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Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Zhao Y, Hao C, Zhai R, Bao L, Wang D, Li Y, Yu X, Huang R, Yao W. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the phenotypes and functions of THP-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103201. [PMID: 31202006 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Early and accurate evaluation of immunotoxicity is crucial. However, there are few in vitro models for immunosuppressive evaluation. THP-1 cells has long been used for in vitro sensitivity evaluation. Whether it can be used for immunosuppressive evaluation remains unclear. In this study, effects of immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide (CY) on THP-1 cells were observed while 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used as a control. The phenotypes of THP-1 cells, the ability to activate naïve T cells, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, gene markers, phagocytic ability and cell apoptosis were detected after THP-1 cells being exposed to different concentrations of CY and DNCB. Both CY and DNCB were able to activate THP-1 cells, but there were a lot of differences in their effects on THP-1 cells, such as the changes in phenotypes, in the ability to activate naïve T cells, in ROS production and in marker gene expression. Firstly, CY down-regulated the expression of CD86 on THP-1 cells while DNCB up-regulated its expression. Secondly, the ability of THP-1 cells to activate naïve T cells was enhanced by CY and suppressed by DNCB. Thirdly, CY raised rapid and transient elevation of ROS level in THP-1 cells, while the effects of DNCB were slower and longer-lasting. Finally, only CY could lead to an increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. Taken all these results into account, we suggested that THP-1 cell line possesses the potency to be an in vitro model of immunosuppressive evaluation. And the surface molecule CD86, the ability to activate naïve T cells, the ROS production and the gene marker HMOX1 of THP-1 cells are promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruonan Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
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Curtis A, Morton J, Fraser S, Harding AH, Prideaux B, Clench M, Warren ND, Evans GS. Can the KG1 cell line be used as a model of dendritic cells and discriminate the sensitising potential of chemicals? Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:32-40. [PMID: 26260117 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The KG1 myeloid leukaemia was used as source of dendritic cells (DC) to discriminate between respiratory and contact sensitising chemicals. A cocktail of cytokines was used to differentiate KG1 to dendritic like cells (termed dKG1) and the effects of nine chemicals (respiratory and contact sensitisers) and an irritant control on surface marker expression, 'antigen presenting' function and cytokine expression investigated. The stability of these chemicals when dissolved was characterised using MALDI ToF MS. A Hill plot model was used with the cellular viability data to quantify the lethal dose 50% (LD50) and a maximum sub toxic concentration of each chemical defined. Cytokine expression by the treated dKG1 was quantified using multiplex immunobead analysis. Whilst dKG1 cells were morphologically similar to DCs, expression of specific surface markers was not typical for DCs derived from healthy precursor cells. When the chemicals were applied at defined sub toxic doses no effects on dKG1 phenotype, function, or cytokine expression, attributable to the sensitisation properties were discriminated. However, dKG1 cells were much more sensitive to the toxic effects of these chemicals compared to the parent KG1 cells. Only 4 of the 9 chemicals tested were stable when dissolved indicating that the effect of sensitising chemicals on antigen presenting cells may be related to species other than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Curtis
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Jackie Morton
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Susan Fraser
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Anne-Helen Harding
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Malcom Clench
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Nicholas D Warren
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Gareth S Evans
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
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4
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Evaluation of an optimized protocol using human peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells for the in vitro detection of sensitizers: Results of a ring study in five laboratories. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:976-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Hagi-Pavli E, Williams D, Rowland J, Thornhill M, Cruchley A. Characterizing the immunological effects of oral healthcare ingredients using an in vitro reconstructed human epithelial model. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Neves BM, Rosa SC, Martins JD, Silva A, Gonçalo M, Lopes MC, Cruz MT. Development of an in Vitro Dendritic Cell-Based Test for Skin Sensitizer Identification. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:368-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass
Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Carvalho Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Demétrio Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Faculty
of Medicine, Dermatology
Unit, University Hospital of Coimbra, 3000-075
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548
Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Van Den Heuvel RL, Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Nelissen IC, Schoeters GER. Chemical sensitization and allergotoxicology. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:289-314. [PMID: 22945573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sensitization remains an important environmental and occupational health issue. A wide range of substances have been shown to possess the ability to induce skin sensitization or respiratory sensitization. As a consequence, there is a need to have appropriate methods to identify sensitizing agents. Although a considerable investment has been made in exploring opportunities to develop methods for hazard identification and characterization, there are, as yet, no validated nonanimal methods available. A state of the art of the different in vitro approaches to identify contact and respiratory capacity of chemicals is covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette L Van Den Heuvel
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit-Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO N.V.), Centre for Advanced R&D on Alternative Methods (CARDAM), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium,
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8
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In vitro detection of contact allergens: Development of an optimized protocol using human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Nukada Y, Ito Y, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H, Nishiyama N. The relationship between CD86 and CD54 protein expression and cytotoxicity following stimulation with contact allergen in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:313-24. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Arkusz J, Gradecka-Meesters D, Stępnik M. Interleukin-1β and surface marker expression changes induced by tetrachloroplatinate in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903095306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Kagatani S, Sasaki Y, Hirota M, Mizuashi M, Suzuki M, Ohtani T, Itagaki H, Aiba S. Oxidation of Cell Surface Thiol Groups by Contact Sensitizers Triggers the Maturation of Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:175-83. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Ohtani T, Mizuashi M, Nakagawa S, Sasaki Y, Fujimura T, Okuyama R, Aiba S. TGF-beta1 dampens the susceptibility of dendritic cells to environmental stimulation, leading to the requirement for danger signals for activation. Immunology 2009; 126:485-99. [PMID: 19278421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to its favourable effects on Langerhans cell (LC) differentiation, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 has been reported to prevent dendritic cells from maturing in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We first characterized the effects of TGF-beta1 on dendritic cell function by testing the response of TGF-beta1-treated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) to maturation stimuli that LCs receive in the epidermis, namely, haptens, ATP and ultraviolet (UV). TGF-beta1 treatment, which augmented E-cadherin and down-regulated dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin on MoDCs, significantly suppressed their CD86 expression and hapten-induced expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA and protein. As TGF-beta1-treated MoDCs lacked Langerin expression, we demonstrated the suppressive effects of TGF-beta1 on haematopoietic progenitor cell-derived dendritic cells expressing both CD1a and Langerin. These suppressive effects of TGF-beta1 increased with the duration of treatment. Furthermore, TGF-beta1-treated MoDCs became resistant to apoptosis/necrosis induced by high hapten, ATP or UV doses. This was mainly attributable to dampened activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TGF-beta1-treated MoDCs. Notably, although ATP or hapten alone could only induce CD86 expression weakly and could not augment the allogeneic T-cell stimulatory function of TGF-beta1-treated MoDCs, ATP and hapten synergized to stimulate these phenotypic and functional changes. Similarly, 2,4-dinitro, 1-chlorobenzene (DNCB) augmented the maturation of TGF-beta1-treated MoDCs upon co-culture with a keratinocyte cell line, in which ATP released by the hapten-stimulated keratinocytes synergized with the hapten to induce their maturation. These data may suggest that TGF-beta1 protects LCs from being overactivated by harmless environmental stimulation, while maintaining their ability to become activated in response to danger signals released by keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ohtani
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Lodewyckx H, Felicio A, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Van Tendeloo V, Van Cauwenberge P, Nelissen I, Van Den Heuvel R, Schoeters G. THP-1 monocytes but not macrophages as a potential alternative for CD34+ dendritic cells to identify chemical skin sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 236:221-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Antonios D, Ade N, Kerdine-Römer S, Assaf-Vandecasteele H, Larangé A, Azouri H, Pallardy M. Metallic haptens induce differential phenotype of human dendritic cells through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Cruz MT, Neves BM, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Duarte CB, Lopes MC. Effect of Skin Sensitizers on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Nitric Oxide Production in Skin Dendritic Cells: Role of Different Immunosuppressive Drugs. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:225-41. [PMID: 17849269 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701512304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, namely in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). However, the mechanism by which NO acts in ACD remains elusive. The present study focuses on the effects of different contact sensitizers (2,4-dinitrofluorbenzene, 1,4-phenylenediamine, nickel sulfate), the inactive analogue of DNFB, 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene, and two irritants (sodium dodecyl sulphate and benzalkonium chloride) on the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production in skin dendritic cells. It was also studied the role of different immunosuppressive drugs on iNOS expression and NO production. Only nickel sulfate increased the expression of iNOS and NO production being these effects inhibited by dexamathasone. In contrast, cyclosporin A and sirolimus, two other immunosuppressive drugs tested, did not affect iNOS expression triggered by nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cruz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, and Centro de Neurociênciase Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hooyberghs J, Schoeters E, Lambrechts N, Nelissen I, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Den Heuvel R. A cell-based in vitro alternative to identify skin sensitizers by gene expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Differential modulation of CXCR4 and CD40 protein levels by skin sensitizers and irritants in the FSDC cell line. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Sakaguchi H, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Kosaka N, Ito Y, Yoneyama K, Sono S, Itagaki H, Toyoda H, Suzuki H. The relationship between CD86/CD54 expression and THP-1 cell viability in an in vitro skin sensitization test – human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:109-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Kosaka N, Ito Y, Sakaguchi H, Nishiyama N. Production of IL-8 in THP-1 cells following contact allergen stimulation via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation or tumor necrosis factor-.ALPHA. production. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:175-85. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories
| | | | - Nanae Kosaka
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories
| | - Yuichi Ito
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories
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20
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Ade N, Antonios D, Kerdine-Romer S, Boisleve F, Rousset F, Pallardy M. NF-kappaB plays a major role in the maturation of human dendritic cells induced by NiSO(4) but not by DNCB. Toxicol Sci 2007; 99:488-501. [PMID: 17636246 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) activation is a critical event for the induction of an immune response to haptens. Although signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members have been reported to play a role in DC activation by haptens, little is known about the implication of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway. In this work, we showed that NiSO(4) induced the expression of HLA-DR, CD83, CD86, and CD40 and the production of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and IL-12p40 in human DCs, whereas DNCB induced mainly the expression of CD83 and CD86 and the production of IL-8. NiSO(4) but not DNCB was able to activate the degradation of IkappaB-alpha leading to the binding of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB on specific DNA probes. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway using BAY 11-7085 prevents both CD40 and HLA-DR expression and cytokine production induced by NiSO(4). However, BAY 11-7085 only partially inhibited CD86 and CD83 expression induced by NiSO(4). In addition, p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB were independently activated by NiSO(4) since SB203580 did not inhibit NF-kappaB activation by NiSO(4). Interestingly, we also showed that DNCB inhibited the degradation of IkappaB-alpha induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha leading to alteration of CD40, HLA-DR, and CD83 expression but not of CD86 and CCR7. Extensive modifications of DC phenotype by NiSO(4) in comparison to DNCB are probably the consequence of NF-kappaB activation by NiSO(4) but not by DNCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Ade
- Univ Paris-Sud, INSERM, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Miyazawa M, Ito Y, Yoshida Y, Sakaguchi H, Suzuki H. Phenotypic alterations and cytokine production in THP-1 cells in response to allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:428-37. [PMID: 17118622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the induction phase of allergic contact hypersensitivity, dendritic cells (DCs), including Langerhans cells (LCs) present in epidermis, can trigger an efficient T cell response once they have matured in response to an allergen. Upon maturation, DCs have been shown to induce expression of several surface molecules and the up-regulation of cytokine production. We have previously shown that THP-1 cells, human acute monocytic leukemia cell line, can discriminate between allergens and irritants by measuring expression of surface markers, CD86 and CD54, following chemical exposure. At the same time, we have also reported that augmented expression of HLA and CD80, and production of IL-1beta were up-regulated in THP-1 cells when treated with an allergen, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). In the present study, we first evaluated whether THP-1 cells induced the phenotypic changes and the production of cytokines, which are observed in the process of DC maturation, when treated with two known allergens, DNCB and nickel sulfate (NiSO(4)), and one irritant (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)). Exposure to DNCB and NiSO(4) induced significant augmentation of CD40 and CD83 expression as well as CD86 and CD54. Also, TNF-alpha and IL-8 secretion were markedly induced by DNCB and NiSO(4) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DNCB and NiSO(4) augmented CD1a expression and production of IL-6, respectively. On the contrary, SLS did not change any of these markers. We then evaluated a series of chemicals, including six known allergens (e.g., hydroquinone (HQ)) and two non-allergens (e.g., methyl paraben (MP)), in order to investigate the potential increase of CD86, CD54, CD40, and CD83 expression on THP-1 cells, and production of TNF-alpha and IL-8. Indeed, all tested allergens, except eugenol (EU), caused significant increased changes in at least four of the analyzed six markers, while non-allergens did not induce any changes. EU significantly augmented CD86, CD54 and CD40 expression. These results revealed that the wide variety of responses to allergens in THP-1 cells may emulate allergen-induced maturation processes of DCs. It is suggested that THP-1 cells, which could develop several DC-like properties, are suitable for identifying sensitizing potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Miyazawa
- Safety and Microbial Control Research Center, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Maich, Haga-Gun Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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22
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Python F, Goebel C, Aeby P. Assessment of the U937 cell line for the detection of contact allergens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:113-24. [PMID: 17306317 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The human myeloid cell line U937 was evaluated as an in vitro test system to identify contact sensitizers in order to develop alternatives to animal tests for the cosmetic industry. Specific culture conditions (i.e., presence of interleukin-4, IL-4) were applied to obtain a dendritic cell-like phenotype. In the described test protocol, these cells were exposed to test chemicals and then analyzed by flow cytometry for CD86 expression and by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for IL-1beta and IL-8 gene expressions. Eight sensitizers, three non-sensitizers and five oxidative hair dye precursors were examined after 24-, 48- and 72-h exposure times. Test item-specific modulations of the chosen activation markers (CD86, IL-1beta and IL-8) suggest that this U937 activation test could discriminate test items classified as contact sensitizers or non-sensitizers in the local lymph node assay in mice (LLNA). More specifically, a test item can be considered as a potential sensitizer when it significantly induced the upregulation of the expression of at least two markers. Using this approach, we could correctly evaluate the dendritic cell (DC) activation potential for 15 out of 16 tested chemicals. We conclude that the U937 activation test may represent an useful tool in a future in vitro test battery for predicting sensitizing properties of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Python
- Experimental Product Safety, The Procter and Gamble Co., Wella-Cosmital SA, Marly, Switzerland.
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23
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Roggen EL, Soni NK, Verheyen GR. Respiratory immunotoxicity: An in vitro assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1249-64. [PMID: 16876979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As yet, in vitro assessment of the immunotoxic potency of respiratory agents is not possible. The complexity of the endpoint and the respiratory tract, and the limited availability of well-documented respiratory agents are the main reasons. The evidence that epithelial cells (ECs) are triggered by compounds to express in vitro surface proteins and soluble mediators, has stimulated their use for developing tests for respiratory immunotoxicity. A variety of airway ECs and EC-lines have been assessed, but the available information seems to point at human alveolar cells (e.g., A549) as the most convenient cell type. EC-based test formats with various degrees of complexity have been assessed. Sofar, promising results were obtained using a 3D model using the human A549 lung cell line. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been subjected to intensive research. However, currently available tests are not well suited to discern among the potency of sensitizers. Potential explanations include the lack of standardised protocols for the generation of DCs, no good standards for estimating the quality of in vitro derived DC-cultures, and limited dynamics of the currently used end-points. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) have so far received less attention. This may proof unjustified as macrophages may link innate responses to adaptive immunity. The observation that ECs, DCs and AMs affect each other, suggests that test formats are required combining at least two of these cell types if ranking of compounds according to their sensitising potency is the aim. In addition, the capacity of compounds to cross a cellular membrane is an important property of an immunotoxic compound, which can be assessed only in 3D reconstituted human tissue models. While promising data have been reported for the skin, immunocompetent 3D reconstituted human lung remains to be evaluated for respiratory immunotoxicity. Obviously, the success of any of these simplified test (as compared to the complexity of the immune response) is highly dependent on the availability of early stage biomarkers (expressed at mucosal barrier level) that are predictive for relevant immunotoxicity mechanisms occurring down-stream of the immune response. As yet, such biomarkers are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin L Roggen
- Department of Protein Screening, Molecular Biotechnology, Novozymes AS Smoermosevej 11, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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24
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Sakaguchi H, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Yoshida Y, Ito Y, Yoneyama K, Hirota M, Itagaki H, Toyoda H, Suzuki H. Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test using human cell lines; human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) II. An inter-laboratory study of the h-CLAT. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:774-84. [PMID: 16337770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent regulatory changes have placed a major emphasis on in vitro safety testing and alternative models. In regard to skin sensitization tests, dendritic cells (DCs) derived from human peripheral blood have been considered in the development of new in vitro alternatives. Human cell lines have been also reported recently. In our previous study, we suggested that measuring CD86 and/or CD54 expression on THP-1 cells (human monocytic leukemia cell line) could be used as an in vitro skin sensitization method. An inter-laboratory study among two laboratories was undertaken in Japan in order to further develop an in vitro skin sensitization model. In the present study, we used two human cell lines: THP-1 and U-937 (human histiocytic lymphoma cell line). First we optimized our test protocol (refer to the related paper entitled "optimization of the h-CLAT protocol" within this journal) and then we did an inter-laboratory validation with nine chemicals using the optimized protocol. We measured the expression of CD86 and CD54 on the above cells using flow cytometry after a 24h and 48h exposure to six known allergens (e.g., DNCB, pPD, NiSO(4)) and three non-allergens (e.g., SLS, tween 80). For the sample test concentration, four doses (0.1x, 0.5x, 1x, and 2x of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50))) were evaluated. IC(50) was calculated using MTT assay. We found that allergens/non-allergens were better predicted using THP-1 cells compared to U-937 cells following a 24 h and a 48 h exposure. We also found that the 24h treatment time tended to have a better accuracy than the 48 h treatment time for THP-1 cells. Expression of CD86 and CD54 were good predictive markers for THP-1 cells, but for U-937 cells, expression of CD86 was a better predictor than CD54, at the 24h and the 48 h treatment time. The accuracy also improved when both markers (CD86 and CD54) were used as compared with a single marker for THP-1 cells. Both laboratories gave a good prediction of allergen/non-allergen, especially using THP-1 cells. These results suggest that our method, human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT), using human cell lines THP-1 and U-937, but especially THP-1 cells at 24h treatment, may be a useful in vitro skin sensitization model to predict various contact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sakaguchi
- Safety and Microbial Control Research Center, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Maich, Haga-Gun Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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25
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Gildea LA, Ryan CA, Foertsch LM, Kennedy JM, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Gerberick GF. Identification of gene expression changes induced by chemical allergens in dendritic cells: opportunities for skin sensitization testing. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1813-22. [PMID: 16645592 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular changes within resident skin dendritic cells (DCs) after allergen uptake and processing are critical events in the acquisition of skin sensitization. Here we describe the development of a set of selection criteria to derive a list of potential target genes from previous microarray analyses of human peripheral blood-derived (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-DCs) treated with dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid for predicting skin-sensitizing chemicals. Based on those criteria, a probing evaluation of the target genes has been conducted using an extended chemical data set, comprising five skin irritants and 11 contact allergens. PBMCs-DCs were treated for 24 hours with various concentrations of chemicals and in each instance the expression of up to 60 genes was examined by real-time PCR analysis. Consistent allergen-induced changes in the expression of many genes were observed and further prioritization of the targets was conducted by analysis of the same genes in DCs treated with non-sensitizing chemicals to determine their specificity for skin sensitization. Real-time PCR analyses of multiple chemical allergens, irritants, and non-sensitizers have identified 10 genes that demonstrate reproducibly high levels of selectivity, specificity, and dynamic range consistent with providing the basis for robust and sensitive alternative approaches for the identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Gildea
- Central Product Safety Department, Miami Valley Innovation Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707, USA.
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26
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Azam P, Peiffer JL, Chamousset D, Tissier MH, Bonnet PA, Vian L, Fabre I, Ourlin JC. The cytokine-dependent MUTZ-3 cell line as an in vitro model for the screening of contact sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 212:14-23. [PMID: 16039684 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are key mediators of contact allergenicity in the skin. However, no in vitro methods exist which are based on the activation process of LC to predict the sensitization potential of chemicals. In this study, we have evaluated the performances of MUTZ-3, a cytokine-dependent human monocytic cell line, in its response to sensitizers. First, we compared undifferentiated MUTZ-3 cells with several standard human cells such as THP-1, KG-1, HL-60, K-562, and U-937 in their response to the strong sensitizer DNCB and the irritant SDS by monitoring the expression levels of HLA-DR, CD54, and CD86 by flow cytometry. Only MUTZ-3 and THP-1 cells show a strong and specific response to sensitizer, while other cell lines showed very variable responses. Then, we tested MUTZ-3 cells against a wider panel of sensitizers and irritants on a broader spectrum of cell surface markers (HLA-DR, CD40, CD54, CD80, CD86, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-DC). Of these markers, CD86 proved to be the most reliable since it detected all sensitizers, including benzocaine, a classical false negative in local lymph node assay (LLNA) but not irritants. We confirmed the MUTZ-3 response to DNCB by real-time PCR analysis. Taken together, our data suggest that undifferentiated MUTZ-3 cells may represent a valuable in vitro model for the screening of potential sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Azam
- AFSSAPS, Unité BCM, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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27
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Sanderson JP, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK. Role of bioactivation in drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E55-64. [PMID: 16584134 PMCID: PMC2751424 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions are a major problem in both clinical treatment and drug development. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, with special focus on the potential role of metabolism and bioactivation in generating a chemical signal for activation of the immune system. The possible role of haptenation and neoantigen formation is discussed, alongside recent findings that challenge this paradigm. Additionally, the essential role of costimulation is examined, as are the potential points whereby costimulation may be driven by reactive metabolites. The relevance of local generation of metabolites in determining the location and character of a reaction is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, L69 3GE Liverpool, England
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, L69 3GE Liverpool, England
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, L69 3GE Liverpool, England
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28
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Toebak MJ, Pohlmann PR, Sampat-Sardjoepersad SC, von Blomberg BME, Bruynzeel DP, Scheper RJ, Rustemeyer T, Gibbs S. CXCL8 secretion by dendritic cells predicts contact allergens from irritants. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:117-24. [PMID: 16099135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions have been explored for identification of contact allergens in vitro. Current methods, including measurement of changes in cell surface marker expression (e.g. CD83, CD86) do not provide a sensitive method for detecting the sensitising potential of a chemical. In this study, we investigated whether chemokine production by monocyte-derived dendritic cells is increased upon maturation and whether chemokine production can provide methodology for the detection of allergens. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were exposed to allergens (nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, palladium chloride, copper sulphate, chrome-(III)-chloride, potassium dichromate, p-phenylenediamine and dinitrochlorobenzene) and irritants (sodium dodecyl sulphate, dimethylsulphoxide, benzalkoniumchloride and propane-1-ol). CD83 and CD86 expression was analysed by flow cytometry and chemokine production (CXCL8, CCL5, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL22) was determined by ELISA. Significant up regulation of CD83 and CD86 expression could only be induced by three out of seven and five out of seven allergens, respectively. In contrast, CXCL8 production was significantly increased after stimulation with all allergens tested, whereas irritant exposure led to decreased CXCL8 production. All other chemokines tested, failed in identifying contact allergens. In conclusion, CXCL8 production, next to CD83 and CD86 up regulation, by monocyte-derived dendritic cells provides a promising in vitro tool for discrimination between allergens and irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Toebak
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Jugdé F, Boissier C, Rougier-Larzat N, Corlu A, Chesné C, Semana G, Heresbach D. Regulation by allergens of chemokine receptor expression on in vitro-generated dendritic cells. Toxicology 2005; 212:227-38. [PMID: 15961209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (DCs) derived from CD34+ progenitor cells or peripheral monocytes, are used as in vitro sensitization models in many chemical allergen treatment studies. During the sensitization, DCs follow maturation process and gain the capacity to migrate to lymph nodes where they stimulate T cells. Chemokine receptor allows DCs to migrate along chemotactic gradients. In this work, we used immature DCs from peripheral monocytes to evaluate the influence of allergens on chemokine receptor and surface-marker expression. We tested the sensitizers dinitrochlorobenzene, Bandrowski's base, and coumarin, as well as the tolerogen dichloronitrobenzene, the irritant sodium dodecyl sulfate and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide. All skin sensitizers up-regulated the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 and increased the CD83+ cell population. No expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3, CCR6, or CXCR5 was observed on DCs exposed to the tested chemicals. The strong allergen dinitrochlorobenzene slightly increased CCR7 expression on DCs but down-regulated CCR1 surface expression. CCR1 down-regulation was not mediated by a classical maturation pathway, as it was unaffected by the corticosteroid dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Jugdé
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, GURIFA, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes I, 35043 Rennes, France
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30
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Ryan CA, Gerberick GF, Gildea LA, Hulette BC, Betts CJ, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Interactions of Contact Allergens with Dendritic Cells: Opportunities and Challenges for the Development of Novel Approaches to Hazard Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2005; 88:4-11. [PMID: 16014741 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of potential skin sensitizing chemicals is a key step in the overall skin safety risk assessment process. Traditionally, predictive testing has been conducted in guinea pigs. More recently, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has become the preferred test method for assessing skin sensitization potential. However, even with the significant animal welfare benefits provided by the LLNA, there is a need to develop non-animal test methods for skin sensitization. Mechanistic understanding of allergic contact dermatitis has increased substantially in recent years. For example, a number of changes are known to occur in epidermal Langerhans cells, the principal antigen-presenting dendritic cell in the skin, as a result of exposure to chemical allergens, including the internalization of surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules via endocytosis, the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation, the modulation of cell surface markers, and cytokine expression. The application of this knowledge to the design of predictive in vitro alternative tests provides both unique opportunities and challenges. In this review, we have focused specifically on the impact of chemical exposure on dendritic cells and the potential use of that information in the development of cell-based assays for assessing skin sensitization potential of chemicals in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A Ryan
- Miami Valley Innovation Center, Central Product Safety Department, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707, USA.
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31
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Casati S, Aeby P, Basketter DA, Cavani A, Gennari A, Gerberick GF, Griem P, Hartung T, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Meade BJ, Pallardy M, Rougier N, Rousset F, Rubinstenn G, Sallusto F, Verheyen GR, Zuang V. Dendritic Cells as a Tool for the Predictive Identification of Skin Sensitisation Hazard. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:47-62. [PMID: 15807636 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casati
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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