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Papastefanaki F, Jakovcevski I, Poulia N, Djogo N, Schulz F, Martinovic T, Ciric D, Loers G, Vossmeyer T, Weller H, Schachner M, Matsas R. Intraspinal Delivery of Polyethylene Glycol-coated Gold Nanoparticles Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Ther 2015; 23:993-1002. [PMID: 25807288 PMCID: PMC4817765 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to regenerate effectively after injury leads to mostly irreversible functional impairment. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates for drug delivery in combination with tissue-compatible reagents, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG administration in CNS injury models has received interest for potential therapy, but toxicity and low bioavailability prevents clinical application. Here we show that intraspinal delivery of PEG-functionalized 40-nm-AuNPs at early stages after mouse spinal cord injury is beneficial for recovery. Positive outcome of hind limb motor function was accompanied by attenuated inflammatory response, enhanced motor neuron survival, and increased myelination of spared or regrown/sprouted axons. No adverse effects, such as body weight loss, ill health, or increased mortality were observed. We propose that PEG-AuNPs represent a favorable drug-delivery platform with therapeutic potential that could be further enhanced if PEG-AuNPs are used as carriers of regeneration-promoting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany; Current address: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nafsika Poulia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Nevena Djogo
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schulz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Martinovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Ciric
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabrielle Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Guandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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Rijsdijk M, van Wijck AJM, Kalkman CJ, Yaksh TL. The effects of glucocorticoids on neuropathic pain: a review with emphasis on intrathecal methylprednisolone acetate delivery. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:1097-112. [PMID: 24781577 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) has a long history of use in the treatment of sciatic pain and other neuropathic pain syndromes. In several of these syndromes, MPA is administered in the epidural space. On a limited basis, MPA has also been injected intrathecally in patients suffering from postherpetic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome. The reports on efficacy of intrathecal administration of MPA in neuropathic pain patients are contradictory, and safety is debated. In this review, we broadly consider mechanisms whereby glucocorticoids exert their action on spinal cascades relevant to the pain arising after nerve injury and inflammation. We then focus on the characteristics of the actions of MPA in pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety when administered in the intrathecal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mienke Rijsdijk
- From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Clinic, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and †Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Chen B, Bohnert D, Borgens RB, Cho Y. Pushing the science forward: chitosan nanoparticles and functional repair of CNS tissue after spinal cord injury. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:15. [PMID: 23731718 PMCID: PMC3684525 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We continue our exploration of the large polysaccharide polymer Chitosan as an acute therapy for severe damage to the nervous system. We tested the action of subcutaneously injected nanoparticles (~ 100 - 200 nanometers in diameter; 1 mg per ml) against control injections (silica particle of the same size and concentration) in a standardized in vivo spinal cord injury model. These functional tests used standardized physiological measurements of evoked potentials arriving at the sensorimotor cortex subsequent to stimulation of the tibial nerve of the contralateral hindlimb. We further explored the degree of acetylation and molecular weight of chitosan on the success of sealing cell damage using specific probes of membrane integrity. RESULTS Not one of the control group showed restored conduction of evoked potentials stimulated from the tibial nerve of the hindleg - through the lesion - and recorded at the sensorimotor cortex of the brain. Investigation if the degree of acetylation and molecular weight impacted "membrane sealing" properties of Chitosan were unsuccessful. Dye - exchange membrane probes failed to show a difference between the comparators in the function of Chitosan in ex vivo injured spinal cord tests. CONCLUSIONS We found that Chitosan nanoparticles effectively restore nerve impulse transmission through the crushed adult guinea pig spinal cord in vivo after severe crush/compression injury. The tests of the molecular weight (MW) and degree of acetylation did not produce any improvement in Chitosan's membrane sealing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Chen
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Debra Bohnert
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard Ben Borgens
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Youngnam Cho
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Present address: New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, 809 Madu-1dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Korea
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Chen B, Zuberi M, Borgens RB, Cho Y. Affinity for, and localization of, PEG-functionalized silica nanoparticles to sites of damage in an ex vivo spinal cord injury model. J Biol Eng 2012; 6:18. [PMID: 22979980 PMCID: PMC3549791 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to serious neurological and functional deficits through a chain of pathophysiological events. At the molecular level, progressive damage is initially revealed by collapse of plasma membrane organization and integrity produced by breaches. Consequently, the loss of its role as a semi-permeable barrier that generally mediates the regulation and transport of ions and molecules eventually results in cell death. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the functional recovery of compromised plasma membranes can be induced by the application of the hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) after both spinal and brain trauma in adult rats and guinea pigs. Additionally, efforts have been directed towards a nanoparticle-based PEG application. The in vivo and ex vivo applications of PEG-decorated silica nanoparticles following CNS injury were able to effectively and efficiently enhance resealing of damaged cell membranes. Results The possibility for selectivity of tetramethyl rhodamine-dextran (TMR) dye-doped, PEG-functionalized silica nanoparticles (TMR-PSiNPs) to damaged spinal cord was evaluated using an ex vivo model of guinea pig SCI. Crushed and nearby undamaged spinal cord tissues exhibited an obvious difference in both the imbibement and accumulation of the TMR-PSiNPs, revealing selective labeling of compression-injured tissues. Conclusions These data show that appropriately functionalized nanoparticles can be an efficient means to both 1.) carry drugs, and 2.) apply membrane repair agents where they are needed in focally damaged nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Chen
- Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Impact of Excipient Interactions on Drug Bioavailability from Solid Dosage Forms. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2639-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cellular and paracellular transplants for spinal cord injury: a review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:237-43. [PMID: 20972681 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental approaches to limit the spinal cord injury and to promote neurite outgrowth and improved function from a spinal cord injury have exploded in recent decades. Due to the cavitation resulting after a spinal cord injury, newer important treatment strategies have consisted of implanting scaffolds with or without cellular transplants. There are various scaffolds, as well as various different cellular transplants including stem cells at different levels of differentiation, Schwann cells and peripheral nerve implants, that have been reviewed. Also, attention has been given to different re-implantation techniques in avulsion injuries. METHODS Using standard search engines, this literature is reviewed. CONCLUSION Cellular and paracellular transplantation for application to spinal cord injury offers promising results for those patients with spinal cord pathology.
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Tabesh H, Amoabediny G, Nik NS, Heydari M, Yosefifard M, Siadat SOR, Mottaghy K. The role of biodegradable engineered scaffolds seeded with Schwann cells for spinal cord regeneration. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:73-83. [PMID: 19084565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is very complicated, as there are factors in the body that inhibit its repair. Although regeneration of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) was once thought to be impossible, studies over the past two decades have shown that axonal growth after spinal cord injury can occur when provided with the correct substratum. Traditionally, tissue transplantation or peripheral nerve grafting are used to repair damaged or diseased regions of the CNS, but donor shortage and immunological problems associated with infectious disease are often encountered. Fortunately, recent advances in neuroscience, cell culture, and biomaterials provide optimistic future using new treatments for nerve injuries. Biomaterial scaffold creates substrate within which cells are instructed to form a tissue or an organ in a highly controlled way. The principal function of a scaffold is to direct cell behavior such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, maintenance of phenotype, and apoptosis by facilitating sensing and responding to the environment via cell-matrix and cell-cell communications. Therefore, having such abilities provides scaffolds seeded with a special type of cell as an important part of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which spinal cord regeneration is an example of. Nevertheless, the vast number of biodegradable synthetic and natural biopolymers makes choosing the right one very difficult. In this review article, it was tried to provide an inclusive survey of biopolymers seeded with Schwann cells (SCs) to be used for axonal regeneration in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tabesh
- Physiology Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Samadikuchaksaraei A. An overview of tissue engineering approaches for management of spinal cord injuries. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2007; 4:15. [PMID: 17501987 PMCID: PMC1876804 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating neurological deficits and disabilities, which necessitates spending a great deal of health budget for psychological and healthcare problems of these patients and their relatives. This justifies the cost of research into the new modalities for treatment of spinal cord injuries, even in developing countries. Apart from surgical management and nerve grafting, several other approaches have been adopted for management of this condition including pharmacologic and gene therapy, cell therapy, and use of different cell-free or cell-seeded bioscaffolds. In current paper, the recent developments for therapeutic delivery of stem and non-stem cells to the site of injury, and application of cell-free and cell-seeded natural and synthetic scaffolds have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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