1
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Liu Z, Larocque É, Xie Y, Xiao Y, Lemay G, Peloponese JM, Mesnard JM, Rassart É, Lin R, Zhou S, Zeng Y, Gao H, Cen S, Barbeau B. A newly identified interaction between nucleolar NPM1/B23 and the HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor in HTLV-1 infected cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988944. [PMID: 36532440 PMCID: PMC9753777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) has been associated to the cancer-inducing properties of this virus, although the exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, we identified nucleophosmin (NPM1/B23) as a new interaction partner of HBZ. We show that sHBZ and the less abundant uHBZ isoform interact with nucleolar NPM1/B23 in infected cells and HTLV-1 positive patient cells, unlike equivalent antisense proteins of related non-leukemogenic HTLV-2, -3 and-4 viruses. We further demonstrate that sHBZ association to NPM1/B23 is sensitive to RNase. Interestingly, sHBZ was shown to interact with its own RNA. Through siRNA and overexpression experiments, we further provide evidence that NPM1/B23 acts negatively on viral gene expression with potential impact on cell transformation. Our results hence provide a new insight over HBZ-binding partners in relation to cellular localization and potential function on cell proliferation and should lead to a better understanding of the link between HBZ and ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Liu
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Larocque
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yongli Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Peloponese
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Éric Rassart
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Zuo X, Ma G. Antisense protein: a novel HIV-1 gene requiring attention. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zuo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyong Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Miller RH, Zimmer A, Moutot G, Mesnard JM, Chazal N. Retroviral Antisense Transcripts and Genes: 33 Years after First Predicted, a Silent Retroviral Revolution? Viruses 2021; 13:2221. [PMID: 34835027 PMCID: PMC8622228 DOI: 10.3390/v13112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paradigm shifts throughout the history of microbiology have typically been ignored, or met with skepticism and resistance, by the scientific community. This has been especially true in the field of virology, where the discovery of a "contagium vivum fluidum", or infectious fluid remaining after excluding bacteria by filtration, was initially ignored because it did not coincide with the established view of microorganisms. Subsequent studies on such infectious agents, eventually termed "viruses", were met with skepticism. However, after an abundance of proof accumulated, viruses were eventually acknowledged as defined microbiological entities. Next, the proposed role of viruses in oncogenesis in animals was disputed, as was the unique mechanism of genome replication by reverse transcription of RNA by the retroviruses. This same pattern of skepticism holds true for the prediction of the existence of retroviral "antisense" transcripts and genes. From the time of their discovery, it was thought that retroviruses encoded proteins on only one strand of proviral DNA. However, in 1988, it was predicted that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and other retroviruses, express an antisense protein encoded on the DNA strand opposite that encoding the known viral proteins. Confirmation came quickly with the characterization of the antisense protein, HBZ, of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and the finding that both the protein and its antisense mRNA transcript play key roles in viral replication and pathogenesis. However, acceptance of the existence, and potential importance, of a corresponding antisense transcript and protein (ASP) in HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis has lagged, despite gradually accumulating theoretical and experimental evidence. The most striking theoretical evidence is the finding that asp is highly conserved in group M viruses and correlates exclusively with subtypes, or clades, responsible for the AIDS pandemic. This review outlines the history of the major shifts in thought pertaining to the nature and characteristics of viruses, and in particular retroviruses, and details the development of the hypothesis that retroviral antisense transcripts and genes exist. We conclude that there is a need to accelerate studies on ASP, and its transcript(s), with the view that both may be important, and overlooked, targets in anti-HIV therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Zimmer
- DHVS—Département d’Histoire des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Kirschleger, CEDEX, F-67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Gilles Moutot
- Centre d’Etudes Politiques et Sociales (CEPEL), Département de Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France;
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Savoret J, Mesnard JM, Gross A, Chazal N. Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:625941. [PMID: 33510738 PMCID: PMC7835632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.625941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was first predicted in 1988 that there may be an Open Reading Frame (ORF) on the negative strand of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome that could encode a protein named AntiSense Protein (ASP). In spite of some controversy, reports began to emerge some years later describing the detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts, the presence of ASP in transfected and infected cells, and the existence of an immune response targeting ASP. Recently, it was established that the asp gene is exclusively conserved within the pandemic group M of HIV-1. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on HIV-1 antisense transcripts and ASP, and we discuss their potential functions in HIV-1 infection together with the role played by antisense transcripts and ASPs in some other viruses. Finally, we suggest pathways raised by the study of antisense transcripts and ASPs that may warrant exploration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Savoret
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Gross
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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5
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Matsuoka M, Mesnard JM. HTLV-1 bZIP factor: the key viral gene for pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31915026 PMCID: PMC6950816 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and inflammatory diseases. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene is constantly expressed in HTLV-1 infected cells and ATL cells. HBZ protein suppresses transcription of the tax gene through blocking the LTR recruitment of not only ATF/CREB factors but also CBP/p300. HBZ promotes transcription of Foxp3, CCR4, and T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). Thus, HBZ is critical for the immunophenotype of infected cells and ATL cells. HBZ also functions in its RNA form. HBZ RNA suppresses apoptosis and promotes proliferation of T cells. Since HBZ RNA is not recognized by cytotoxic T cells, HTLV-1 has a clever strategy for avoiding immune detection. HBZ plays central roles in maintaining infected T cells in vivo and determining their immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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6
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HIV-1 Antisense Protein of Different Clades Induces Autophagy and Associates with the Autophagy Factor p62. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01757-18. [PMID: 30404795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01757-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of the antisense transcript-encoded HIV-1 antisense protein (ASP) was recently reinforced by in silico analyses providing evidence for recent appearance of this gene in the viral genome. Our previous studies led to the detection of ASP in various cell lines by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy analyses and reported that it induced autophagy, potentially through multimer formation. Here, our goals were to assess autophagy induction by ASP from different clades and to identify the implicated autophagy factors. We first demonstrated that ASP formed multimers, partly through its amino-terminal region and cysteine residues. Removal of this region was further associated with lower induction of autophagy, as assessed by autophagosome formation. ASPs from different clades (A, B, C, D, and G) were tested next and were detected in monomeric and multimeric forms at various levels, and all induced autophagy (clade A ASP was less efficient), as determined by LC3-II and p62 (SQSTM1) levels. Furthermore, CRISPR-based knockout of ATG5, ATG7, and p62 genes led to increased ASP levels. Confocal microscopy analyses showed that ASP colocalized with p62 and LC3-II in autophagosome-like structures. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments further demonstrated that p62 associated with ASP through its PB1 domain. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation experiments supported the idea that ASP is ubiquitinated and that ubiquitination was modulating its stability. We are thus suggesting that ASP induces autophagy through p62 interaction and that its abundance is controlled by autophagy, in which ubiquitin plays an important role. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ASP degradation is essential to better assess its function.IMPORTANCE In the present study, we provide the first evidence that a new HIV-1 protein termed ASP derived from different clades acts similarly in inducing autophagy, an important cellular process implicated in the degradation of excess or defective cellular material. We have gained further knowledge on the mechanism mediating the activation of autophagy. Our studies have important ramifications in the understanding of viral replication and the pathogenesis associated with HIV-1 in infected individuals. Indeed, autophagy is implicated in antigen presentation during immune response and could thus be rendered inefficient in infected cells, such as dendritic cells. Furthermore, a possible link with HIV-1-associated neurological disorder (HAND) might also be a possible association with the capacity of ASP to induce autophagy. Our studies hence demonstrate the importance in conducting further studies on this protein as it could represent a new interesting target for antiretroviral therapies and vaccine design.
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7
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Turnbull MG, Douville RN. Related Endogenous Retrovirus-K Elements Harbor Distinct Protease Active Site Motifs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1577. [PMID: 30072963 PMCID: PMC6058741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Endogenous retrovirus-K is a group of related genomic elements descending from retroviral infections in human ancestors. HML2 is the clade of these viruses which contains the most intact provirus copies. These elements can be transcribed and translated in healthy and diseased tissues, and some of them produce active retroviral enzymes, such as protease. Retroviral gene products, including protease, contribute to illness in exogenous retroviral infections. There are ongoing efforts to test anti-retroviral regimens against endogenous retroviruses. Herein, we examine the potential activity and diversity of human endogenous retrovirus-K proteases, and their potential for impact on immunity and human disease. Results: Sequences similar to the endogenous retrovirus-K HML2 protease and reverse transcriptase were identified in the human genome, classified by phylogenetic inference and compared to Repbase reference sequences. The topologies of trees inferred from protease and reverse transcriptase sequences were similar and agreed with the classification using reference sequences. Surprisingly, only 62/480 protease sequences identified by BLAST were classified as HML2; the remainder were classified as other HML groups, with the majority (216) classified as HML3. Variation in functionally significant protease motifs was explored, and two major active site variants were identified – the DTGAD variant is common in all groups, but the DTGVD motif appears limited to HML3, HML5, and HML6. Furthermore, distinct RNA expression patterns of protease variants are seen in disease states, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Conclusion: Transcribed ERVK proteases exhibit a diversity which could impact immunity and inhibitor-based treatments, and these facets should be considered when designing therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée N Douville
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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8
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Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Terahara K, Martinez JP, Yamagishi M, Iwabuchi R, Brander C, Ato M, Watanabe T, Meyerhans A, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. HIV LTR-Driven Antisense RNA by Itself Has Regulatory Function and May Curtail Virus Reactivation From Latency. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1066. [PMID: 29887842 PMCID: PMC5980963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Latently infected T lymphocytes are an important barrier toward eliminating a persistent HIV infection. Here we describe an HIV-based recombinant fluorescent-lentivirus referred to as “rfl-HIV” that enables to analyze sense and antisense transcription by means of fluorescence reporter genes. This model virus exhibited similar transcriptional and functional properties of the antisense transcript as observed with a wild type HIV, and largely facilitated the generation of latently-infected T cells clones. We show that latently-infected cells can be divided into two types, those with and those without antisense transcription. Upon addition of latency reversal agents, only the cells that lack antisense transcripts are readily reactivated to transcribe HIV. Thus, antisense transcripts may exhibit a dominant suppressor activity and can lock an integrated provirus into a non-reactivatable state. These findings could have important implications for the development of strategies to eradicate HIV from infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kobayashi-Ishihara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Makoto Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Medical Innovation, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Zapata JC, Campilongo F, Barclay RA, DeMarino C, Iglesias-Ussel MD, Kashanchi F, Romerio F. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 ASP RNA promotes viral latency by recruiting the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 and promoting nucleosome assembly. Virology 2017; 506:34-44. [PMID: 28340355 PMCID: PMC5505171 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Various epigenetic marks at the HIV-1 5′LTR suppress proviral expression and promote latency. Cellular antisense transcripts known as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) recruit the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2) to gene promoters, which catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), thus promoting nucleosome assembly and suppressing gene expression. We found that an HIV-1 antisense transcript expressed from the 3′LTR and encoding the antisense protein ASP promotes proviral latency. Expression of ASP RNA reduced HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells. Moreover, ASP RNA expression promoted the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency in Jurkat E4 cells. We show that this transcript interacts with and recruits PRC2 to the HIV-1 5′LTR, increasing accumulation of the suppressive epigenetic mark H3K27me3, while reducing RNA Polymerase II and thus proviral transcription. Altogether, our results suggest that the HIV-1 ASP transcript promotes epigenetic silencing of the HIV-1 5′LTR and proviral latency through the PRC2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Federica Campilongo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Maria D Iglesias-Ussel
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fabio Romerio
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Manghera M, Magnusson A, Douville RN. The sense behind retroviral anti-sense transcription. Virol J 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28088235 PMCID: PMC5237517 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are known to rely extensively on the expression of viral proteins from the sense proviral genomic strand. Yet, the production of regulatory retroviral proteins from antisense-encoded viral genes is gaining research attention, due to their clinical significance. This report will discuss what is known about antisense transcription in Retroviridae, and provide new information about antisense transcriptional regulation through a comparison of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-1) and endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) long terminal repeats (LTRs). We will attempt to demonstrate that the potential for antisense transcription is more widespread within retroviruses than has been previously appreciated, with this feature being the rule, rather than the exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamneet Manghera
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alycia Magnusson
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Renée N Douville
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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11
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Concomitant emergence of the antisense protein gene of HIV-1 and of the pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11537-11542. [PMID: 27681623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605739113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments provide sound arguments in favor of the in vivo expression of the AntiSense Protein (ASP) of HIV-1. This putative protein is encoded on the antisense strand of the provirus genome and entirely overlapped by the env gene with reading frame -2. The existence of ASP was suggested in 1988, but is still controversial, and its function has yet to be determined. We used a large dataset of ∼23,000 HIV-1 and SIV sequences to study the origin, evolution, and conservation of the asp gene. We found that the ASP ORF is specific to group M of HIV-1, which is responsible for the human pandemic. Moreover, the correlation between the presence of asp and the prevalence of HIV-1 groups and M subtypes appeared to be statistically significant. We then looked for evidence of selection pressure acting on asp Using computer simulations, we showed that the conservation of the ASP ORF in the group M could not be due to chance. Standard methods were ineffective in disentangling the two selection pressures imposed by both the Env and ASP proteins-an expected outcome with overlaps in frame -2. We thus developed a method based on careful evolutionary analysis of the presence/absence of stop codons, revealing that ASP does impose significant selection pressure. All of these results support the idea that asp is the 10th gene of HIV-1 group M and indicate a correlation with the spread of the pandemic.
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12
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Dimonte S. Different HIV-1 env frames: gp120 and ASP (antisense protein) biosynthesis, and theirs co-variation tropic amino acid signatures in X4- and R5-viruses. J Med Virol 2016; 89:112-122. [PMID: 27328810 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antisense protein (ASP) is the new actor of viral life of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) although proposed above 20 years ago. The asp ORF is into complementary strand of the gp120/gp41 junction of env gene. The ASP biological role remains little known. Knowing the Env markers of viral tropism, a dataset of sequences (660 strains) was used to analyze the hypothetical ASP involvement in CCR5 (R5) and/or CXCR4 (X4) co-receptor interaction. Preliminarily, prevalence of ASP and gp120V3 mutations was performed; following association among mutations were elaborate. The classical V3 tropic-signatures were confirmed, and 36 R5- and 22 X4-tropic ASP mutations were found. Moreover, by analyzing the ASP sequences, 36 out of 179 amino acid positions significantly associated with different co-receptor usage were found. Several statistically significant associations between gp120V3 and ASP mutations were observed. The dendrogram showed the existence of a cluster associated with R5-usage and a large cluster associated with X4-usage. These results show that gp120V3 and specific amino acid changes in ASP are associated together with CXCR4 and/or CCR5-usage. These findings implement previous observations on unclear ASP functions. J. Med. Virol. 89:112-122, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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13
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Permissive Sense and Antisense Transcription from the 5' and 3' Long Terminal Repeats of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1. J Virol 2016; 90:3600-10. [PMID: 26792732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02634-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus, and, as such, its genome becomes chromosomally integrated following infection. The resulting provirus contains identical 5' and 3' peripheral long terminal repeats (LTRs) containing bidirectional promoters. Antisense transcription from the 3' LTR regulates expression of a single gene, hbz, while sense transcription from the 5' LTR controls expression of all other viral genes, including tax. Both the HBZ and Tax proteins are implicated in the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a T-cell malignancy caused by HTLV-1 infection. However, these proteins appear to harbor opposing molecular functions, indicating that they may act independently and at different time points prior to leukemogenesis. Here, we used bidirectional reporter constructs to test whether transcriptional interference serves as a mechanism that inhibits simultaneous expression of Tax and HBZ. We found that sense transcription did not interfere with antisense transcription from the 3' LTR and vice versa, even with strong transcription emanating from the opposing direction. Therefore, bidirectional transcription across the provirus might not restrict hbz or tax expression. Single-cell analyses revealed that antisense transcription predominates in the absence of Tax, which transactivates viral sense transcription. Interestingly, a population of Tax-expressing cells exhibited antisense but not activated sense transcription. Consistent with the ability of Tax to induce cell cycle arrest, this population was arrested in G(0)/G(1) phase. These results imply that cell cycle arrest inhibits Tax-mediated activation of sense transcription without affecting antisense transcription, which may be important for long-term viral latency. IMPORTANCE The chromosomally integrated form of the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) contains identical DNA sequences, known as long terminal repeats (LTRs), at its 5' and 3' ends. The LTRs modulate transcription in both forward (sense) and reverse (antisense) directions. We found that sense transcription from the 5' LTR does not interfere with antisense transcription from the 3' LTR, allowing viral genes encoded on opposite DNA strands to be simultaneously transcribed. Two such genes are tax and hbz, and while they are thought to function at different times during the course of infection to promote leukemogenesis of infected T cells, our results indicate that they can be simultaneously transcribed. We also found that the ability of Tax to induce cell cycle arrest inhibits its fundamental function of activating viral sense transcription but does not affect antisense transcription. This regulatory mechanism may be important for long-term HTLV-1 infection.
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Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. Potential New Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent and Treat HTLV-1-Related Diseases. Viruses 2015; 7:6490-505. [PMID: 26690203 PMCID: PMC4690875 DOI: 10.3390/v7122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than thirty years have passed since human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was described as the first retrovirus to be the causative agent of a human cancer, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), but the precise mechanism behind HTLV-1 pathogenesis still remains elusive. For more than two decades, the transforming ability of HTLV-1 has been exclusively associated to the viral transactivator Tax. Thirteen year ago, we first reported that the minus strand of HTLV-1 encoded for a basic Zip factor factor (HBZ), and since then several teams have underscored the importance of this antisense viral protein for the maintenance of a chronic infection and the proliferation of infected cells. More recently, we as well as others have demonstrated that HBZ has the potential to transform cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the latest progress in our understanding of HBZ functions in chronicity and cellular transformation. We will discuss the involvement of this paradigm shift of HTLV-1 research on new therapeutic approaches to treat HTLV-1-related human diseases.
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Pérès E, Bagdassarian E, This S, Villaudy J, Rigal D, Gazzolo L, Duc Dodon M. From Immunodeficiency to Humanization: The Contribution of Mouse Models to Explore HTLV-1 Leukemogenesis. Viruses 2015; 7:6371-86. [PMID: 26690200 PMCID: PMC4690867 DOI: 10.3390/v7122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first discovered human retrovirus, Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), is responsible for an aggressive form of T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Mouse models recapitulating the leukemogenesis process have been helpful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this retroviral-induced disease. This review will focus on the recent advances in the generation of immunodeficient and human hemato-lymphoid system mice with a particular emphasis on the development of mouse models for HTLV-1-mediated pathogenesis, their present limitations and the challenges yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Pérès
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Eugénie Bagdassarian
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- Master BioSciences, Département de Biologie, ENS Lyon, 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Sébastien This
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- Master BioSciences, Département de Biologie, ENS Lyon, 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Julien Villaudy
- AIMM Therapeutics, Meibergdreef 59, 1105 BA Amsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 BA Amsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Louis Gazzolo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
| | - Madeleine Duc Dodon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- SFR UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland-Lyon Sud (UMS3444), 69366 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
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