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Zhang L, Deng M, Liu J, Zhang J, Wang F, Yu W. The pathogenicity of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis to colon cancer cells. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:230. [PMID: 38378500 PMCID: PMC10880345 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREs) to human colon cells in vitro. METHODS Three E. faecalis isolates (2 VREs and E. faecalis ATCC 29212) were cocultured with NCM460, HT-29 and HCT116 cells. Changes in cell morphology and bacterial adhesion were assessed at different time points. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression were measured via RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Cell migration and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) tube formation assays were used for angiogenesis studies. The activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS The growth and adhesion of E. faecalis at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1:1 were greater than those at a MOI of 100:1(p < 0.05). Compared to E. faecalis ATCC 29212, VREs showed less invasive effect on NCM460 and HT-29 cells. E. faecalis promoted angiogenesis by secreting IL-8 and VEGFA in colon cells, and the cells infected with VREs produced more than those infected with the standard strain (p < 0.05). Additionally, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated in E. faecalis infected cells, with VREs demonstrating a greater activation compared to E. faecalis ATCC 29212 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION VREs contribute to the occurrence and development of CRC by promoting angiogenesis and activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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El-Telbany M, Lin CY, Abdelaziz MN, Maung AT, El-Shibiny A, Mohammadi TN, Zayda M, Wang C, Zar Chi Lwin S, Zhao J, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T, El M. Potential application of phage vB_EfKS5 to control Enterococcus faecalis and its biofilm in food. AMB Express 2023; 13:130. [PMID: 37985524 PMCID: PMC10661674 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminated food with antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. could be the vehicle for transmitting Enterococcus to humans and accordingly cause a public health problem. The accumulation of biogenic amines produced by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in food may have cytological effects. Bacteriophages (phage in short) are natural antimicrobial agents and can be used alone or in combination with other food preservatives to reduce food microbial contaminants. The aim of this study was to isolate a novel phage against E. faecalis and determine its host range to evaluate its potential application. Bacteriophage, vB_EfKS5, with a broad host range, was isolated to control the growth of E. faecalis. The vB_EfKS5 genome is 59,246 bp in length and has a GC content of 39.7%. The computational analysis of phage vB_EfKS5 genome confirmed that it does not contain any lysogenic, toxic, or virulent genes. Phage vB_EfKS5 exhibited lytic activity against most E. faecalis isolates with different multiplicities of infections and it infected 75.5% (22/29) of E. faecalis isolates and 42.3% (3/7) of E. faecium isolates. It was also able to destroy the biofilm formed by E. faecalis with different MOIs. Phage vB_EfKS5 alone or in combination with nisin could control the growth of E. faecalis in broth and milk. Based on its high productivity, stability, short latent period, and large burst size, phage vB_EfKS5 has a high potential for applications both in food and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Telbany
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Chen-Yu Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Marwa Nabil Abdelaziz
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aye Thida Maung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tahir Noor Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mahmoud Zayda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monofiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Su Zar Chi Lwin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junxin Zhao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohamed El
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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de Sandozequi A, Martínez‐Anaya C. Bacterial surface-exposed lipoproteins and sortase-mediated anchored cell surface proteins in plant infection. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1382. [PMID: 37877658 PMCID: PMC10501053 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell envelope is involved in all stages of infection and the study of its components and structures is important to understand how bacteria interact with the extracellular milieu. Thanks to new techniques that focus on identifying bacterial surface proteins, we now better understand the specific components involved in host-pathogen interactions. In the fight against the deleterious effects of pathogenic bacteria, bacterial surface proteins (at the cell envelope) are important targets as they play crucial roles in the colonization and infection of host tissues. These surface proteins serve functions such as protection, secretion, biofilm formation, nutrient intake, metabolism, and virulence. Bacteria use different mechanisms to associate proteins to the cell surface via posttranslational modification, such as the addition of a lipid moiety to create lipoproteins and attachment to the peptidoglycan layer by sortases. In this review, we focus on these types of proteins (and provide examples of others) that are associated with the bacterial cell envelope by posttranslational modifications and their roles in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés de Sandozequi
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y BiocatálisisInstituto de BiotecnologíaCuernavacaMéxico
| | - Claudia Martínez‐Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y BiocatálisisInstituto de BiotecnologíaCuernavacaMéxico
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Ullah MA, Islam MS, Rana ML, Ferdous FB, Neloy FH, Firdous Z, Hassan J, Rahman MT. Resistance Profiles and Virulence Determinants in Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Raw Seafood in Bangladesh. Pathogens 2023; 12:1101. [PMID: 37764909 PMCID: PMC10535238 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic, antibiotic-resistant, and biofilm-forming bacteria can be transferred to humans through the consumption of contaminated seafood. The present study was carried out to determine antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence determinants in biofilm-forming Enterococcus faecium isolated from seafood in Bangladesh. A total of 150 seafood samples, including shrimp (n = 50), crabs (n = 25), and marine fish (n = 75), were screened using cultural, staining, biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Congo red (CR), and disk diffusion (DD) assays. In PCR, E. faecium was detected in 27.3% (41/150; CI95% 20.8; 34.9) of samples, where marine fish (34.7%, CI95% 24.9; 45.9) had the highest prevalence (p < 0.05) compared to crabs (32%, CI95% 17.2; 51.6) and shrimp (14%, CI95% 7.0; 26.1). Thirty-two (78.1%, CI95% 63.3; 88.0) of the E. faecium isolates were determined to be biofilm formers in the CR test, where 43.9% (18/41, CI95% 29.9; 59.0) and 34.2% (14/41, CI95% 21.6; 49.5) of the isolates were strong and intermediate biofilm formers, respectively. In PCR, virulence genes, i.e., pil (100%), ace (92.7%), agg (68.3%), fsrA (65.9%), gelE (63.4%), sprE (53.7%), fsrB (51.2%), and fsrC (43.9%), were detected in E. faecium isolates. All the E. faecium isolates were phenotypically resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial categories and ≥3 antibiotics, including WHO-classified reserve antibiotics linezolid (70.7%) and fosfomycin (19.5%). Moreover, the multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged up to 0.8, showing resistance to ten antibiotics and eight antibiotic classes. In this study, the prevalence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in strong biofilm-forming E. faecium strains as compared to strains with intermediate and non-biofilm-forming abilities. As far as we know, this study, for the first time in Bangladesh, determined antibiotic resistance and detected virulence genes in biofilm-forming E. faecium isolated from seafood samples. The data from this study could play a significant role in evaluating potential health hazards linked to the ingestion of uncooked or minimally processed seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.U.); (M.S.I.); (M.L.R.); (F.B.F.); (F.H.N.); (Z.F.); (J.H.)
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Venkateswaran P, Vasudevan S, David H, Shaktivel A, Shanmugam K, Neelakantan P, Solomon AP. Revisiting ESKAPE Pathogens: virulence, resistance, and combating strategies focusing on quorum sensing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1159798. [PMID: 37457962 PMCID: PMC10339816 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-bacterial association is long-known and well-established in terms of both augmentations of human health and attenuation. However, the growing incidents of nosocomial infections caused by the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.) call for a much deeper understanding of these organisms. Adopting a holistic approach that includes the science of infection and the recent advancements in preventing and treating infections is imperative in designing novel intervention strategies against ESKAPE pathogens. In this regard, this review captures the ingenious strategies commissioned by these master players, which are teamed up against the defenses of the human team, that are equally, if not more, versatile and potent through an analogy. We have taken a basketball match as our analogy, dividing the human and bacterial species into two teams playing with the ball of health. Through this analogy, we make the concept of infectious biology more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Venkateswaran
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Helma David
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adityan Shaktivel
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karthik Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Kwit R, Zając M, Śmiałowska-Węglińska A, Skarżyńska M, Bomba A, Lalak A, Skrzypiec E, Wojdat D, Koza W, Mikos-Wojewoda E, Pasim P, Skóra M, Polak M, Wiącek J, Wasyl D. Prevalence of Enterococcus spp. and the Whole-Genome Characteristics of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Free-Living Birds in Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:836. [PMID: 37375526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci as opportunistic bacteria are important for human health. Due to the prevalence and ease of acquisition and transfer of their genes, they are an excellent indicator of environmental contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in wild birds in Poland, determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and WGS analysis of Enterococcus (E.) faecium and E. faecalis. For this purpose, 138 samples from various species of free-living birds were tested, with 66.7% positive results. Fourteen species were detected, with E. faecalis being the most common, followed by E. casseliflavus and E. hirae. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 10.0% of E. faecalis and 50.0% of E. faecium showed resistance to one antimicrobial agent, in addition the MDR phenotype which was found in one E. faecium. The most common resistance phenotype included tetracycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin. The WGS analysis confirmed the significant advantage of the virulence gene diversity of E. faecalis strains over E. faecium. In addition, plasmid replicons were found in 42.0% of E. faecalis and 80.0% of E. faecium. The obtained results confirm free-living birds can be a reservoir of Enterococcus spp. with a considerable zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kwit
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Lalak
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewelina Skrzypiec
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dominika Wojdat
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Weronika Koza
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Emilia Mikos-Wojewoda
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Paulina Pasim
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Milena Skóra
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Polak
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS), 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wiącek
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS), 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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7
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Yu XD, Ke F, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Genome Characteristics of Two Ranavirus Isolates from Mandarin Fish and Largemouth Bass. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050730. [PMID: 37242400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are promiscuous pathogens that threaten lower vertebrates globally. In the present study, two ranaviruses (SCRaV and MSRaV) were isolated from two fishes of the order Perciformes: mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The two ranaviruses both induced cytopathic effects in cultured cells from fish and amphibians and have the typical morphologic characteristics of ranaviruses. Complete genomes of the two ranaviruses were then sequenced and analyzed. Genomes of SCRaV and MSRaV have a length of 99, 405, and 99, 171 bp, respectively, and both contain 105 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Eleven of the predicted proteins have differences between SCRaV and MSRaV, in which only one (79L) possessed a relatively large difference. A comparison of the sequenced six ranaviruses from the two fish species worldwide revealed that sequence identities of the six proteins (11R, 19R, 34L, 68L, 77L, and 103R) were related to the place where the virus was isolated. However, there were obvious differences in protein sequence identities between the two viruses and iridoviruses from other hosts, with more than half lower than 55%. Especially, 12 proteins of the two isolates had no homologs in viruses from other hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ranaviruses from the two fishes clustered in one clade. Further genome alignment showed five groups of genome arrangements of ranaviruses based on the locally collinear blocks, in which the ranaviruses, including SCRaV and MSRaV, constitute the fifth group. These results provide new information on the ranaviruses infecting fishes of Perciformes and also are useful for further research of functional genomics of the type of ranaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Ke
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Byczkowska-Rostkowska Z, Saki M. Biofilm Formation Capacity and Presence of Virulence Determinants among Enterococcus Species from Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020495. [PMID: 36836852 PMCID: PMC9962698 DOI: 10.3390/life13020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is one of the major hazards facing the food industry. Biofilm-forming ability is one of the most important virulence properties of enterococci. The genus Enterococcus includes pathogenic, spoilage, and pro-technological bacteria. The presence of enterococci in milk and dairy products is usually associated with inadequate hygiene practices. The study examined the isolates' capacity for biofilm formation and identification of the genetic determinants of its formation among 85 Enterococcus strains isolated from raw milk (n = 49) and soft-ripened cheeses made from unpasteurized milk (n = 36). E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant species. The obtained results showed that 41.4% isolates from milk and 50.0% isolates from cheeses were able to form biofilm. All of the isolates analyzed had at least one of the studied genes. As regards the isolates from raw milk, the most prevalent gene was the gelE (85.6%), followed by the asa1 (66.7%). None of the isolates from cheeses showed the presence of cylA and sprE. The most prevalent gene among the strains from this source was the epbC (94.4%), followed by the gelE (88.9%). In isolates from both sources, the presence of proteins from the Fsr group was noted the least frequently. Nevertheless, results showed that were no significant differences between the biofilm-producing Enterococcus spp. and non-biofilm-producing isolates in term of occurrences of tested virulence genes. The ability to produce a biofilm by enterococci isolated from raw milk or ready-to-eat products emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the mechanisms of microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Byczkowska-Rostkowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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A novel strategy for designing the antioxidant and adhesive bifunctional protein using the Lactobacillus strain-derived LPxTG motif structure. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Limayem A, Mehta M, Kondos N, Kaushal D, Azam FB, Chellappan S, Qin N, Zhou Q. Evaluation of bactericidal effects of silver hydrosol nanotherapeutics against Enterococcus faecium 1449 drug resistant biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1095156. [PMID: 36710982 PMCID: PMC9875038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1095156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are well documented for their broad-spectrum bactericidal effects. This study aimed to test the effect of bioactive Ag-hydrosol NPs on drug-resistant E. faecium 1449 strain and explore the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for automated detection of the bacteria. Methods The formation of E. faecium 1449 biofilms in the absence and presence of Ag-hydrosol NPs at different concentrations ranging from 12.4 mg/L to 123 mg/L was evaluated using a 3-dimentional culture system. The biofilm reduction was evaluated using the confocal microscopy in addition to the Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) visualization and spectrofluorimetric quantification using a Biotek Synergy Neo2 microplate reader. The cytotoxicity of the NPs was evaluated in human nasal epithelial cells using the MTT assay. The AI technique based on Fast Regional Convolutional Neural Network architecture was used for the automated detection of the bacteria. Results Treatment with Ag-hydrosol NPs at concentrations ranging from 12.4 mg/L to 123 mg/L resulted in 78.09% to 95.20% of biofilm reduction. No statistically significant difference in biofilm reduction was found among different batches of Ag-hydrosol NPs. Quantitative concentration-response relationship analysis indicated that Ag-hydrosol NPs exhibited a relative high anti-biofilm activity and low cytotoxicity with an average EC50 and TC50 values of 0.0333 and 6.55 mg/L, respectively, yielding an average therapeutic index value of 197. The AI-assisted TEM image analysis allowed automated detection of E. faecium 1449 with 97% ~ 99% accuracy. Discussion Conclusively, the bioactive Ag-hydrosol NP is a promising nanotherapeutic agent against drug-resistant pathogens. The AI-assisted TEM image analysis was developed with the potential to assess its treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya Limayem
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Alya Limayem, ; Qingyu Zhou,
| | - Mausam Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Natalie Kondos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Divya Kaushal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Farhat Binte Azam
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sriram Chellappan
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nan Qin
- Department of R&D and Analytical Services, Natural Immunogenics Corporation, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Alya Limayem, ; Qingyu Zhou,
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11
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Choo PY, Wang CY, VanNieuwenhze MS, Kline KA. Spatial and temporal localization of cell wall associated pili in Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:1-18. [PMID: 36420961 PMCID: PMC10107303 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis virulence requires cell wall-associated proteins, including the sortase-assembled endocarditis and biofilm associated pilus (Ebp), important for biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. The current paradigm for sortase-assembled pilus biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria is that sortases attach substrates to lipid II peptidoglycan (PG) precursors, prior to their incorporation into the growing cell wall. Contrary to prevailing dogma, by following the distribution of Ebp and PG throughout the E. faecalis cell cycle, we found that cell surface Ebp do not co-localize with newly synthesized PG. Instead, surface-exposed Ebp are localized to the older cell hemisphere and excluded from sites of new PG synthesis at the septum. Moreover, Ebp deposition on the younger hemisphere of the E. faecalis diplococcus appear as foci adjacent to the nascent septum. We propose a new model whereby sortase substrate deposition can occur on older PG rather than at sites of new cell wall synthesis. Consistent with this model, we demonstrate that sequestering lipid II to block PG synthesis via ramoplanin, does not impact new Ebp deposition at the cell surface. These data support an alternative paradigm for sortase substrate deposition in E. faecalis, in which Ebp are anchored directly onto uncrosslinked cell wall, independent of new PG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yi Choo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles Y Wang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Sadaqat MH, Mobarez AM, Nikkhah M. Curcumin carbon dots inhibit biofilm formation and expression of esp and gelE genes of Enterococcus faecium. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Shanmugasundarasamy T, Karaiyagowder Govindarajan D, Kandaswamy K. A review on pilus assembly mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100077. [PMID: 35493982 PMCID: PMC9046445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contains long hair-like proteinaceous protrusion known as pili or fimbriae. Historically, pilin proteins were considered to play a major role in the transfer of genetic material during bacterial conjugation. Recent findings however elucidate their importance in virulence, biofilm formation, phage transduction, and motility. Therefore, it is crucial to gain mechanistic insights on the subcellular assembly of pili and the localization patterns of their subunit proteins (major and minor pilins) that aid the macromolecular pilus assembly at the bacterial surface. In this article, we review the current knowledge of pilus assembly mechanisms in a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including subcellular localization patterns of a few pilin subunit proteins and their role in virulence and pathogenesis.
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14
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Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070857. [PMID: 35884110 PMCID: PMC9311936 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus are opportunistic pathogens that have been gaining importance in the clinical setting, especially in terms of hospital-acquired infections. This problem has mainly been associated with the fact that these bacteria are able to present intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to different classes of antibiotics, with a great deal of importance being attributed to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, other aspects, such as the expression of different virulence factors including biofilm-forming ability, and its capacity of trading genetic information, makes this bacterial genus more capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions. All these characteristics, associated with some reports of decreased susceptibility to some biocides, all described in this literary review, allow enterococci to present a longer survival ability in the hospital environment, consequently giving them more opportunities to disseminate in these settings and be responsible for difficult-to-treat infections.
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15
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Liu T, Yang R, Zhou J, Lu X, Yuan Z, Wei X, Guo L. Interactions Between Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum Altered Bacterial Transcriptional Profiling and Attenuated the Immune Responses of Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:783323. [PMID: 35071038 PMCID: PMC8776643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies coaggregation promotes transcriptional changes in oral bacteria, affecting bacterial pathogenicity. Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are common oral inhabitants. The present study investigated the transcriptional profiling of S. gordonii and F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum in response to the dual-species coaggregation using RNA-seq. Macrophages were infected with both species to explore the influence of bacterial coaggregation on both species' abilities to survive within macrophages and induce inflammatory responses. Results indicated that, after the 30-min dual-species coaggregation, 116 genes were significantly up-regulated, and 151 genes were significantly down-regulated in S. gordonii; 97 genes were significantly down-regulated, and 114 genes were significantly up-regulated in F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum. Multiple S. gordonii genes were involved in the biosynthesis and export of cell-wall proteins and carbohydrate metabolism. F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum genes were mostly associated with translation and protein export. The coaggregation led to decreased expression levels of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Coaggregation between S. gordonii and F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum significantly promoted both species' intracellular survival within macrophages and attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Physical interactions between these two species promoted a symbiotic lifestyle and repressed macrophage's killing and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Yuan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Guo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Soussan D, Salze M, Ledormand P, Sauvageot N, Boukerb A, Lesouhaitier O, Fichant G, Rincé A, Quentin Y, Muller C. The NagY regulator: A member of the BglG/SacY antiterminator family conserved in Enterococcus faecalis and involved in virulence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1070116. [PMID: 36875533 PMCID: PMC9981650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium of the gastrointestinal tract but also a major nosocomial pathogen. This bacterium uses regulators like BglG/SacY family of transcriptional antiterminators to adapt its metabolism during host colonization. In this report, we investigated the role of the BglG/SacY family antiterminator NagY in the regulation of the nagY-nagE operon in presence of N-acetylglucosamine, with nagE encoding a transporter of this carbohydrate, as well as the expression of the virulence factor HylA. We showed that this last protein is involved in biofilm formation and glycosaminoglycans degradation that are important features in bacterial infection, confirmed in the Galleria mellonella model. In order to elucidate the evolution of these actors, we performed phylogenomic analyses on E. faecalis and Enterococcaceae genomes, identified orthologous sequences of NagY, NagE, and HylA, and we report their taxonomic distribution. The study of the conservation of the upstream region of nagY and hylA genes showed that the molecular mechanism of NagY regulation involves ribonucleic antiterminator sequence overlapping a rho-independent terminator, suggesting a regulation conforming to the canonical model of BglG/SacY family antiterminators. In the perspective of opportunism understanding, we offer new insights into the mechanism of host sensing thanks to the NagY antiterminator and its targets expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Soussan
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Marine Salze
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Pierre Ledormand
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Sauvageot
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Amine Boukerb
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Plateforme de Génomique, CBSA EA4312, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Évreux, France
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Gwennaele Fichant
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Rincé
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Yves Quentin
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Muller
- Unité de Recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, CBSA UR4312, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Fédération de Recherche SeSAD, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen, France
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17
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Ferchichi M, Sebei K, Boukerb AM, Karray-Bouraoui N, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ, Connil N, Zommiti M. Enterococcus spp.: Is It a Bad Choice for a Good Use-A Conundrum to Solve? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2222. [PMID: 34835352 PMCID: PMC8622268 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity, the ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Enterococci, which are just as predominant in both human and animal intestinal commensal flora, have been used (and still are) as probiotics in food and feed production. Their qualities encounter several hurdles, particularly in terms of the array of virulence determinants, reflecting a notorious reputation that nearly prevents their use as probiotics. Additionally, representatives of the Enterococcus spp. genus showed intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents, and flexibility to acquire resistance determinants encoded on a broad array of conjugative plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages. The presence of such pathogenic aspects among some species represents a critical barrier compromising their use as probiotics in food. Thus, the genus neither has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status nor has it been included in the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list implying drastic legislation towards these microorganisms. To date, the knowledge of the virulence factors and the genetic structure of foodborne enterococcal strains is rather limited. Although enterococcal infections originating from food have never been reported, the consumption of food carrying virulence enterococci seems to be a risky path of transfer, and hence, it renders them poor choices as probiotics. Auspiciously, enterococcal virulence factors seem to be strain specific suggesting that clinical isolates carry much more determinants that food isolates. The latter remain widely susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics and subsequently, have a lower potential for pathogenicity. In terms of the ideal enterococcal candidate, selected strains deemed for use in foods should not possess any virulence genes and should be susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. Overall, implementation of an appropriate risk/benefit analysis, in addition to the case-by-case assessment, the establishment of a strain's innocuity, and consideration for relevant guidelines, legislation, and regulatory aspects surrounding functional food development seem to be the crucial elements for industries, health-staff and consumers to accept enterococci, like other LAB, as important candidates for useful and beneficial applications in food industry and food biotechnology. The present review aims at shedding light on the world of hurdles and limitations that hampers the Enterococcus spp. genus and its representatives from being used or proposed for use as probiotics. The future of enterococci use as probiotics and legislation in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Ferchichi
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Khaled Sebei
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Najoua Karray-Bouraoui
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Abiotiques, LR18ES04, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
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18
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Bai Q, Ma J, Zhang Z, Zhong X, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Liu G, Yao H. YSIRK-G/S-directed translocation is required for Streptococcus suis to deliver diverse cell wall anchoring effectors contributing to bacterial pathogenicity. Virulence 2021; 11:1539-1556. [PMID: 33138686 PMCID: PMC7644249 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1838740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is a significant zoonotic pathogen that is responsible for various swine diseases, even causing cytokine storms of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndromes amongst human. Cell wall anchoring proteins with a C-terminal LPxTG are considered to play vital roles during SS2 infection; however, their exporting mechanism across cytoplasmic membranes has remained vague. This study found that YSIRK-G/S was involved in the exportation of LPxTG-anchoring virulence factors MRP and SspA in virulent SS2 strain ZY05719. The whole-genome analysis indicated that diverse LPxTG proteins fused with an N-terminal YSIRK-G/S motif are encoded in strain ZY05719. Two novel LPxTG proteins SspB and YzpA were verified to be exported via a putative transport system that was dependent on the YSIRK-G/S directed translocation, and portrayed vital functions during the infection of SS2 strain ZY05719. Instead of exhibiting an inactivation of C5a peptidase in SspB, another LPxTG protein with an N-terminal YSIRK-G/S motif from Streptococcus agalactiae was depicted to cleave the C5a component of the host complement. The consequent domain-architecture retrieval determined more than 10,000 SspB/YzpA like proteins that are extensively distributed in the Gram-positive bacteria, and most of them harbor diverse glycosyl hydrolase or peptidase domains within their middle regions, thus presenting their capability to interact with host cells. The said findings provide compelling evidence that LPxTG proteins with an N-terminal YSIRK-G/S motif are polymorphic effectors secreted by Gram-positive bacteria, which can be further proposed to define as cell wall anchoring effectors in a new subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Yinchu Zhu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing, China.,Department of pathogenic diagnosis, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing, China
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19
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The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.-Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091900. [PMID: 34576796 PMCID: PMC8470767 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic cocci, which are found in the intestinal flora and, less frequently, in the vagina or mouth. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species found in humans. As commensals, enterococci colonize the digestive system and participate in the modulation of the immune system in humans and animals. For many years reference enterococcal strains have been used as probiotic food additives or have been recommended as supplements for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis and other conditions. The use of Enterococcus strains as probiotics has recently become controversial due to the ease of acquiring different virulence factors and resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Enterococci are also seen as opportunistic pathogens. This problem is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur. Their ability to translocate from the gastro-intestinal tract to various tissues and organs as well as their virulence and antibiotic resistance are risk factors that hinder eradication. Due to numerous reports on the plasticity of the enterococcal genome and the acquisition of pathogenic microbial features, we ask ourselves, how far is this commensal genus from acquiring pathogenicity? This paper discusses both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity.
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20
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Das S, Kumar H.S. V, Pal SK, Srivastava VK, Jyoti A, Kumar S, Kaushik S. Prospecting Potential Inhibitors of Sortase A from Enterococcus faecalis: A Multidrug Resistant Bacteria, through In-silico and In-vitro Approaches. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:582-592. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191227143048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) infections are becoming dreadfully common in
hospital environments. Infections caused by Ef are difficult to treat because of its acquired
resistance to different class of antibiotics, making it a multidrug resistant bacteria. Key pathogenic
factor of Ef includes its ability to form biofilm on the surface of diagnostic and other medical
devices. Sortase A (SrtA) is a cysteine transpeptidase which plays a pivotal role in the formation of
biofilm in Ef, hence, it is considered as an important enzyme for the pathogenesis of Ef. Thus,
inhibition of (SrtA) will affect biofilm formation, which will reduce its virulence and eventually Ef
infection will be abridged.
Objective:
To find potential inhibitors of Enterococcus faecalis Sortase A (EfSrtA) through insilico
and in-vitro methods.
Methods:
Gene coding for EfSrtA was cloned, expressed and purified. Three-dimensional model of
EfSrtA was created using Swiss-Model workspace. In-silico docking studies using Autodock vina
and molecular dynamics simulations of the modelled structures using Gromacs platform were
performed to explore potential lead compounds against EfSrtA. In-vitro binding experiments using
spectrofluorometric technique was carried out to confirm and validate the study.
Results:
In-silico docking and in-vitro binding experiments revealed that curcumin, berberine and
myricetin bound to EfSrtA at nanomolar concentrations with high affinity.
Conclusion:
This is a first structural report of EfSrtA with curcumin, berberine and myricetin.
Taking in account the herbal nature of these compounds, the use of these compounds as inhibitors
will be advantageous. This study validated curcumin, berberine and myricetin as potential inhibitors
of EfSrtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar H.S.
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudhir K. Pal
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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21
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Bakhshi B, Barzelighi HM, Daraei B. The anti-adhesive and anti-invasive effects of recombinant azurin on the interaction between enteric pathogens (invasive/non-invasive) and Caco-2 cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104246. [PMID: 32562811 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion therapy and anti-adhesin immunity are meant to diminish the interaction between pathogens and host tissues, either by prevention or by exclusion of bacterial adhesion and entrance to cells. Azurin is a scaffold protein possessing antiviral, antiparasitic, and anticancer activities. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of recombinant Azurin (rAzurin) on the adhesion and invasion capacity of invasive (Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni) and non-invasive (Vibrio cholerae) enteric bacteria to cells. The non-toxic dose of rAzurin and the best MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of bacterial species was assessed by MTT assay. Bacterial species were used at MOIs of 20:1 and Azurin was applied at the concentrations of 5 and 25 μg/mL and added to Caco-2 cells in competition and replacement assay to assess the anti-adhesion and anti-invasion properties of rAzurin. The protein caused significant decrease in the adhesion rate of S. sonnei, S. flexneri, C. jejuni, and V. cholerae strains to Caco-2 cells by 43, 39, 72, and 38% in competition and 45, 46, 75, and 48% in replacement assays, respectively. Also, S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and C. jejuni strains invasion rate was reduced to 50, 50, and 70% in anti-invasion assay, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Azurin against C. jejuni and V. cholerae strains adhesion was more significant (p < .001) compared to Shigella spp. (p < .05) which may be due to smaller size of the former bacteria. On the contrary, in invasion assay, rAzurin showed a greater inhibitory effect against Shigella spp. (p < .001) compared to C. jejuni (p < .05), which may probably be due to the interaction of rAzurin with several effectors or ligands, involved in Shigella invasion and internalization. The findings of the present study opens new insights of rAzurin as a new and potent candidate for reducing or probably preventing enteric bacterial attachment, invasion, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Krawczyk B, Wysocka M, Kotłowski R, Bronk M, Michalik M, Samet A. Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from one hospital in Poland -commensals or hospital-adapted pathogens? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233504. [PMID: 32453777 PMCID: PMC7250452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most pressing problems of enterococci infections is occurring resistance to linezolid, which is an antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant strains (VRE). The main objective of our research was to investigate the relationship of 19 linezolid-resistant E. faecium isolates from 18 patients hospitalized at Clinical Hospital in Gdansk (Poland). One of the LZDREF was isolated in 2003 (K2003), and another 18 were collected from 2013 to 2017. Genotyping with PCR MP method indicated 14 main unrelated genetic profiles and no association with K2003 strain. Two isolates with the same genotype and genetically closely related two sub-types (2 isolates for each sub-type) were hospital-derived colonizations of patients. The other unrelated genotypes were discussed in the context of colonization, nosocomial infections, and commensal origin, taking into account prior exposure to linezolid. We determined the presence of a point mutation G2576T in six loci of 23S rDNA. There was also a significant correlation (p<0.0015) between the presence of MIC>32 value and the presence of G2576T point mutation on the sixth rrn. We also detected 5 virulence genes for all isolates: gelE, cylA, asa1, hyl, esp. Correlation (p≤0.0001) was observed between the presence of gelE gene encoding gelatinase and two other genes: cylA and asa1 encoding cytolysin and collagen binding protein responsible for aggregation of bacterial cells, respectively. Significant correlation was also observed between asa1 and cfr genes encoding 23S rRNA rybonuclease responsible for resistance to PhLOPSA antibiotics (p = 0.0004). The multidimensional analysis has also shown the correlation between cfr gene and GI-tract (p = 0, 0491), which suggests horizontal gene transfer inside the gut microbiota and the risk of colonization with linezolid-resistant strains without previously being treated with the antibiotic. The patient could have been colonized with LZDRVREF strains which in the absence of competitive microbiota quickly settle in ecological niches favourable for them and pose a risk for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Kotłowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Bronk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital No 1, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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23
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Carlson TJ, Blasingame D, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Alnezary F, Garey KW. Clostridioides difficile ribotype 106: A systematic review of the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetics, and clinical outcomes of this common worldwide strain. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102142. [PMID: 32007682 PMCID: PMC7153973 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile typing is invaluable for the investigation of both institution-specific outbreaks as well as national surveillance. While the epidemic ribotype 027 (RT027) has received a significant amount of resources and attention, ribotype 106 (RT106) has become more prevalent throughout the past decade. The purpose of this systematic review was to comprehensively summarize the genetic determinants, antimicrobial susceptibility, epidemiology, and clinical outcomes of infection caused by RT106. A total of 68 articles published between 1999 and 2019 were identified as relevant to this review. Although initially identified in the United Kingdom in 1999, RT106 is now found worldwide and became the most prevalent strain in the United States in 2016. Current data indicate that RT106 harbors the tcdA and tcdB genes, lacks binary toxin genes, and does not contain any deletions in the tcdC gene, which differentiates it from other epidemic strains, including ribotypes 027 and 078. Interestingly, RT106 produces more spores than other strains, including RT027. Overall, RT106 is highly resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. However, the MIC90 in most studies are one to two fold dilutions below the epidemiologic cut-off values of metronidazole and vancomycin, suggesting both are acceptable treatment options from an in vitro perspective. The few clinical outcomes studies available concluded that RT106 causes less severe disease than RT027, but patients were significantly more likely to experience multiple CDI relapses when infected with a RT106 strain. Specific areas warranting future study include potential survival advantages provided by genetic elements as well as a more robust investigation of clinical outcomes associated with RT106.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Carlson
- High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point, NC, USA
| | - D Blasingame
- The University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - F Alnezary
- The University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - K W Garey
- The University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA.
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24
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Risks associated with enterococci as probiotics. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108788. [PMID: 32036912 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are naturally occurring microorganisms that confer health benefits by altering host commensal microbiota, modulating immunity, enhancing intestinal barrier function, or altering pain perception. Enterococci are human and animal intestinal commensals that are used as probiotics and in food production. These microorganisms, however, express many virulence traits including cytolysin, proteases, aggregation substance, capsular polysaccharide, enterococcal surface protein, biofilm formation, extracellular superoxide, intestinal translocation, and resistance to innate immunity that can lead to serious hospital-acquired infections. In addition, enterococci are facile in acquiring antibiotic resistance genes to many clinically important antibiotics encoded on a wide variety of conjugative plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages. The pathogenicity and disease burden caused by enterococci render them poor choices as probiotics. No large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of any enterococcal probiotic. As a result, no enterococcal probiotic has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment, cure, or amelioration of human disease. In 2007, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that enterococci do not meet the standard for "Qualified Presumption of Safety". Enterococcal strains used or proposed for use as probiotics should be carefully screened for efficacy and safety.
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25
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The MSCRAMM Family of Cell-Wall-Anchored Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Cocci. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:927-941. [PMID: 31375310 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) are a family of proteins that are defined by the presence of two adjacent IgG-like folded subdomains. These promote binding to ligands by mechanisms that involve major conformational changes exemplified by the binding to fibrinogen by the 'dock-lock-latch' mechanism or to collagen by the 'collagen hug'. Clumping factors A and B are two such MSCRAMMs that have several important roles in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. MSCRAMM architecture, ligand binding, and roles in infection and colonization are examined with a focus on recent developments with clumping factors.
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26
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Das S, Batra S, Gupta PP, Kumar M, Srivastava VK, Jyoti A, Singh N, Kaushik S. Identification and evaluation of quercetin as a potential inhibitor of naphthoate synthase from Enterococcus faecalis. J Mol Recognit 2019; 32:e2802. [PMID: 31353747 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive, rod-shape bacteria responsible for around 65% to 80% of all enterococcal nosocomial infections. It is multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterium resistant to most of the first-line antibiotics. Due to the emergence of MDR strains, there is an urgent need to find novel targets to develop new antibacterial drugs against E. faecalis. In this regard, we have identified naphthoate synthase (1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase, EC: 4.1.3.36; DHNS) as an anti-E. faecalis target, as it is an essential enzyme for menaquinone (vitamin K2 ) synthetic pathway in the bacterium. Thus, inhibiting naphtholate synthase may consequently inhibit the bacteria's growth. In this regard, we report here cloning, expression, purification, and preliminary structural studies of naphthoate synthase along with in silico modeling, molecular dynamic simulation of the model and docking studies of naphthoate synthase with quercetin, a plant alkaloid. Biochemical studies have indicated quercetin, a plant flavonoid as the potential lead compound to inhibit catalytic activity of EfDHNS. Quercetin binding has also been validated by spectrofluorimetric studies in order to confirm the bindings of the ligand compound with EfDHNS at ultralow concentrations. Reported studies may provide a base for structure-based drug development of antimicrobial compounds against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Das
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sagar Batra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Pramodkumar P Gupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Medicine, Case Western reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Nagendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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27
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Nellore A, Huprikar S. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13549. [PMID: 30913322 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation address vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infections in SOT candidates and recipients. VRE are an important cause of infection and have been named by the CDC as a serious public threat. Typically, a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract, VRE may become pathogenic after abdominal organ manipulation like transplantation. This guideline reviews the microbiology, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of VRE infection in the context of solid organ transplantation. Treatment regimens including combination therapies and novel investigational agents are also reviewed. Finally, an updated appraisal of infection control measures relevant to VRE infection and colonization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shirish Huprikar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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28
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Actinobaculum massiliense Proteome Profiled in Polymicrobial Urethral Catheter Biofilms. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6040052. [PMID: 30544882 PMCID: PMC6314084 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobaculum massiliense, a Gram-positive anaerobic coccoid rod colonizing the human urinary tract, belongs to the taxonomic class of Actinobacteria. We identified A. massiliense as a cohabitant of urethral catheter biofilms (CB). The CBs also harbored more common uropathogens, such as Proteus mirabilis and Aerococcus urinae, supporting the notion that A. massiliense is adapted to a life style in polymicrobial biofilms. We isolated a clinical strain from a blood agar colony and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun proteomics to confirm its identity as A. massiliense. We characterized this species by quantitatively comparing the bacterial proteome derived from in vitro growth with that of four clinical samples. The functional relevance of proteins with emphasis on nutrient import and the response to hostile host conditions, showing evidence of neutrophil infiltration, was analyzed. Two putative subtilisin-like proteases and a heme/oligopeptide transporter were abundant in vivo and are likely important for survival and fitness in the biofilm. Proteins facilitating uptake of xylose/glucuronate and oligopeptides, also highly expressed in vivo, may feed metabolites into mixed acid fermentation and peptidolysis pathways, respectively, to generate energy. A polyketide synthase predicted to generate a secondary metabolite that interacts with either the human host or co-colonizing microbes was also identified. The product of the PKS enzyme may contribute to A. massiliense fitness and persistence in the CBs.
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29
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Todorov SD, Perin LM, Carneiro BM, Rahal P, Holzapfel W, Nero LA. Safety of Lactobacillus plantarum ST8Sh and Its Bacteriocin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:334-344. [PMID: 28233282 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Total DNA extracted from Lb. plantarum ST8Sh was screened for the presence of more than 50 genes related to production of biogenic amines (histidine decarboxylase, tyrosine decarboxylase, and ornithine decarboxylase), virulence factors (sex pheromones, gelatinase, cytolysin, hyaluronidase, aggregation substance, enterococcal surface protein, endocarditis antigen, adhesion of collagen, integration factors), and antibiotic resistance (vancomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin). Lb. plantarum ST8Sh showed a low presence of virulence genes. Only 13 genes were detected (related to sex pheromones, aggregation substance, adhesion of collagen, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, but not to vancomycin, and bacitracin) and may be considered as indication of safety for application in fermented food products. In addition, interaction between Lb. plantarum ST8Sh and drugs from different groups were determined in order to establish possible application of the strain in combination with commercial drugs. Cytotoxicity of the semi-purified bacteriocins produced by Lb. plantarum ST8Sh was depended on applied concentration-highly cytotoxic when applied at 25 μg/mL and no cytotoxicity at 5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Luana M Perin
- Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Carneiro
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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30
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Favaro L, Todorov SD. Bacteriocinogenic LAB Strains for Fermented Meat Preservation: Perspectives, Challenges, and Limitations. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:444-458. [PMID: 28921417 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, much research has focused on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) bacteriocins because of their potential as biopreservatives and their action against the growth of spoilage microbes. Meat and fermented meat products are prone to microbial contamination, causing health risks, as well as economic losses in the meat industry. The use of bacteriocin-producing LAB starter or protective cultures is suitable for fermented meats. However, although bacteriocins can be produced during meat processing, their levels are usually much lower than those achieved during in vitro fermentations under optimal environmental conditions. Thus, the direct addition of a bacteriocin food additive would be desirable. Moreover, safety and technological characteristics of the bacteriocinogenic LAB must be considered before their widespread applications. This review describes the perspectives and challenges toward the complete disclosure of new bacteriocins as effective preservatives in the production of safe and "healthy" fermented meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Favaro
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580, Professor Lineu Prestes, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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31
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Ebrahimi S, Mohabatkar H, Behbahani M. Predicting Promiscuous T Cell Epitopes for Designing a Vaccine Against Streptococcus pyogenes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:90-100. [PMID: 29948995 PMCID: PMC7091373 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the most dangerous human pathogens with high prevalence worldwide is Streptococcus pyogenes, which has major impacts on global morbidity and mortality. A major challenge for S. pyogenes vaccine development is the detection of epitopes that confer protection from infection by multiple S. pyogenes types. Our aim was to identify the most conserved and immunogenic antigens of S. pyogenes, which can be a potential candidate for vaccine design in the future. Eight important surface proteins were analyzed. Using different prediction servers, strongest epitopes were selected. They had the ability to stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune system. Molecular docking was performed for measuring free-binding energy of selected epitopes. Seven epitopes from three surface proteins were selected as potential candidates for vaccine development. Conservation of selected epitopes among different Streptococcus types was checked. Further in vitro and in vivo tests are required to validate the suitability of the epitopes for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ebrahimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Mohabatkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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32
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Oladeinde A, Lipp E, Chen CY, Muirhead R, Glenn T, Cook K, Molina M. Transcriptome Changes of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Laboratory Strains in Response to Photo-Degraded DOM. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:882. [PMID: 29867797 PMCID: PMC5953345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated gene expression changes in three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli C3000, Escherichia coli O157:H7 B6914, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212), commonly used as indicators of water quality and as control strains in clinical, food, and water microbiology laboratories. Bacterial transcriptome responses from pure cultures were monitored in microcosms containing water amended with manure-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM), previously exposed to simulated sunlight for 12 h. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR) to compare differentially expressed temporal transcripts between bacteria incubated in microcosms containing sunlight irradiated and non-irradiated DOM, for up to 24 h. In addition, we used whole genome sequencing simultaneously with RNA-seq to identify single nucleotide variants (SNV) acquired in bacterial populations during incubation. These results indicate that E. coli and E. faecalis have different mechanisms for removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from irradiated DOM. They are also able to produce micromolar concentrations of H2O2 from non-irradiated DOM, that should be detrimental to other bacteria present in the environment. Notably, this study provides an assessment of the role of two conjugative plasmids carried by the E. faecalis and highlights the differences in the overall survival dynamics of environmentally-relevant bacteria in the presence of naturally-produced ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelumola Oladeinde
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Student Volunteer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chia-Ying Chen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Research Council Associate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Travis Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marirosa Molina
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, United States
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33
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Comparative genomics analysis of Clostridium difficile epidemic strain DH/NAP11/106. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:245-253. [PMID: 29391259 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 106 (also identified as restriction endonuclease analysis [REA] group DH) recently emerged as the most common strain causing C. difficile infection (CDI) among US adults. We previously identified this strain predominating our pediatric cohort. Pediatric clinical CDI isolates previously characterized by REA underwent antibiotic resistance testing and whole genome sequencing. Of 134 isolates collected from children, 31 (23%) were REA group DH. We performed a comparative genomics analysis to identify DH-associated accessory genes. We identified five DH-associated genes that are associated with virulence in other bacterial species but not previously known to contribute to CDI. These genes are associated with intestinal mucosal adhesion (collagen-binding surface protein), sporulation (sporulation integral membrane protein YtvI), and protection from oxidative stress and foreign DNA (DNA phosphorothioation-dependent restriction proteins, sulfurtransferase, and DNA sulfur modification proteins). The association of these genes was validated in a cohort of 623 publicly available C. difficile sequences, 10 (1.6%) of which were monophyletic to REA group DH through in silico multilocus sequence typing and core genome phylogenetic analysis. Further investigation is required to determine the contribution of these genes to the emergence and virulence of this epidemic strain.
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34
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Gawryszewska I, Malinowska K, Kuch A, Chrobak-Chmiel D, Trokenheim LL, Hryniewicz W, Sadowy E. Distribution of antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence-associated factors and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats loci in isolates of Enterococcus faecalis from various settings and genetic lineages. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3059201. [PMID: 28334141 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis represents an important factor of hospital-associated infections (HAIs). The knowledge on its evolution from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen is still limited; thus, we performed a study to characterise distribution of factors that may contribute to this adaptation. Using a collection obtained from various settings (hospitalised patients, community carriers, animals, fresh food, sewage, water), we investigated differences in antimicrobial susceptibility, distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence-associated determinants and phenotypes, and CRISPR loci in the context of the clonal relatedness of isolates. Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure revealed the presence of three major groups; two subgroups comprised almost exclusively HAI isolates, belonging to previously proposed enterococcal high-risk clonal complexes (HiRECCs) 6 and 28. Isolates of these two subgroups were significantly enriched in antimicrobial resistance genes, presumably produced a polysaccharide capsule and often carried the aggregation substance asa1; distribution of other virulence-associated genes, such as esp and cyl, formation of a biofilm and gelatinase production were more variable. Moreover, both subgroups showed a low prevalence of CRISPR-Cas 1 and 3 and presence of small CRISPR2 variants. Our study confirms the importance of HiRECCs in the population of E. faecalis and their confinement to the hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gawryszewska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kuch
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucja Laniewska- Trokenheim
- Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Virulence factors of Enterococcus spp. presented in food. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Enterococci belong to the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of a wide variety of animals from insects and to human, and the commensal organism in humans and animals. The commensal/probiotic role of enterococci has evolved through thousands of years in mutual coexistence. Enterococcus have many favorable traits that have been appreciated in food fermentation and preservation, and many serve as probiotics to promote health. While lactobacillus have been shown to confer numerous benefits on and often regarded as health bringing organisms, enterococci have become more recognized as emerging human pathogens in recent years. Mac Callum and Hastings characterized an organism, now known to be Enterococcal faecalis, which was isolated from a lethal case of endocarditis on 1899. The report was the first detailed description of its pathogenic capabilities. Over the past few decades, multi-drug resistance enterococci have become as important health-care associated pathogen, and leading causes of drug resistance infection. The modern life style including the broad use of antibiotics in medical practice and animal husbandry have selected for the convergence of potential virulence factors to the specific enterococcus species such as E. faecium and E. faecalis. The development of modern medical care of intensive and invasive medical therapies and treatments for human disease, and existence of severe compromised patients in hospitals has contributed to the increased prevalence of these opportunistic organisms. The virulence factors converged in E. faecalis and E. faecium which have been isolated in nosocomial infections, include antibiotic resistance, extracellular proteins (toxins), extrachromosome and mobile genetic elements, cell wall components, biofilm formation, adherence factors, and colonization factor such as bacteriocin, etc. In these potential virulence factors, I presented characteristics of enterococcal conjugative plasmid, cytolysin, collagen binding protein of adhesion, bacteriocins, and drug resistances. I made reference to our original reports, and review books for this review. The review books are "Enterococci: from Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection, NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. Ed. by Michael S Gilmore, Don B Clewell, Yasuyoshi Ike, and Nathan Shankar", and "The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance, Gilmore M., Clewell D., Courvadin P., Dunny G., Murray B., Rice L., (ed) 2002. ASM Press".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Ike
- Professor Emeritus, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Representative Director, Association for Education in Bacterial Drug Resistance
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Nagarajan R, Hendrickx APA, Ponnuraj K. The crystal structure of the ligand-binding region of serine-glutamate repeat containing protein A (SgrA) ofEnterococcus faeciumreveals a new protein fold: functional characterization and insights into its adhesion function. FEBS J 2016; 283:3039-55. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Nagarajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics; University of Madras; Chennai India
| | | | - Karthe Ponnuraj
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics; University of Madras; Chennai India
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38
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Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MRC, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, Willems RJL. Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones? Front Microbiol 2016; 7:788. [PMID: 27303380 PMCID: PMC4880559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that are found in plants, soil and as commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, mammals, and insects. Despite their commensal nature, they have also become globally important nosocomial pathogens. Within the genus Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis are clinically most relevant. In this review, we will discuss how E. faecium and E. faecalis have evolved to become a globally disseminated nosocomial pathogen. E. faecium has a defined sub-population that is associated with hospitalized patients and is rarely encountered in community settings. These hospital-associated clones are characterized by the acquisition of adaptive genetic elements, including genes involved in metabolism, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. In contrast to E. faecium, clones of E. faecalis isolated from hospitalized patients, including strains causing clinical infections, are not exclusively found in hospitals but are also present in healthy individuals and animals. This observation suggests that the division between commensals and hospital-adapted lineages is less clear for E. faecalis than for E. faecium. In addition, genes that are reported to be associated with virulence of E. faecalis are often not unique to clinical isolates, but are also found in strains that originate from commensal niches. As a reflection of more ancient association of E. faecalis with different hosts, these determinants Thus, they may not represent genuine virulence genes but may act as host-adaptive functions that are useful in a variety of intestinal environments. The scope of the review is to summarize recent trends in the emergence of antibiotic resistance and explore recent developments in the molecular epidemiology, population structure and mechanisms of adaptation of E. faecium and E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Guzman Prieto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Malbert R C Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Teresa M Coque
- Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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39
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Role of the Emp Pilus Subunits of Enterococcus faecium in Biofilm Formation, Adherence to Host Extracellular Matrix Components, and Experimental Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1491-1500. [PMID: 26930703 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01396-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is an important cause of hospital-associated infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and infective endocarditis. Pili have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of Gram-positive bacteria, including E. faecium We previously demonstrated that a nonpiliated ΔempABC::cat derivative of E. faecium TX82 was attenuated in biofilm formation and in a UTI model. Here, we studied the contributions of the individual pilus subunits EmpA, EmpB, and EmpC to pilus architecture, biofilm formation, adherence to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and infection. We identified EmpA as the tip of the pili and found that deletion of empA reduced biofilm formation to the same level as deletion of the empABC operon, a phenotype that was restored by reconstituting in situ the empA gene. Deletion of empB also caused a reduction in biofilm, while EmpC was found to be dispensable. Significant reductions in adherence to fibrinogen and collagen type I were observed with deletion of empA and empB, while deletion of empC had no adherence defect. Furthermore, we showed that each deletion mutant was significantly attenuated in comparison to the isogenic parental strain, TX82, in a mixed-inoculum UTI model (P < 0.001 to 0.048), that reconstitution of empA restored virulence in the UTI model, and that deletion of empA also resulted in attenuation in an infective endocarditis model (P = 0.0088). Our results indicate that EmpA and EmpB, but not EmpC, contribute to biofilm and adherence to ECM proteins; however, all the Emp pilins are important for E. faecium to cause infection in the urinary tract.
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Abstract
Conjugative transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among bacteria. The key vehicles of this horizontal gene transfer are a group of mobile genetic elements, termed conjugative plasmids. Conjugative plasmids contain as minimum instrumentation an origin of transfer (oriT), DNA-processing factors (a relaxase and accessory proteins), as well as proteins that constitute the trans-envelope transport channel, the so-called mating pair formation (Mpf) proteins. All these protein factors are encoded by one or more transfer (tra) operons that together form the DNA transport machinery, the Gram-positive type IV secretion system. However, multicellular Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the streptomycetes appear to have evolved another mechanism for conjugative plasmid spread reminiscent of the machinery involved in bacterial cell division and sporulation, which transports double-stranded DNA from donor to recipient cells. Here, we focus on the protein key players involved in the plasmid spread through the two different modes and present a new secondary structure homology-based classification system for type IV secretion protein families. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of conjugative plasmid transfer in the environment and summarize novel techniques to visualize and quantify conjugative transfer in situ.
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41
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Spatial Organization of Cell Wall-Anchored Proteins at the Surface of Gram-Positive Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 404:177-201. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The N-terminal domain of the thermo-regulated surface protein PrpA of Enterococcus faecium binds to fibrinogen, fibronectin and platelets. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18255. [PMID: 26675410 PMCID: PMC4682149 DOI: 10.1038/srep18255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a commensal of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, but is also found in non-enteric environments where it can grow between 10 °C and 45 °C. E. faecium has recently emerged as a multi-drug resistant nosocomial pathogen. We hypothesized that genes involved in the colonization and infection of mammals exhibit temperature-regulated expression control and we therefore performed a transcriptome analysis of the clinical isolate E. faecium E1162, during mid-exponential growth at 25 °C and 37 °C. One of the genes that exhibited differential expression between 25 °C and 37 °C, was predicted to encode a peptidoglycan-anchored surface protein. The N-terminal domain of this protein is unique to E. faecium and closely related enterococci, while the C-terminal domain is homologous to the Streptococcus agalactiae surface protein BibA. This region of the protein contains proline-rich repeats, leading us to name the protein PrpA for proline-rich protein A. We found that PrpA is a surface-exposed protein which is most abundant during exponential growth at 37 °C in E. faecium E1162. The heterologously expressed and purified N-terminal domain of PrpA was able to bind to the extracellular matrix proteins fibrinogen and fibronectin. In addition, the N-terminal domain of PrpA interacted with both non-activated and activated platelets.
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43
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Sinnige JC, de Been M, Zhou M, Bonten MJM, Willems RJL, Top J. Growth condition-dependent cell surface proteome analysis of Enterococcus faecium. Proteomics 2015; 15:3806-14. [PMID: 26316380 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The last 30 years Enterococcus faecium has become an important nosocomial pathogen in hospitals worldwide. The aim of this study was to obtain insight in the cell surface proteome of E. faecium when grown in laboratory and clinically relevant conditions. Enterococcus faecium E1162, a clinical blood stream isolate, was grown until mid-log phase in brain heart infusion medium (BHI) with, or without 0.02% bile salts, Tryptic Soy Broth with 1% glucose (TSBg) and urine, and its cell surface was "shaved" using immobilized trypsin. Peptides were identified using MS/MS. Mapping against the translated E1162 whole genome sequence identified 67 proteins that were differentially detected in different conditions. In urine, 14 proteins were significantly more and nine proteins less abundant relative to the other conditions. Growth in BHI-bile and TSBg, revealed four and six proteins, respectively, which were uniquely present in these conditions while two proteins were uniquely present in both conditions. Thus, proteolytic shaving of E. faecium cells identified differentially surface exposed proteins in different growth conditions. These proteins are of special interest as they provide more insight in the adaptive mechanisms and may serve as targets for the development of novel therapeutics against this multi-resistant emerging pathogen. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002497 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002497).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Sinnige
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark de Been
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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44
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Chahales P, Thanassi DG. Structure, Function, and Assembly of Adhesive Organelles by Uropathogenic Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0018-2013. [PMID: 26542038 PMCID: PMC4638162 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0018-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria assemble a wide range of adhesive proteins, termed adhesins, to mediate binding to receptors and colonization of surfaces. For pathogenic bacteria, adhesins are critical for early stages of infection, allowing the bacteria to initiate contact with host cells, colonize different tissues, and establish a foothold within the host. The adhesins expressed by a pathogen are also critical for bacterial-bacterial interactions and the formation of bacterial communities, including biofilms. The ability to adhere to host tissues is particularly important for bacteria that colonize sites such as the urinary tract, where the flow of urine functions to maintain sterility by washing away non-adherent pathogens. Adhesins vary from monomeric proteins that are directly anchored to the bacterial surface to polymeric, hair-like fibers that extend out from the cell surface. These latter fibers are termed pili or fimbriae, and were among the first identified virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Studies since then have identified a range of both pilus and non-pilus adhesins that contribute to bacterial colonization of the urinary tract, and have revealed molecular details of the structures, assembly pathways, and functions of these adhesive organelles. In this review, we describe the different types of adhesins expressed by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive uropathogens, what is known about their structures, how they are assembled on the bacterial surface, and the functions of specific adhesins in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chahales
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - David G Thanassi
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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45
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Muller C, Cacaci M, Sauvageot N, Sanguinetti M, Rattei T, Eder T, Giard JC, Kalinowski J, Hain T, Hartke A. The Intraperitoneal Transcriptome of the Opportunistic Pathogen Enterococcus faecalis in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126143. [PMID: 25978463 PMCID: PMC4433114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive lactic acid intestinal opportunistic bacterium with virulence potential. For a better understanding of the adapation of this bacterium to the host conditions, we performed a transcriptome analysis of bacteria isolated from an infection site (mouse peritonitis) by RNA-sequencing. We identified a total of 211 genes with significantly higher transcript levels and 157 repressed genes. Our in vivo gene expression database reflects well the infection process since genes encoding important virulence factors like cytolysin, gelatinase or aggregation substance as well as stress response proteins, are significantly induced. Genes encoding metabolic activities are the second most abundant in vivo induced genes demonstrating that the bacteria are metabolically active and adapt to the special nutrient conditions of the host. α- and β- glucosides seem to be important substrates for E. faecalis inside the host. Compared to laboratory conditions, the flux through the upper part of glycolysis seems to be reduced and more carbon may enter the pentose phosphate pathway. This may reflect the need of the bacteria under infection conditions to produce more reducing power for biosynthesis. Another important substrate is certainly glycerol since both pathways of glycerol catabolism are strongly induced. Strongly in vivo induced genes should be important for the infection process. This assumption has been verified in a virulence test using well characterized mutants affected in glycerol metabolism. This showed indeed that mutants unable to metabolize this sugar alcohol are affected in organ colonisation in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Muller
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (CM)
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sauvageot
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Rattei
- CUBE-Division for Computational Systems Biology, Dept. of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eder
- CUBE-Division for Computational Systems Biology, Dept. of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Christophe Giard
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medicine Microbiology, Gießen University, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel Hartke
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655, 14032 Caen, France
- * E-mail: (AH); (CM)
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46
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Todorov SD, Franco BDGM, Wiid IJ. In vitro study of beneficial properties and safety of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Portuguese fermented meat products. Benef Microbes 2015; 5:351-66. [PMID: 24463204 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many lactic acid bacteria produce bacteriocins with a rather broad spectrum of inhibition, which could offer potential applications in food preservation. Bacteriocin production by starter cultures may bring advantage to these strains in competitive interactions with pathogenic bacteria from the food matrix. The objective of this study was to determine the safety of beneficial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum ST202Ch and ST216Ch, Enterococcus faecium ST211Ch, and Lactobacillus sakei ST22Ch, ST153Ch and ST154Ch) previously isolated from fermented meat products and characterised as bacteriocin producers. Auto-aggregation was strain-specific, and values of 28.97, 27.86 and 28.56% were recorded for L. sakei ST22Ch, ST153Ch and ST154Ch, respectively, 16.95 and 14.58% for L. plantarum ST202Ch and ST216Ch, respectively, and 12.77% for E. faecium ST211Ch. Various degrees of co-aggregation between 28.85 and 44.76% for Listeria monocytogenes 211 and 409, and between 23.60 to 34.96% for E. faecium ATCC 19443 were observed. According to the results of the diffusion method, the studied strains demonstrated susceptibility to penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulonic acid, imipenem, linezolid, and tetracycline. In addition, the susceptibility of the six strains to various non-antibiotic commercial drugs was examined. Production of β-galactosidase by L. sakei ST22Ch, ST153Ch and ST154Ch, L. plantarum ST202Ch and ST216Ch, and E. faecium ST211Ch was confirmed by employing sterile filter paper discs impregnated with o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranose. A statistically significant (P<0.001) inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by bacteriocins produced by L. plantarum ST202Ch (38.3%) and ST216Ch (48.6%), L. sakei ST153Ch (16.2%) and ST154Ch (16.1%), and E. faecium ST211Ch (21.7%) was observed. As determined by the polymerase chain reaction, the tested strains showed a low virulence gene profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Todorov
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Ave. Prof. Lineus Prestes 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B D G M Franco
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Ave. Prof. Lineus Prestes 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - I J Wiid
- Division Molecular and Cellular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa
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47
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Zischka M, Künne CT, Blom J, Wobser D, Sakιnç T, Schmidt-Hohagen K, Dabrowski PW, Nitsche A, Hübner J, Hain T, Chakraborty T, Linke B, Goesmann A, Voget S, Daniel R, Schomburg D, Hauck R, Hafez HM, Tielen P, Jahn D, Solheim M, Sadowy E, Larsen J, Jensen LB, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Quiñones Pérez D, Mikalsen T, Bender J, Steglich M, Nübel U, Witte W, Werner G. Comprehensive molecular, genomic and phenotypic analysis of a major clone of Enterococcus faecalis MLST ST40. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:175. [PMID: 25887115 PMCID: PMC4374294 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis is a multifaceted microorganism known to act as a beneficial intestinal commensal bacterium. It is also a dreaded nosocomial pathogen causing life-threatening infections in hospitalised patients. Isolates of a distinct MLST type ST40 represent the most frequent strain type of this species, distributed worldwide and originating from various sources (animal, human, environmental) and different conditions (colonisation/infection). Since enterococci are known to be highly recombinogenic we determined to analyse the microevolution and niche adaptation of this highly distributed clonal type. Results We compared a set of 42 ST40 isolates by assessing key molecular determinants, performing whole genome sequencing (WGS) and a number of phenotypic assays including resistance profiling, formation of biofilm and utilisation of carbon sources. We generated the first circular closed reference genome of an E. faecalis isolate D32 of animal origin and compared it with the genomes of other reference strains. D32 was used as a template for detailed WGS comparisons of high-quality draft genomes of 14 ST40 isolates. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses suggest a high level of similarity regarding the core genome, also demonstrated by similar carbon utilisation patterns. Distribution of known and putative virulence-associated genes did not differentiate between ST40 strains from a commensal and clinical background or an animal or human source. Further analyses of mobile genetic elements (MGE) revealed genomic diversity owed to: (1) a modularly structured pathogenicity island; (2) a site-specifically integrated and previously unknown genomic island of 138 kb in two strains putatively involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis; and (3) isolate-specific plasmid and phage patterns. Moreover, we used different cell-biological and animal experiments to compare the isolate D32 with a closely related ST40 endocarditis isolate whose draft genome sequence was also generated. D32 generally showed a greater capacity of adherence to human cell lines and an increased pathogenic potential in various animal models in combination with an even faster growth in vivo (not in vitro). Conclusion Molecular, genomic and phenotypic analysis of representative isolates of a major clone of E. faecalis MLST ST40 revealed new insights into the microbiology of a commensal bacterium which can turn into a conditional pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1367-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Zischka
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany. .,Present address: Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Carsten T Künne
- Functional Genomics of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Blom
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)/University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Dominique Wobser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Türkân Sakιnç
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Schmidt-Hohagen
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - P Wojtek Dabrowski
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 1 Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, ZBS 1 Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johannes Hübner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Torsten Hain
- Functional Genomics of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Functional Genomics of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Linke
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)/University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec)/University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Voget
- Goettingen Genomics Laboratory, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Goettingen Genomics Laboratory, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Schomburg
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hafez M Hafez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Tielen
- Institute for Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institute for Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Margrete Solheim
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Lars B Jensen
- Division of Microbiology, National Food Institute, Danish Technical University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Dianelys Quiñones Pérez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Servicio de Bacteriología-Micología, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Theresa Mikalsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Research Group for Host Microbe Interactions, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jennifer Bender
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Matthias Steglich
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Nübel
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany. .,Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikrorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Guido Werner
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
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48
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Dos Santos KMO, Vieira ADS, Salles HO, Oliveira JDS, Rocha CRC, Borges MDF, Bruno LM, Franco BDGDM, Todorov SD. Safety, beneficial and technological properties of Enterococcus faecium isolated from Brazilian cheeses. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221113 PMCID: PMC4512068 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120131245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the safety and technological properties of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from Brazilian Coalho cheeses. High levels of co-aggregation were observed between Enterococcus faecium strains EM485 and EM925 and both Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens . Both strains presented low levels of hydrophobicity. E. faecium EM485 and EM925 were both able to grow in the presence of 0.5% of the sodium salts of taurocholic acid (TC), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC), glycocholic acid (GC), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDC), although they showed the ability to deconjugate only GDC and TDC. Both strains showed good survival when exposed to conditions simulating the gastro intestinal tract (GIT). When tested for the presence of virulence genes, only tyrosine decarboxylase and vancomycin B generated positive PCR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Maria Olbrich Dos Santos
- Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. ; Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Diogo Silva Vieira
- Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brazil. ; Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cíntia Renata Costa Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Borges
- Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Laura Maria Bruno
- Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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49
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Galloway-Peña JR, Liang X, Singh KV, Yadav P, Chang C, La Rosa SL, Shelburne S, Ton-That H, Höök M, Murray BE. The identification and functional characterization of WxL proteins from Enterococcus faecium reveal surface proteins involved in extracellular matrix interactions. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:882-92. [PMID: 25512313 PMCID: PMC4325096 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02288-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The WxL domain recently has been identified as a novel cell wall binding domain found in numerous predicted proteins within multiple Gram-positive bacterial species. However, little is known about the function of proteins containing this novel domain. Here, we identify and characterize 6 Enterococcus faecium proteins containing the WxL domain which, by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and genomic analyses, are located in three similarly organized operons, deemed WxL loci A, B, and C. Western blotting, electron microscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) determined that genes of WxL loci A and C encode antigenic, cell surface proteins exposed at higher levels in clinical isolates than in commensal isolates. Secondary structural analyses of locus A recombinant WxL domain-containing proteins found they are rich in β-sheet structure and disordered segments. Using Biacore analyses, we discovered that recombinant WxL proteins from locus A bind human extracellular matrix proteins, specifically type I collagen and fibronectin. Proteins encoded by locus A also were found to bind to each other, suggesting a novel cell surface complex. Furthermore, bile salt survival assays and animal models using a mutant from which all three WxL loci were deleted revealed the involvement of WxL operons in bile salt stress and endocarditis pathogenesis. In summary, these studies extend our understanding of proteins containing the WxL domain and their potential impact on colonization and virulence in E. faecium and possibly other Gram-positive bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Galloway-Peña
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute for Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kavindra V Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Puja Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sabina Leanti La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute for Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara E Murray
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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50
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Artisanal Coalho cheeses as source of beneficial Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-014-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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