gliding. This study suggested that Gli123 undergoes drastic conformational changes between its rod-like and globular structures. These changes may be caused by a repetitive structure common in the surface proteins that is responsible for the modulation of the cell surface structure and related to the assembly process for the surface gliding machinery. An evolutionary process for surface proteins essential for this mycoplasma gliding was also suggested in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Matsuike
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei O Tahara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nonaka
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Heng Ning Wu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kudo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehito Arai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Melkikh AV, Bondar VV. Mechanisms and models of movement of protocells and bacteria in the early stages of evolution. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:3-13. [PMID: 35987420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A review of the physicochemical models of the movement of protocells and bacteria was performed. The mechanisms of gliding and movement based on flagella are considered. Based on the models, the average speed of movement of protocells and bacteria was calculated. A physicochemical model of bacterial gliding was constructed. The efficiency of the process of converting the energy of ATP into the energy of motion is estimated. A review of models of movement with the help of flagella was performed. A model has been constructed for converting ATP energy into proton and sodium motive forces, which, in turn, are converted into energy of rotor rotation. The problem of the accuracy of operation of nanomachines, on the basis of which the directed movement of bacteria occurs, is discussed. The considered models can be applied to create nanomotors for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Melkikh
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - V V Bondar
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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3
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Abstract
Control of self-propelled particles is central to the development of many microrobotic technologies, from dynamically reconfigurable materials to advanced lab-on-a-chip systems. However, there are few physical principles by which particle trajectories can be specified and can be used to generate a wide range of behaviors. Within the field of ray optics, a single principle for controlling the trajectory of light─Snell's law─yields an intuitive framework for engineering a broad range of devices, from microscopes to cameras and telescopes. Here we show that the motion of self-propelled particles gliding across a resistance discontinuity is governed by a variant of Snell's law, and develop a corresponding ray optics for gliders. Just as the ratio of refractive indexes sets the path of a light ray, the ratio of resistance coefficients is shown to determine the trajectories of gliders. The magnitude of refraction depends on the glider's shape, in particular its aspect ratio, which serves as an analogue to the wavelength of light. This enables the demixing of a polymorphic, many-shaped, beam of gliders into distinct monomorphic, single-shaped, beams through a friction prism. In turn, beams of monomorphic gliders can be focused by spherical and gradient friction lenses. Alternatively, the critical angle for total internal reflection can be used to create shape-selective glider traps. Overall our work suggests that furthering the analogy between light and microscopic gliders may be used for sorting, concentrating, and analyzing self-propelled particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Ross
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Dino Osmanović
- Center for the Physics of Living Systems, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - John F Brady
- Divisions of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Engineering & Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Paul W K Rothemund
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
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4
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Custer GF, Bresciani L, Dini-Andreote F. Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Microbial Dispersal. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:855859. [PMID: 35464980 PMCID: PMC9019484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.855859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is simply defined as the movement of species across space and time. Despite this terse definition, dispersal is an essential process with direct ecological and evolutionary implications that modulate community assembly and turnover. Seminal ecological studies have shown that environmental context (e.g., local edaphic properties, resident community), dispersal timing and frequency, and species traits, collectively account for patterns of species distribution resulting in either their persistence or unsuccessful establishment within local communities. Despite the key importance of this process, relatively little is known about how dispersal operates in microbiomes across divergent systems and community types. Here, we discuss parallels of macro- and micro-organismal ecology with a focus on idiosyncrasies that may lead to novel mechanisms by which dispersal affects the structure and function of microbiomes. Within the context of ecological implications, we revise the importance of short- and long-distance microbial dispersal through active and passive mechanisms, species traits, and community coalescence, and how these align with recent advances in metacommunity theory. Conversely, we enumerate how microbial dispersal can affect diversification rates of species by promoting gene influxes within local communities and/or shifting genes and allele frequencies via migration or de novo changes (e.g., horizontal gene transfer). Finally, we synthesize how observed microbial assemblages are the dynamic outcome of both successful and unsuccessful dispersal events of taxa and discuss these concepts in line with the literature, thus enabling a richer appreciation of this process in microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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5
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Fisunov GY, Zubov AI, Pobeguts OV, Varizhuk AM, Galyamina MA, Evsyutina DV, Semashko TA, Manuvera VA, Kovalchuk SI, Ziganshin RK, Barinov NA, Klinov DV, Govorun VM. The Dynamics of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Nucleoid Structure at the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:753760. [PMID: 34867875 PMCID: PMC8637272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.753760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of bacterial nucleoids play important roles in regulating gene expression. Bacteria of class Mollicutes and, in particular, mycoplasmas feature extremely reduced genomes. They lack multiple structural proteins of the nucleoid, as well as regulators of gene expression. We studied the organization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum nucleoids in the stationary and exponential growth phases at the structural and protein levels. The growth phase transition results in the structural reorganization of M. gallisepticum nucleoid. In particular, it undergoes condensation and changes in the protein content. The observed changes corroborate with the previously identified global rearrangement of the transcriptional landscape in this bacterium during the growth phase transition. In addition, we identified that the glycolytic enzyme enolase functions as a nucleoid structural protein in this bacterium. It is capable of non-specific DNA binding and can form fibril-like complexes with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Y Fisunov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I Zubov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Pobeguts
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Varizhuk
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya A Galyamina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Evsyutina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Semashko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin A Manuvera
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam K Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolay A Barinov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Klinov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim M Govorun
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Mizutani M, Sasajima Y, Miyata M. Force and Stepwise Movements of Gliding Motility in Human Pathogenic Bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:747905. [PMID: 34630372 PMCID: PMC8498583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.747905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a human pathogenic bacterium, binds to sialylated oligosaccharides and glides on host cell surfaces via a unique mechanism. Gliding motility is essential for initiating the infectious process. In the present study, we measured the stall force of an M. pneumoniae cell carrying a bead that was manipulated using optical tweezers on two strains. The stall forces of M129 and FH strains were averaged to be 23.7 and 19.7 pN, respectively, much weaker than those of other bacterial surface motilities. The binding activity and gliding speed of the M129 strain on sialylated oligosaccharides were eight and two times higher than those of the FH strain, respectively, showing that binding activity is not linked to gliding force. Gliding speed decreased when cell binding was reduced by addition of free sialylated oligosaccharides, indicating the existence of a drag force during gliding. We detected stepwise movements, likely caused by a single leg under 0.2-0.3 mM free sialylated oligosaccharides. A step size of 14-19 nm showed that 25-35 propulsion steps per second are required to achieve the usual gliding speed. The step size was reduced to less than half with the load applied using optical tweezers, showing that a 2.5 pN force from a cell is exerted on a leg. The work performed in this step was 16-30% of the free energy of the hydrolysis of ATP molecules, suggesting that this step is linked to the elementary process of M. pneumoniae gliding. We discuss a model to explain the gliding mechanism, based on the information currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizutani
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Sasajima
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Vizarraga D, Kawamoto A, Matsumoto U, Illanes R, Pérez-Luque R, Martín J, Mazzolini R, Bierge P, Pich OQ, Espasa M, Sanfeliu I, Esperalba J, Fernández-Huerta M, Scheffer MP, Pinyol J, Frangakis AS, Lluch-Senar M, Mori S, Shibayama K, Kenri T, Kato T, Namba K, Fita I, Miyata M, Aparicio D. Immunodominant proteins P1 and P40/P90 from human pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5188. [PMID: 33057023 PMCID: PMC7560827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial human pathogen that causes primary atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae motility and infectivity are mediated by the immunodominant proteins P1 and P40/P90, which form a transmembrane adhesion complex. Here we report the structure of P1, determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, and the X-ray structure of P40/P90. Contrary to what had been suggested, the binding site for sialic acid was found in P40/P90 and not in P1. Genetic and clinical variability concentrates on the N-terminal domain surfaces of P1 and P40/P90. Polyclonal antibodies generated against the mostly conserved C-terminal domain of P1 inhibited adhesion of M. pneumoniae, and serology assays with sera from infected patients were positive when tested against this C-terminal domain. P40/P90 also showed strong reactivity against human infected sera. The architectural elements determined for P1 and P40/P90 open new possibilities in vaccine development against M. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vizarraga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Akihiro Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - U Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ramiro Illanes
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Pérez-Luque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocco Mazzolini
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Bierge
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Oscar Q Pich
- Laboratori de Recerca en Microbiologia i Malalties Infeccioses, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208, Sabadell, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateu Espasa
- Departament de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Isabel Sanfeliu
- Departament de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08208, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Departament de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Huerta
- Departament de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margot P Scheffer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaume Pinyol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigetarou Mori
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research and SPring-8 Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan. .,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - David Aparicio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Gavriilidou A, Gutleben J, Versluis D, Forgiarini F, van Passel MWJ, Ingham CJ, Smidt H, Sipkema D. Comparative genomic analysis of Flavobacteriaceae: insights into carbohydrate metabolism, gliding motility and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:569. [PMID: 32819293 PMCID: PMC7440613 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the bacterial family Flavobacteriaceae are widely distributed in the marine environment and often found associated with algae, fish, detritus or marine invertebrates. Yet, little is known about the characteristics that drive their ubiquity in diverse ecological niches. Here, we provide an overview of functional traits common to taxonomically diverse members of the family Flavobacteriaceae from different environmental sources, with a focus on the Marine clade. We include seven newly sequenced marine sponge-derived strains that were also tested for gliding motility and antimicrobial activity. RESULTS Comparative genomics revealed that genome similarities appeared to be correlated to 16S rRNA gene- and genome-based phylogeny, while differences were mostly associated with nutrient acquisition, such as carbohydrate metabolism and gliding motility. The high frequency and diversity of genes encoding polymer-degrading enzymes, often arranged in polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs), support the capacity of marine Flavobacteriaceae to utilize diverse carbon sources. Homologs of gliding proteins were widespread among all studied Flavobacteriaceae in contrast to members of other phyla, highlighting the particular presence of this feature within the Bacteroidetes. Notably, not all bacteria predicted to glide formed spreading colonies. Genome mining uncovered a diverse secondary metabolite biosynthesis arsenal of Flavobacteriaceae with high prevalence of gene clusters encoding pathways for the production of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic compounds. Antimicrobial activity tests showed, however, that the phenotype differed from the genome-derived predictions for the seven tested strains. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates the functional repertoire of marine Flavobacteriaceae and highlights the need to combine genomic and experimental data while using the appropriate stimuli to unlock their uncharted metabolic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimenia Gavriilidou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Gutleben
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Versluis
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Forgiarini
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark W. J. van Passel
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Parnassusplein 5, 2511 VX, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detmer Sipkema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Tulum I, Kimura K, Miyata M. Identification and sequence analyses of the gliding machinery proteins from Mycoplasma mobile. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3792. [PMID: 32123220 PMCID: PMC7052211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a fish pathogen, exhibits its own specialized gliding motility on host cells based on ATP hydrolysis. The special protein machinery enabling this motility is composed of surface and internal protein complexes. Four proteins, MMOBs 1630, 1660, 1670, and 4860 constitute the internal complex, including paralogs of F-type ATPase/synthase α and β subunits. In the present study, the cellular localisation for the candidate gliding machinery proteins, MMOBs 1620, 1640, 1650, and 5430 was investigated by using a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy system after tagging these proteins with the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP). The M. mobile strain expressing a fusion protein MMOB1620-EYFP exhibited reduced cell-binding activity and a strain expressing MMOB1640 fused with EYFP exhibited increased gliding speed, showing the involvement of these proteins in the gliding mechanism. Based on the genomic sequences, we analysed the sequence conservativity in the proteins of the internal and the surface complexes from four gliding mycoplasma species. The proteins in the internal complex were more conserved compared to the surface complex, suggesting that the surface complex undergoes modifications depending on the host. The analyses suggested that the internal gliding complex was highly conserved probably due to its role in the motility mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Tulum
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kenta Kimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
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10
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Refined Mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile Gliding Based on Structure, ATPase Activity, and Sialic Acid Binding of Machinery. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02846-19. [PMID: 31874918 PMCID: PMC6935860 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02846-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a fish pathogen, glides on solid surfaces by repeated catch, pull, and release of sialylated oligosaccharides by a unique mechanism based on ATP energy. The gliding machinery is composed of huge surface proteins and an internal "jellyfish"-like structure. Here, we elucidated the detailed three-dimensional structures of the machinery by electron cryotomography. The internal "tentacle"-like structure hydrolyzed ATP, which was consistent with the fact that the paralogs of the α- and β-subunits of F1-ATPase are at the tentacle structure. The electron microscopy suggested conformational changes of the tentacle structure depending on the presence of ATP analogs. The gliding machinery was isolated and showed that the binding activity to sialylated oligosaccharide was higher in the presence of ADP than in the presence of ATP. Based on these results, we proposed a model to explain the mechanism of M. mobile gliding.IMPORTANCE The genus Mycoplasma is made up of the smallest parasitic and sometimes commensal bacteria; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes human "walking pneumonia," is representative. More than ten Mycoplasma species glide on host tissues by novel mechanisms, always in the direction of the distal side of the machinery. Mycoplasma mobile, the fastest species in the genus, catches, pulls, and releases sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs), the carbohydrate molecules also targeted by influenza viruses, by means of a specific receptor and using ATP hydrolysis for energy. Here, the architecture of the gliding machinery was visualized three dimensionally by electron cryotomography (ECT), and changes in the structure and binding activity coupled to ATP hydrolysis were discovered. Based on the results, a refined mechanism was proposed for this unique motility.
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11
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Hamaguchi T, Kawakami M, Furukawa H, Miyata M. Identification of novel protein domain for sialyloligosaccharide binding essential to Mycoplasma mobile gliding. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5298403. [PMID: 30668689 PMCID: PMC6376172 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids, terminal structures of sialylated glycoconjugates, are widely distributed in animal tissues and are often involved in intercellular recognitions, including some bacteria and viruses. Mycoplasma mobile, a fish pathogenic bacterium, binds to sialyloligosaccharide (SO) through adhesin Gli349 and glides on host cell surfaces. The amino acid sequence of Gli349 shows no similarity to known SO-binding proteins. In the present study, we predicted the binding part of Gli349, produced it in Escherichia coli and proved its binding activity to SOs of fetuin using atomic force microscopy. Binding was detected with a frequency of 10.3% under retraction speed of 400 nm/s and was shown to be specific for SO, as binding events were competitively inhibited by the addition of free 3'-sialyllactose. The histogram of the unbinding forces showed 24 pN and additional peaks. These results suggested that the distal end of Gli349 constitutes a novel sialoadhesin domain and is directly involved in the gliding mechanism of M. mobile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masaru Kawakami
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Furukawa
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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12
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Behaviors and Energy Source of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Gliding. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00397-19. [PMID: 31308069 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00397-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, an avian-pathogenic bacterium, glides on host tissue surfaces by using a common motility system with Mycoplasma pneumoniae In the present study, we observed and analyzed the gliding behaviors of M. gallisepticum in detail by using optical microscopes. M. gallisepticum glided at a speed of 0.27 ± 0.09 μm/s with directional changes relative to the cell axis of 0.6 degree ± 44.6 degrees/5 s without the rolling of the cell body. To examine the effects of viscosity on gliding, we analyzed the gliding behaviors under viscous environments. The gliding speed was constant in various concentrations of methylcellulose but was affected by Ficoll. To investigate the relationship between binding and gliding, we analyzed the inhibitory effects of sialyllactose on binding and gliding. The binding and gliding speed sigmoidally decreased with sialyllactose concentration, indicating the cooperative binding of the cell. To determine the direct energy source of gliding, we used a membrane-permeabilized ghost model. We permeabilized M. gallisepticum cells with Triton X-100 or Triton X-100 containing ATP and analyzed the gliding of permeabilized cells. The cells permeabilized with Triton X-100 did not show gliding; in contrast, the cells permeabilized with Triton X-100 containing ATP showed gliding at a speed of 0.014 ± 0.007 μm/s. These results indicate that the direct energy source for the gliding motility of M. gallisepticum is ATP.IMPORTANCE Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria, are parasitic and occasionally commensal. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is related to human-pathogenic mycoplasmas-Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium-which cause so-called "walking pneumonia" and nongonococcal urethritis, respectively. These mycoplasmas trap sialylated oligosaccharides, which are common targets among influenza viruses, on host trachea or urinary tract surfaces and glide to enlarge the infected areas. Interestingly, this gliding motility is not related to other bacterial motilities or eukaryotic motilities. Here, we quantitatively analyze cell behaviors in gliding and clarify the direct energy source. The results provide clues for elucidating this unique motility mechanism.
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13
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Ramírez AS, Vega-Orellana OM, Viver T, Poveda JB, Rosales RS, Poveda CG, Spergser J, Szostak MP, Caballero MJ, Ressel L, Bradbury JM, Mar Tavío M, Karthikeyan S, Amann R, Konstantinidis KT, Rossello-Mora R. First description of two moderately halophilic and psychrotolerant Mycoplasma species isolated from cephalopods and proposal of Mycoplasma marinum sp. nov. and Mycoplasma todarodis sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:457-467. [PMID: 31072660 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two moderately halophilic and psychrotolerant new Mycoplasma species were isolated from common cephalopods. Three strains were isolated in pure culture from two individual European flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus), and two individual octopuses (Octopus vulgaris). The strains showed optimal growth at 25 °C and a salinity of 3% (w/v) NaCl. Molecular analyses revealed that the isolates belonged to two new, but phylogenetically related species, divergent from all previously described Mollicutes, representing the first marine isolates of the class, and also the first Mycoplasma strains for which NaCl requirement has been demonstrated. A genome search against all available marine metagenomes and 16S rRNA gene databases indicated that these two species represent a novel non-free-living marine lineage of Mollicutes, specifically associated with marine animals. Morphology and physiology were compatible with other members of this group, and genomic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated that these organisms represent two novel species of the genus Mycoplasma, for which the names Mycoplasma marinum sp. nov. and Mycoplasma todarodis sp. nov. are proposed; the type strains are PET (DSM 105487T, CIP 111404T) and 5HT (DSM 105,488T, CIP 111405T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Orestes M Vega-Orellana
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos G Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mª José Caballero
- Unidad de Histología y Patología Animal, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Janet M Bradbury
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Mª Mar Tavío
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, IUSA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Smruthi Karthikeyan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Bremen D-28359, Germany
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ramon Rossello-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Microbial Biodiversity, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
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14
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Williams CR, Chen L, Driver AD, Arnold EA, Sheppard ES, Locklin J, Krause DC. Sialylated Receptor Setting Influences Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment and Gliding Motility. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:735-744. [PMID: 29885004 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of human respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae binds glycoprotein receptors having terminal sialic acid residues via the P1 adhesin protein. Here, we explored the impact of sialic acid presentation on M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding on surfaces coated with sialylated glycoproteins, or chemically functionalized with α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose ligated individually or in combination to a polymer scaffold in precisely controlled densities. In both models, gliding required a higher receptor density threshold than adherence, and receptor density influenced gliding frequency but not gliding speed. However, very high densities of α-2,3-sialyllactose actually reduced gliding frequency over peak levels observed at lower densities. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose supported M. pneumoniae adherence, but gliding was only observed on the former. Finally, gliding on α-2,3-sialyllactose was inhibited on surfaces also conjugated with α-2,6-sialyllactose, suggesting that both moieties bind P1 despite the inability of the latter to support gliding. Our results indicate that the nature and density of host receptor moieties profoundly influences M. pneumoniae gliding, which could affect pathogenesis and infection outcome. Furthermore, precise functionalization of polymer scaffolds shows great promise for further analysis of sialic acid presentation and M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley D Driver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward A Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward S Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Duncan C Krause
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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15
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Mizutani M, Tulum I, Kinosita Y, Nishizaka T, Miyata M. Detailed Analyses of Stall Force Generation in Mycoplasma mobile Gliding. Biophys J 2018; 114:1411-1419. [PMID: 29590598 PMCID: PMC5883615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile is a bacterium that uses a unique mechanism to glide on solid surfaces at a velocity of up to 4.5 μm/s. Its gliding machinery comprises hundreds of units that generate the force for gliding based on the energy derived from ATP; the units catch and pull sialylated oligosaccharides fixed to solid surfaces. In this study, we measured the stall force of wild-type and mutant strains of M. mobile carrying a bead manipulated using optical tweezers. The strains that had been enhanced for binding exhibited weaker stall forces than the wild-type strain, indicating that stall force is related to force generation rather than to binding. The stall force of the wild-type strain decreased linearly from 113 to 19 picoNewtons after the addition of 0-0.5 mM free sialyllactose (a sialylated oligosaccharide), with a decrease in the number of working units. After the addition of 0.5 mM sialyllactose, the cells carrying a bead loaded using optical tweezers exhibited stepwise movements with force increments. The force increments ranged from 1 to 2 picoNewtons. Considering the 70-nm step size, this small-unit force may be explained by the large gear ratio involved in the M. mobile gliding machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizutani
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isil Tulum
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kinosita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Seybert A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez L, Scheffer MP, Lluch-Senar M, Mariscal AM, Querol E, Matthaeus F, Piñol J, Frangakis AS. Cryo-electron tomography analyses of terminal organelle mutants suggest the motility mechanism of Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:319-329. [PMID: 29470847 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The terminal organelle of Mycoplasma genitalium is responsible for bacterial adhesion, motility and pathogenicity. Localized at the cell tip, it comprises an electron-dense core that is anchored to the cell membrane at its distal end and to the cytoplasm at its proximal end. The surface of the terminal organelle is also covered with adhesion proteins. We performed cellular cryoelectron tomography on deletion mutants of eleven proteins that are implicated in building the terminal organelle, to systematically analyze the ultrastructural effects. These data were correlated with microcinematographies, from which the motility patterns can be quantitatively assessed. We visualized diverse phenotypes, ranging from mild to severe cell adhesion, motility and segregation defects. Based on our observations, we propose a double-spring ratchet model for the motility mechanism that explains our current and previous observations. Our model, which expands and integrates the previously suggested inchworm model, allocates specific functions to each of the essential components of this unique bacterial motility system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Seybert
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Luis Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Margot P Scheffer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Ana M Mariscal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Enrique Querol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Franziska Matthaeus
- Faculty of Biological Sciences & FIAS, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Jaume Piñol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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17
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Scheffer MP, Gonzalez-Gonzalez L, Seybert A, Ratera M, Kunz M, Valpuesta JM, Fita I, Querol E, Piñol J, Martín-Benito J, Frangakis AS. Structural characterization of the NAP; the major adhesion complex of the human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:869-879. [PMID: 28671286 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium, the causative agent of non-gonococcal urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease in humans, is a small eubacterium that lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall. On the surface of its plasma membrane is the major surface adhesion complex, known as NAP that is essential for adhesion and gliding motility of the organism. Here, we have performed cryo-electron tomography of intact cells and detergent permeabilized M. genitalium cell aggregates, providing sub-tomogram averages of free and cell-attached NAPs respectively, revealing a tetrameric complex with two-fold rotational (C2) symmetry. Each NAP has two pairs of globular lobes (named α and β lobes), arranged as a dimer of heterodimers with each lobe connected by a stalk to the cell membrane. The β lobes are larger than the α lobes by 20%. Classification of NAPs showed that the complex can tilt with respect to the cell membrane. A protein complex containing exclusively the proteins P140 and P110, was purified from M. genitalium and was structurally characterized by negative-stain single particle EM reconstruction. The close structural similarity found between intact NAPs and the isolated P140/P110 complexes, shows that dimers of P140/P110 heterodimers are the only components of the extracellular region of intact NAPs in M. genitalium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot P Scheffer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Luis Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Anja Seybert
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Mercè Ratera
- Parc Científic de Barcelona, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona del (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Michael Kunz
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - José M Valpuesta
- Department for Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Parc Científic de Barcelona, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona del (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri i Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Enrique Querol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Jaume Piñol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín-Benito
- Department for Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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18
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Structural Study of MPN387, an Essential Protein for Gliding Motility of a Human-Pathogenic Bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2352-9. [PMID: 27325681 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00160-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen that glides on host cell surfaces with repeated catch and release of sialylated oligosaccharides. At a pole, this organism forms a protrusion called the attachment organelle, which is composed of surface structures, including P1 adhesin and the internal core structure. The core structure can be divided into three parts, the terminal button, paired plates, and bowl complex, aligned in that order from the front end of the protrusion. To elucidate the gliding mechanism, we focused on MPN387, a component protein of the bowl complex which is essential for gliding but dispensable for cytadherence. The predicted amino acid sequence showed that the protein features a coiled-coil region spanning residue 72 to residue 290 of the total of 358 amino acids in the protein. Recombinant MPN387 proteins were isolated with and without an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) fusion tag and analyzed by gel filtration chromatography, circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, partial proteolysis, and rotary-shadowing electron microscopy. The results showed that MPN387 is a dumbbell-shaped homodimer that is about 42.7 nm in length and 9.1 nm in diameter and includes a 24.5-nm-long central parallel coiled-coil part. The molecular image was superimposed onto the electron micrograph based on the localizing position mapped by fluorescent protein tagging. A proposed role of this protein in the gliding mechanism is discussed. IMPORTANCE Human mycoplasma pneumonia is caused by a pathogenic bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae This tiny, 2-μm-long bacterium is suggested to infect humans by gliding on the surface of the trachea through binding to sialylated oligosaccharides. The mechanism underlying mycoplasma "gliding motility" is not related to any other well-studied motility systems, such as bacterial flagella and eukaryotic motor proteins. Here, we isolated and analyzed the structure of a key protein which is directly involved in the gliding mechanism.
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19
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Directed Binding of Gliding Bacterium, Mycoplasma mobile, Shown by Detachment Force and Bond Lifetime. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00455-16. [PMID: 27353751 PMCID: PMC4937208 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a fish-pathogenic bacterium, features a protrusion that enables it to glide smoothly on solid surfaces at a velocity of up to 4.5 µm s−1 in the direction of the protrusion. M. mobile glides by a repeated catch-pull-release of sialylated oligosaccharides fixed on a solid surface by hundreds of 50-nm flexible “legs” sticking out from the protrusion. This gliding mechanism may be explained by a possible directed binding of each leg with sialylated oligosaccharides, by which the leg can be detached more easily forward than backward. In the present study, we used a polystyrene bead held by optical tweezers to detach a starved cell at rest from a glass surface coated with sialylated oligosaccharides and concluded that the detachment force forward is 1.6- to 1.8-fold less than that backward, which may be linked to a catch bond-like behavior of the cell. These results suggest that this directed binding has a critical role in the gliding mechanism. Mycoplasma species are the smallest bacteria and are parasitic and occasionally commensal, as represented by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes so-called “walking pneumonia” in humans. Dozens of species glide on host tissues, always in the direction of the characteristic cellular protrusion, by novel mechanisms. The fastest species, Mycoplasma mobile, catches, pulls, and releases sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs), which are common targets among influenza viruses, by means of a specific receptor based on the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Here, force measurements made with optical tweezers revealed that the force required to detach a cell from SOs is smaller forward than backward along the gliding direction. The directed binding should be a clue to elucidate this novel motility mechanism.
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20
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Miyata M, Hamaguchi T. Integrated Information and Prospects for Gliding Mechanism of the Pathogenic Bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:960. [PMID: 27446003 PMCID: PMC4923136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae forms a membrane protrusion at a cell pole and is known to adhere to solid surfaces, including animal cells, and can glide on these surfaces with a speed up to 1 μm per second. Notably, gliding appears to be involved in the infectious process in addition to providing the bacteria with a means of escaping the host's immune systems. However, the genome of M. pneumoniae does not encode any of the known genes found in other bacterial motility systems or any conventional motor proteins that are responsible for eukaryotic motility. Thus, further analysis of the mechanism underlying M. pneumoniae gliding is warranted. The gliding machinery formed as the membrane protrusion can be divided into the surface and internal structures. On the surface, P1 adhesin, a 170 kDa transmembrane protein forms an adhesin complex with other two proteins. The internal structure features a terminal button, paired plates, and a bowl (wheel) complex. In total, the organelle is composed of more than 15 proteins. By integrating the currently available information by genetics, microscopy, and structural analyses, we have suggested a working model for the architecture of the organelle. Furthermore, in this article, we suggest and discuss a possible mechanism of gliding based on the structural model, in which the force generated around the bowl complex transmits through the paired plates, reaching the adhesin complex, resulting in the repeated catch of sialylated oligosaccharides on the host surface by the adhesin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
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21
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Martinelli L, García-Morales L, Querol E, Piñol J, Fita I, Calisto BM. Structure-Guided Mutations in the Terminal Organelle Protein MG491 Cause Major Motility and Morphologic Alterations on Mycoplasma genitalium. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005533. [PMID: 27082435 PMCID: PMC4833410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergent human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium, with one of the smallest genomes among cells capable of growing in axenic cultures, presents a flask-shaped morphology due to a protrusion of the cell membrane, known as the terminal organelle, that is involved in cell adhesion and motility and is an important virulence factor of this microorganism. The terminal organelle is supported by a cytoskeleton complex of about 300 nm in length that includes three substructures: the terminal button, the rod and the wheel complex. The crystal structure of the MG491 protein, a proposed component of the wheel complex, has been determined at ~3 Å resolution. MG491 subunits are composed of a 60-residue N-terminus, a central three-helix-bundle spanning about 150 residues and a C-terminal region that appears to be quite flexible and contains the region that interacts with MG200, another key protein of the terminal organelle. The MG491 molecule is a tetramer presenting a unique organization as a dimer of asymmetric pairs of subunits. The asymmetric arrangement results in two very different intersubunit interfaces between the central three-helix-bundle domains, which correlates with the formation of only ~50% of the intersubunit disulfide bridges of the single cysteine residue found in MG491 (Cys87). Moreover, M. genitalium cells with a point mutation in the MG491 gene causing the change of Cys87 to Ser present a drastic reduction in motility (as determined by microcinematography) and important alterations in morphology (as determined by electron microscopy), while preserving normal levels of the terminal organelle proteins. Other variants of MG491, designed also according to the structural information, altered significantly the motility and/or the cell morphology. Together, these results indicate that MG491 plays a key role in the functioning, organization and stabilization of the terminal organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Martinelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis García-Morales
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Querol
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Piñol
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bárbara M. Calisto
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, Grenoble, France and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Periodicity in Attachment Organelle Revealed by Electron Cryotomography Suggests Conformational Changes in Gliding Mechanism of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. mBio 2016; 7:e00243-16. [PMID: 27073090 PMCID: PMC4959525 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00243-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacterium, glides on host surfaces using a unique mechanism. It forms an attachment organelle at a cell pole as a protrusion comprised of knoblike surface structures and an internal core. Here, we analyzed the three-dimensional structure of the organelle in detail by electron cryotomography. On the surface, knoblike particles formed a two-dimensional array, albeit with limited regularity. Analyses using a nonbinding mutant and an antibody showed that the knoblike particles correspond to a naplike structure that has been observed by negative-staining electron microscopy and is likely to be formed as a complex of P1 adhesin, the key protein for binding and gliding. The paired thin and thick plates feature a rigid hexagonal lattice and striations with highly variable repeat distances, respectively. The combination of variable and invariant structures in the internal core and the P1 adhesin array on the surface suggest a model in which axial extension and compression of the thick plate along a rigid thin plate is coupled with attachment to and detachment from the substrate during gliding. Human mycoplasma pneumonia, epidemic all over the world in recent years, is caused by a pathogenic bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This tiny bacterium, about 2 µm in cell body length, glides on the surface of the human trachea to infect the host by binding to sialylated oligosaccharides, which are also the binding targets of influenza viruses. The mechanism of mycoplasmal gliding motility is not related to any other well-studied motility systems, such as bacterial flagella and cytoplasmic motor proteins. Here, we visualized the attachment organelle, a cellular architecture for gliding, three dimensionally by using electron cryotomography and other conventional methods. A possible gliding mechanism has been suggested based on the architectural images.
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Shimizu T. Inflammation-inducing Factors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:414. [PMID: 27065977 PMCID: PMC4814563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes mycoplasmal pneumonia in human, mainly causes pneumonia in children, although it occasionally causes disease in infants and geriatrics. Some pathogenic factors produced by M. pneumoniae, such as hydrogen peroxide and Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin have been well studied. However, these factors alone cannot explain this predilection. The low incidence rate of mycoplasmal pneumonia in infants and geriatrics implies that the strong inflammatory responses induced by M. pneumoniae coordinate with the pathogenic factors to induce pneumonia. However, M. pneumoniae lacks a cell wall and does not possess an inflammation-inducing endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In M. pneumoniae, lipoproteins were identified as an inflammation-inducing factor. Lipoproteins induce inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2. Because Mycoplasma species lack a cell wall and lipoproteins anchored in the membrane are exposed, lipoproteins and TLR2 have been thought to be important for the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae. However, recent reports suggest that M. pneumoniae also induces inflammatory responses also in a TLR2-independent manner. TLR4 and autophagy are involved in this TLR2-independent inflammation. In addition, the CARDS toxin or M. pneumoniae cytadherence induces inflammatory responses through an intracellular receptor protein complex called the inflammasome. In this review, the inflammation-inducing factors of M. pneumoniae are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi, Japan
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24
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García-Morales L, González-González L, Querol E, Piñol J. A minimized motile machinery forMycoplasma genitalium. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:125-38. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis García-Morales
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Luis González-González
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Jaume Piñol
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
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25
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Reprint of “Prospects for the gliding mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile”. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:122-8. [PMID: 26711226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile forms gliding machinery at a cell pole and glides continuously in the direction of the cell pole at up to 4.5 μm per second on solid surfaces such as animal cells. This motility system is not related to those of any other bacteria or eukaryotes. M. mobile uses ATP energy to repeatedly catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells with its approximately 50-nm long legs. The gliding machinery is a large structure composed of huge surface proteins and internal jellyfish-like structure. This system may have developed from an accidental combination between an adhesin and a rotary ATPase, both of which are essential for the adhesive parasitic life of Mycoplasmas.
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Nakane D, Kenri T, Matsuo L, Miyata M. Systematic Structural Analyses of Attachment Organelle in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005299. [PMID: 26633540 PMCID: PMC4669176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a human pathogenic bacterium, glides on host cell surfaces by a unique and unknown mechanism. It forms an attachment organelle at a cell pole as a membrane protrusion composed of surface and internal structures, with a highly organized architecture. In the present study, we succeeded in isolating the internal structure of the organelle by sucrose-gradient centrifugation. The negative-staining electron microscopy clarified the details and dimensions of the internal structure, which is composed of terminal button, paired plates, and bowl complex from the end of cell front. Peptide mass fingerprinting of the structure suggested 25 novel components for the organelle, and 3 of them were suggested for their involvement in the structure through their subcellular localization determined by enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) tagging. Thirteen component proteins including the previously reported ones were mapped on the organelle systematically for the first time, in nanometer order by EYFP tagging and immunoelectron microscopy. Two, three, and six specific proteins localized specifically to the terminal button, the paired plates, and the bowl, respectively and interestingly, HMW2 molecules were aligned parallel to form the plate. The integration of these results gave the whole image of the organelle and allowed us to discuss possible gliding mechanisms. Human mycoplasma pneumonia, an epidemic of which occurred around the world a few years ago, is caused by a pathogenic bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This tiny bacterium, about 2 μm long, infects humans by gliding on the surface of the trachea through binding to sialylated oligosaccharides, which are also the binding targets of influenza viruses. The mechanism underlying Mycoplasma "gliding motility" is not related to any other well-studied motility systems, such as bacterial flagella and eukaryotic motor proteins. Here, we isolated the internal structure of “attachment organelle", a cellular architecture, and suggested novel component proteins. The organelle was analyzed systematically by focusing on the protein components under fluorescence and electron microscopy, and a possible gliding mechanism was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa Matsuo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gliding Direction of Mycoplasma mobile. J Bacteriol 2015; 198:283-90. [PMID: 26503848 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00499-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycoplasma mobile glides in the direction of its cell pole by a unique mechanism in which hundreds of legs, each protruding from its own gliding unit, catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides fixed on a solid surface. In this study, we found that 77% of cells glided to the left with a change in direction of 8.4° ± 17.6° μm(-1) displacement. The cell body did not roll around the cell axis, and elongated, thinner cells also glided while tracing a curved trajectory to the left. Under viscous conditions, the range of deviation of the gliding direction decreased. In the presence of 250 μM free sialyllactose, in which the binding of the legs (i.e., the catching of sialylated oligosaccharides) was reduced, 70% and 30% of cells glided to the left and the right, respectively, with changes in direction of ∼30° μm(-1). The gliding ghosts, in which a cell was permeabilized by Triton X-100 and reactivated by ATP, glided more straightly. These results can be explained by the following assumptions based on the suggested gliding machinery and mechanism: (i) the units of gliding machinery may be aligned helically around the cell, (ii) the legs extend via the process of thermal fluctuation and catch the sialylated oligosaccharides, and (iii) the legs generate a propulsion force that is tilted from the cell axis to the left in 70% and to the right in 30% of cells. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasmas are bacteria that are generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some Mycoplasma species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide. Although these species appear to consistently glide in the direction of the protrusion, their exact gliding direction has not been examined. This study analyzed the gliding direction in detail under various conditions and, based on the results, suggested features of the machinery and the mechanism of gliding.
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28
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Miyata M, Hamaguchi T. Prospects for the gliding mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 29:15-21. [PMID: 26500189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile forms gliding machinery at a cell pole and glides continuously in the direction of the cell pole at up to 4.5μm per second on solid surfaces such as animal cells. This motility system is not related to those of any other bacteria or eukaryotes. M. mobile uses ATP energy to repeatedly catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells with its approximately 50-nm long legs. The gliding machinery is a large structure composed of huge surface proteins and internal jellyfish-like structure. This system may have developed from an accidental combination between an adhesin and a rotary ATPase, both of which are essential for the adhesive parasitic life of Mycoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Gliding Motility of Mycoplasma mobile on Uniform Oligosaccharides. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2952-7. [PMID: 26148712 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00335-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The binding and gliding of Mycoplasma mobile on a plastic plate covered by 53 uniform oligosaccharides were analyzed. Mycoplasmas bound to and glided on only 21 of the fixed sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs), showing that sialic acid is essential as the binding target. The affinities were mostly consistent with our previous results on the inhibitory effects of free SOs and suggested that M. mobile recognizes SOs from the nonreducing end with four continuous sites as follows. (i and ii) A sialic acid at the nonreducing end is tightly recognized by tandemly connected two sites. (iii) The third site is recognized by a loose groove that may be affected by branches. (iv) The fourth site is recognized by a large groove that may be enhanced by branches, especially those with a negative charge. The cells glided on uniform SOs in manners apparently similar to those of the gliding on mixed SOs. The gliding speed was related inversely to the mycoplasma's affinity for SO, suggesting that the detaching step may be one of the speed determinants. The cells glided faster and with smaller fluctuations on the uniform SOs than on the mixtures, suggesting that the drag caused by the variation in SOs influences gliding behaviors. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma is a group of bacteria generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some Mycoplasma species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide in the direction of the protrusion. These procedures are essential for parasitism. Usually, mycoplasmas glide on mixed sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs) derived from glycoprotein and glycolipid. Since gliding motility on uniform oligosaccharides has never been observed, this study gives critical information about recognition and interaction between receptors and SOs.
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30
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Nakamura S. [Morphology and motility of the spirochetes]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2015; 69:527-38. [PMID: 25186643 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.69.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spirochetes have flagella within the cell body and swim by wriggling the spiral cell body. Besides they have been known to be critical agents causing various infectious diseases, their eccentric appearances and motilities have been attracting many scientists in a wide variety of fields other than bacteriologists. Unlike externally flagellated bacteria that swim by using flagella as a screw propeller, spirochetes progress in a liquid by changing their cell shapes. To understand the unique motion mechanism of spirochetes, many experiments and theoretical studies are being carried out. In this review, I will summarize morphological and motile properties of various species of spirochete, such as Borrelia, Treponema and Brachyspira. I will also expound on the motion mechanism of Leptospira with our latest results obtained by high-resolution optical photometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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31
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Shrout JD. A fantastic voyage for sliding bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:244-6. [PMID: 25777934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A recent study showed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium exhibits sliding motility under magnesium-limited conditions. Overall, bacteria that exhibit this passive surface movement described as sliding share few common traits. This discovery provides an opportunity to revisit and better characterize appendage-independent bacterial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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32
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Martinelli L, Lalli D, García-Morales L, Ratera M, Querol E, Piñol J, Fita I, Calisto BM. A major determinant for gliding motility in Mycoplasma genitalium: the interaction between the terminal organelle proteins MG200 and MG491. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1699-711. [PMID: 25471372 PMCID: PMC4340413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mycoplasmas, such as the emergent human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium, developed a complex polar structure, known as the terminal organelle (TO), responsible for a new type of cellular motility, which is involved in a variety of cell functions: cell division, adherence to host cells, and virulence. The TO cytoskeleton is organized as a multisubunit dynamic motor, including three main ultrastructures: the terminal button, the electrodense core, and the wheel complex. Here, we describe the interaction between MG200 and MG491, two of the main components of the TO wheel complex that connects the TO with the cell body and the cell membrane. The interaction between MG200 and MG491 has a KD in the 80 nm range, as determined by surface plasmon resonance. The interface between the two partners was confined to the "enriched in aromatic and glycine residues" (EAGR) box of MG200, previously described as a protein-protein interaction domain, and to a 25-residue-long peptide from the C-terminal region of MG491 by surface plasmon resonance and NMR spectroscopy studies. An atomic description of the MG200 EAGR box binding surface was also provided by solution NMR. An M. genitalium mutant lacking the MG491 segment corresponding to the peptide reveals specific alterations in cell motility and cell morphology indicating that the MG200-MG491 interaction plays a key role in the stability and functioning of the TO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Martinelli
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Lalli
- the Magnetic Resonance Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luis García-Morales
- the Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Ratera
- the Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Querol
- the Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Piñol
- the Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bárbara M Calisto
- the Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France, and the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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33
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Indikova I, Vronka M, Szostak MP. First identification of proteins involved in motility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Vet Res 2014; 45:99. [PMID: 25323771 PMCID: PMC4207318 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the most pathogenic mycoplasma in poultry, is able to glide over solid surfaces. Although this gliding motility was first observed in 1968, no specific protein has yet been shown to be involved in gliding. We examined M. gallisepticum strains and clonal variants for motility and found that the cytadherence proteins GapA and CrmA were required for gliding. Loss of GapA or CrmA resulted in the loss of motility and hemadsorption and led to drastic changes in the characteristic flask-shape of the cells. To identify further genes involved in motility, a transposon mutant library of M. gallisepticum was generated and screened for motility-deficient mutants, using a screening assay based on colony morphology. Motility-deficient mutants had transposon insertions in gapA and the neighbouring downstream gene crmA. In addition, insertions were seen in gene mgc2, immediately upstream of gapA, in two motility-deficient mutants. In contrast to the GapA/CrmA mutants, the mgc2 motility mutants still possessed the ability to hemadsorb. Complementation of these mutants with a mgc2-hexahistidine fusion gene restored the motile phenotype. This is the first report assigning specific M. gallisepticum proteins to involvement in gliding motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Indikova
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Vronka
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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34
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Cytadherence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces inflammatory responses through autophagy and toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3076-86. [PMID: 24799628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01961-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, pharyngitis, and asthma in humans. The pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection is attributed to excessive immune responses. We previously demonstrated that M. pneumoniae lipoproteins induced inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In the present study, we demonstrated that M. pneumoniae induced strong inflammatory responses in macrophages derived from TLR2 knockout (KO) mice. Cytokine production in TLR2 KO macrophages was increased compared with that in the macrophages of wild-type (WT) mice. Heat-killed, antibiotic-treated, and overgrown M. pneumoniae failed to induce inflammatory responses in TLR2 KO macrophages. 3-Methyladenine and chloroquine, inhibitors of autophagy, decreased the induction of inflammatory responses in TLR2 KO macrophages. These inflammatory responses were also inhibited in macrophages treated with the TLR4 inhibitor VIPER and those obtained from TLR2 and TLR4 (TLR2/4) double-KO mice. Two mutants that lacked the ability to induce inflammatory responses in TLR2 KO macrophages were obtained by transposon mutagenesis. The transposons were inserted in atpC encoding an ATP synthase F0F1 ε subunit and F10_orf750 encoding hypothetical protein MPN333. These mutants showed deficiencies in cytadherence. These results suggest that cytadherence of M. pneumoniae induces inflammatory responses through TLR4 and autophagy.
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Localization of P42 and F(1)-ATPase α-subunit homolog of the gliding machinery in Mycoplasma mobile revealed by newly developed gene manipulation and fluorescent protein tagging. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1815-24. [PMID: 24509320 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01418-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile has a unique mechanism that enables it to glide on solid surfaces faster than any other gliding mycoplasma. To elucidate the gliding mechanism, we developed a transformation system for M. mobile based on a transposon derived from Tn4001. Modification of the electroporation conditions, outgrowth time, and colony formation from the standard method for Mycoplasma species enabled successful transformation. A fluorescent-protein tagging technique was developed using the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and applied to two proteins that have been suggested to be involved in the gliding mechanism: P42 (MMOB1050), which is transcribed as continuous mRNA with other proteins essential for gliding, and a homolog of the F1-ATPase α-subunit (MMOB1660). Analysis of the amino acid sequence of P42 by PSI-BLAST suggested that P42 evolved from a common ancestor with FtsZ, the bacterial tubulin homologue. The roles of P42 and the F(1)-ATPase subunit homolog are discussed as part of our proposed gliding mechanism.
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36
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Interaction of cationic antimicrobial peptides with Mycoplasma pulmonis. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3321-6. [PMID: 23994526 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mode of action underlying the anti-mycoplasma activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) using four known AMPs and Mycoplasma pulmonis as a model mycoplasma. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the integrity of the M. pulmonis membrane was significantly damaged within 30 min of AMPs exposure, which was confirmed by measuring the uptake of propidium iodine into the mycoplasma cells. The anti-mycoplasma activity of AMPs was found to depend on the binding affinity for phosphatidylcholine, which was incorporated into the mycoplasma membrane from the growth medium and preferentially distributed in the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer.
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Role of binding in Mycoplasma mobile and Mycoplasma pneumoniae gliding analyzed through inhibition by synthesized sialylated compounds. J Bacteriol 2012; 195:429-35. [PMID: 23123913 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01141-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, which have been shown to be the causative pathogens in recent human pneumonia epidemics, bind to solid surfaces and glide in the direction of the membrane protrusion at a pole. During gliding, the legs of the mycoplasma catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides fixed on a solid surface. Sialylated oligosaccharides are major structures on animal cell surfaces and are sometimes targeted by pathogens, such as influenza virus. In the present study, we analyzed the inhibitory effects of 16 chemically synthesized sialylated compounds on the gliding and binding of Mycoplasma mobile and Mycoplasma pneumoniae and concluded the following. (i) The recognition of sialylated oligosaccharide by mycoplasma legs proceeds in a "lock-and-key" fashion, with the binding affinity dependent on structural differences among the sialylated compounds examined. (ii) The binding of the leg and the sialylated oligosaccharide is cooperative, with Hill constants ranging from 2 to 3. (iii) Mycoplasma legs may generate a drag force after a stroke, because the gliding speed decreased and pivoting motion occurred more frequently when the number of working legs was reduced by the addition of free sialylated compounds.
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Calisto BM, Broto A, Martinelli L, Querol E, Piñol J, Fita I. The EAGR box structure: a motif involved in mycoplasma motility. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:382-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M. Calisto
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Parc Científic de Barcelona; Baldiri Reixac 10; 08028; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Alícia Broto
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Luca Martinelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Parc Científic de Barcelona; Baldiri Reixac 10; 08028; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Enrique Querol
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Jaume Piñol
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Parc Científic de Barcelona; Baldiri Reixac 10; 08028; Barcelona; Spain
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Béven L, Charenton C, Dautant A, Bouyssou G, Labroussaa F, Sköllermo A, Persson A, Blanchard A, Sirand-Pugnet P. Specific evolution of F1-like ATPases in mycoplasmas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38793. [PMID: 22685606 PMCID: PMC3369863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
F(1)F(0) ATPases have been identified in most bacteria, including mycoplasmas which have very small genomes associated with a host-dependent lifestyle. In addition to the typical operon of eight genes encoding genuine F(1)F(0) ATPase (Type 1), we identified related clusters of seven genes in many mycoplasma species. Four of the encoded proteins have predicted structures similar to the α, β, γ and ε subunits of F(1) ATPases and could form an F(1)-like ATPase. The other three proteins display no similarity to any other known proteins. Two of these proteins are probably located in the membrane, as they have three and twelve predicted transmembrane helices. Phylogenomic studies identified two types of F(1)-like ATPase clusters, Type 2 and Type 3, characterized by a rapid evolution of sequences with the conservation of structural features. Clusters encoding Type 2 and Type 3 ATPases were assumed to originate from the Hominis group of mycoplasmas. We suggest that Type 3 ATPase clusters may spread to other phylogenetic groups by horizontal gene transfer between mycoplasmas in the same host, based on phylogeny and genomic context. Functional analyses in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides showed that the Type 3 cluster genes were organized into an operon. Proteomic analyses demonstrated that the seven encoded proteins were produced during growth in axenic media. Mutagenesis and complementation studies demonstrated an association of the Type 3 cluster with a major ATPase activity of membrane fractions. Thus, despite their tendency toward genome reduction, mycoplasmas have evolved and exchanged specific F(1)-like ATPases with no known equivalent in other bacteria. We propose a model, in which the F(1)-like structure is associated with a hypothetical X(0) sector located in the membrane of mycoplasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Béven
- University Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Claire Charenton
- University Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Alain Dautant
- University Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- University Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- University Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anna Sköllermo
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja Persson
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alain Blanchard
- University Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal Sirand-Pugnet
- University Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
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Molecular structure of isolated MvspI, a variable surface protein of the fish pathogen Mycoplasma mobile. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3050-7. [PMID: 22447898 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00208-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile is a parasitic bacterium that causes necrosis in the gills of freshwater fishes. This study examines the molecular structure of its variable surface protein, MvspI, whose open reading frame encodes 2,002 amino acids. MvspI was isolated from mycoplasma cells by a biochemical procedure to 92% homogeneity. Gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation suggested that this protein is a cylinder-shaped monomer with axes of 66 and 2.7 nm. Rotary shadowing transmission electron microscopy of MvspI showed that the molecule is composed of two rods 30 and 45 nm long; the latter rod occasionally features a bulge. Immuno-electron microscopy and epitope mapping showed that the bulge end of the molecular image corresponds to the C terminus of the amino acid sequence. Partial digestion by various proteases suggested that the N-terminal part, comprised of 697 amino acids, is flexible. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence showed that the molecule features a lipoprotein and 16 repeats of about 90 residues; 15 positions exist between residues 88 and 1479, and the other position is between residues 1725 and 1807. The amino acid sequence of MvspI was mapped onto a molecular image obtained by electron microscopy. The present study is the first to elucidate the molecular shape of a variable surface protein of mycoplasma.
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Wu HN, Kawaguchi C, Nakane D, Miyata M. "Mycoplasmal antigen modulation," a novel surface variation suggested for a lipoprotein specifically localized on Mycoplasma mobile. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:433-40. [PMID: 22349955 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a pathogen of freshwater fish, glides easily across surfaces, colonizes on the fish gill, and causes necrosis. The cell surface is differentiated into three parts: the head, neck, and body. Mobile variable surface proteins (Mvsps) localizing at each of these parts may be involved in surface variation including phase variation and antigenic variation, although no proof exists. In this study, we examined this possibility by focusing on MvspI, the largest Mvsp. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that MvspI is expressed on the surfaces of all cells. When anti-MvspI antibody was added at concentrations over 0.8 nM, MvspI was observed to decrease over time. After 72 h of cultivation with the antibody, the fluorescence intensity and amount of MvspI decreased up to 13 and 39%, respectively, compared to those of cells grown without antibody. These changes were reversed by the removal of the antibody. Such effects were not observed when another antibody targeting other Mvsps was used, suggesting that the decrease is specific to the relationship between MvspI and the antibody. Cell growth was also inhibited by the antibody, but the decrease in MvspI could not be explained by the selective growth of MvspI-negative variants or by the inhibition of growth with other conditions. The decrease in MvspI caused by the antibody binding may suggest a novel type of surface variation, designated here as "mycoplasmal antigen modulation."
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ning Wu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Sato C, Manaka S, Nakane D, Nishiyama H, Suga M, Nishizaka T, Miyata M, Maruyama Y. Rapid imaging of mycoplasma in solution using Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy (ASEM). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Mycoplasma mobile cells elongated by detergent and their pivoting movements in gliding. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:122-30. [PMID: 22001513 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05857-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile glides on solid surfaces by the repeated binding of leg structures to sialylated oligosaccharide fixed on a solid surface. To obtain information about the propulsion caused by the leg, we made elongated and stiff cells using a detergent. Within 30 min after the cells were treated with 0.1% Tween 60, the cells were elongated from 0.8 μm to 2.2 μm in length while maintaining their gliding activity. Fluorescence and electron microscopy showed that a part of the cytoskeletal structure was elongated, while the localization of proteins involved in the gliding was not modified significantly. The elongated cells glided with repeated pivoting around the cellular position of gliding machinery by 10 degrees of amplitude at a frequency of 2 to 3 times per second, suggesting that the propulsion in a line perpendicular to the cell axis can occur with different timings. The pivoting speed decreased as the cell length increased, probably from the load generated by the friction. The torque required to achieve the actual pivoting increased with the cell length without saturation, reaching 54.7 pN nm at 4.3 μm in cell length.
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Cohen-Krausz S, Cabahug PC, Trachtenberg S. The Monomeric, Tetrameric, and Fibrillar Organization of Fib: The Dynamic Building Block of the Bacterial Linear Motor of Spiroplasma melliferum BC3. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:194-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shimizu T, Kida Y, Kuwano K. Cytoadherence-dependent induction of inflammatory responses by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Immunology 2011; 133:51-61. [PMID: 21320122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is considered to be in part attributed to excessive immune responses. Mycoplasma pneumoniae shows strong cytoadherence to host cells and this cytoadherence is thought to be involved in the progression of pneumonia. However, the interaction between the cytoadherence and the immune responses is not known in detail. In this study, we demonstrated that the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the human monocyte cell line THP-1 is dependent on the property of cytoadherence of M. pneumoniae. A wild-type strain of M. pneumoniae with cytoadherence ability induced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Whereas, heat-killed M. pneumoniae and cytoadherence-deficient mutants of M. pneumoniae caused significantly less production of pro-inflammatory cytokines than the wild-type strain. The wild-type strain induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in an endocytosis-independent manners, but the induction by heat-killed M. pneumoniae and cytoadherence-deficient mutants was dependent on endocytosis. Moreover, the wild-type strain induced caspase-1 production and ATP efflux, promoting the maturation of IL-1β and release of the pro-IL-1β precursor, whereas heat-killed M. pneumoniae and the cytoadherence-deficient mutants failed to induce them. These data suggest that the cytoadherence ability of M. pneumoniae activates immune responses and is involved in the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma, a genus of pathogenic bacteria, forms a membrane protrusion at a cell pole. It binds to solid surfaces with this protrusion and then glides. The mechanism is not related to known bacterial motility systems, such as flagella or pili, or to conventional motor proteins, including myosin. We have studied the fastest species, Mycoplasma mobile, and have proposed a working model as follows. The gliding machinery is composed of four huge proteins at the base of the membrane protrusion and supported by a cytoskeletal architecture from the cell inside. Many flexible legs approximately 50 nm long are sticking out from the machinery. The movements generated by the ATP hydrolysis cell inside are transmitted to the "leg" protein through a "gear" protein, resulting in repeated binding, pull, and release of the sialylgalactose fixed on the surface by the legs. The gliding of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a species distantly related to M. mobile, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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47
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Isolation and characterization of P1 adhesin, a leg protein of the gliding bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:715-22. [PMID: 21097617 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00796-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen causing human pneumonia, binds to solid surfaces at its membrane protrusion and glides by a unique mechanism. In this study, P1 adhesin, which functions as a "leg" in gliding, was isolated from mycoplasma culture and characterized. Using gel filtration, blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE), and chemical cross-linking, the isolated P1 adhesin was shown to form a complex with an accessory protein named P90. The complex included two molecules each of P1 adhesin and P90 (protein B), had a molecular mass of about 480 kDa, and was observed by electron microscopy to form 20-nm-diameter spheres. Partial digestion of isolated P1 adhesin by trypsin showed that the P1 adhesin molecule can be divided into three domains, consistent with the results from trypsin treatment of the cell surface. Sequence analysis of P1 adhesin and its orthologs showed that domain I is well conserved and that a transmembrane segment exists near the link between domains II and III.
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Gliding motility revisited: how do the myxobacteria move without flagella? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2010; 74:229-49. [PMID: 20508248 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, motility is important for a wide variety of biological functions such as virulence, fruiting body formation, and biofilm formation. While most bacteria move by using specialized appendages, usually external or periplasmic flagella, some bacteria use other mechanisms for their movements that are less well characterized. These mechanisms do not always exhibit obvious motility structures. Myxococcus xanthus is a motile bacterium that does not produce flagella but glides slowly over solid surfaces. How M. xanthus moves has remained a puzzle that has challenged microbiologists for over 50 years. Fortunately, recent advances in the analysis of motility mutants, bioinformatics, and protein localization have revealed likely mechanisms for the two M. xanthus motility systems. These results are summarized in this review.
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Aquilanti V, Mundim KC, Elango M, Kleijn S, Kasai T. Temperature dependence of chemical and biophysical rate processes: Phenomenological approach to deviations from Arrhenius law. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Chen J, Neu J, Miyata M, Oster G. Motor-substrate interactions in mycoplasma motility explains non-Arrhenius temperature dependence. Biophys J 2010; 97:2930-8. [PMID: 19948122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas exhibit a novel, substrate-dependent gliding motility that is driven by approximately 400 "leg" proteins. The legs interact with the substrate and transmit the forces generated by an assembly of ATPase motors. The velocity of the cell increases linearly by nearly 10-fold over a narrow temperature range of 10-40 degrees C. This corresponds to an Arrhenius factor that decreases from approximately 45 k(B)T at 10 degrees C to approximately 10 k(B)T at 40 degrees C. On the other hand, load-velocity curves at different temperatures extrapolate to nearly the same stall force, suggesting a temperature-insensitive force-generation mechanism near stall. In this article, we propose a leg-substrate interaction mechanism that explains the intriguing temperature sensitivity of this motility. The large Arrhenius factor at low temperature comes about from the addition of many smaller energy barriers arising from many substrate-binding sites at the distal end of the leg protein. The Arrhenius dependence attenuates at high temperature due to two factors: 1), the reduced effective multiplicity of energy barriers intrinsic to the multiple-site binding mechanism; and 2), the temperature-sensitive weakly facilitated leg release that curtails the power stroke. The model suggests an explanation for the similar steep, sub-Arrhenius temperature-velocity curves observed in many molecular motors, such as kinesin and myosin, wherein the temperature behavior is dominated not by the catalytic biochemistry, but by the motor-substrate interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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