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Diniz RR, Domingos TFS, Pinto GR, Cabral LM, de Pádula M, de Souza AMT. Use of in silico and in vitro methods as a potential new approach methodologies (NAMs) for (photo)mutagenicity and phototoxicity risk assessment of agrochemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:167320. [PMID: 37748613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of agrochemicals raises concerns about environmental, animal, and mainly human toxicology. The development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for toxicological risk assessment including new in vitro tests and in silico protocols is encouraged. Although agrochemical mutagenicity testing is well established, a complementary alternative approach may contribute to increasing reliability, with the consequent reduction of false-positive results that lead to unnecessary use of animals in follow-up in vivo testing. Additionally, it is unreasonable to underestimate the phototoxic effects of an accidental dermal exposure to agrochemicals during agricultural work or domestic application in the absence of adequate personal protection equipment, especially in terms of photomutagenicity. In this scenario, we addressed the integration of in vitro and in silico techniques as NAMs to assess the mutagenic and phototoxic potential of agrochemicals. In the present study we used the yno1 S. cerevisiae strain as a biomodel for in vitro assessment of agrochemical mutagenicity, both in the absence and in the presence of simulated sunlight. In parallel, in silico predictions were performed using a combination of expert rule-based and statistical-based models to assess gene mutations and phototoxicity. None of the tested agrochemicals showed mutagenic potential in the two proposed approaches. The Gly and 2,4D herbicides were photomutagenic in the in vitro yeast test despite the negative in silico prediction of phototoxicity. Herein, we demonstrated a novel experimental approach combining both in silico and in vitro experiments to address the complementary investigation of the phototoxicity and (photo)mutagenicity of agrochemicals. These findings shed light on the importance of investigating and reconsidering the photosafety assessment of these products, using not only photocytotoxicity assays but also photomutagenicity assays, which should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiane R Diniz
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel R Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Pádula
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M T de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Qureshi S, Chandra S, Chopra D, Dubey D, Jain V, Roy SK, Ray RS. Nabumetone induced photogenotoxicity mechanism mediated by ROS generation under environmental UV radiation in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 420:115516. [PMID: 33798594 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone (NB) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), prescribed for managing pain associated with acute/chronic rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders. Though some incidences of photosensitivity have been reported, there is limited information available on its phototoxicity potential. In this study, NB photodegraded in a time-dependant manner (0-4 h) under UVA (1.5 mW/cm2), UVB (0.6 mW/cm2) and natural sunlight as observed through UV-vis spectrophotometer and the results were further confirmed with Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). Photosensitized NB generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as observed by lipid peroxidation, suggesting oxidative degradation of lipids in cell membrane, thereby resulting in cell damage. MTT and NRU (neutral red uptake) assays revealed that NB induced phototoxicity in concentration-dependent manner (0.5, 1, 5, 10 μg/ml) under UVA, UVB and sunlight exposure (30 min) in human keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT), with significant phototoxicity at the concentration of 5 μg/ml. Photosensitized NB generated intracellular ROS, disrupted mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane integrity, resulting in cell death. UV-induced genotoxicity by NB was confirmed through micronuclei generation, γ-H2AX induction and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation. This is the first study which showed the phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity potential of NB in HaCaT cell line. We also observed that photosensitized NB upregulated inflammatory markers, such as COX-2 and TNFα. This study proposes that sunlight exposure should be avoided by patients using nabumetone and proper guidance should be provided by clinicians regarding photosensitivity of drugs for better safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Qureshi
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-, 201 002, India
| | - Sonam Chandra
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-, 201 002, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Dubey
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Veena Jain
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-, 201 002, India
| | - Somendu Kumar Roy
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-, 201 002, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-, 201 002, India.
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Paiva JP, Diniz RR, Leitão AC, Cabral LM, Fortunato RS, Santos BAMC, de Pádula M. Insights and controversies on sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:707-723. [PMID: 33064037 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1826899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although sunlight provides several benefits, ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in the development of various skin damages such as erythema, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Despite cells having endogenous defense systems, damaged DNA may not be efficiently repaired at chronic exposure. In this sense, it is necessary to use artificial defense strategies such as sunscreen formulations. UV filters should scatter, reflect, or absorb solar UV radiation in order to prevent direct or indirect DNA lesions. However, the safety of UV filters is a matter of concern due to several controversies reported in literature, such as endocrine alterations, allergies, increased oxidative stress, phototoxic events, among others. Despite these controversies, the way in which sunscreens are tested is essential to ensure safety. Sunscreen regulation includes mandatory test for phototoxicity, but photogenotoxicity testing is not recommended as a part of the standard photosafety testing program. Although available photobiological tests are still the first approach to assess photosafety, they are limited. Some existing tests do not always provide reliable results, mainly due to limitations regarding the nature of the assessed phototoxic effect, cell UV sensitivity, and the irradiation protocols. These aspects bring queries regarding the safety of sunscreen wide use and suggest the demand for the development of robust and efficient in vitro screening tests to overcome the existing limitations. In this way, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has stood out as a promising model to fill the gaps in photobiology and to complete the mandatory tests enabling a more extensive and robust photosafety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Paiva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiane R Diniz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro C Leitão
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular (Radmol), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca A M C Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional (LaPFarSC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Pádula
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hossy BH, da Costa Leitão AA, dos Santos EP, Matsuda M, Rezende LB, Rurr JSC, Pinto AV, Ramos-e-Silva M, de Pádula M, de Oliveira Miguel NC. Phototoxic assessment of a sunscreen formulation and its excipients: An in vivo and in vitro study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 173:545-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Roque LV, Dias IS, Cruz N, Rebelo A, Roberto A, Rijo P, Reis CP. Design of Finasteride-Loaded Nanoparticles for Potential Treatment of Alopecia. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 30:197-204. [DOI: 10.1159/000475473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Quantin P, Thélu A, Catoire S, Ficheux H. Perspectives and strategies of alternative methods used in the risk assessment of personal care products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:422-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Husain MA, Sarwar T, Rehman SU, Ishqi HM, Tabish M. Ibuprofen causes photocleavage through ROS generation and intercalates with DNA: a combined biophysical and molecular docking approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13837-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is an important nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug which intercalates with DNA and causes phototoxicity through ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarique Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- A.M. University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Sayeed Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- A.M. University
- Aligarh
- India
| | | | - Mohammad Tabish
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- A.M. University
- Aligarh
- India
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D'Angiolillo F, Pistelli L, Noccioli C, Ruffoni B, Piaggi S, Scarpato R, Pistelli L. In vitro Cultures of Bituminaria bituminosa: Pterocarpan, Furanocoumarin and Isoflavone Production and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bituminaria bituminosa L. is known for producing several compounds with considerable pharmaceutical interest, such as phenylpropanoids, furanocoumarins and pterocarpans. In vitro cultures of seedlings, shoots, and callus have been produced to obtain plant materials useful for the production of these metabolites. The secondary metabolite profile was evaluated by HPLC-DAD. The extracts of all the in vitro material contained the flavonoid daidzein, while plicatin B, erybraedin C and bitucarpin A were found only in the extracts of the in vitro shoots and in wild shoots. The furanocoumarins angelicin and psoralen were found in in vivo and in vitro plants, but in the callus were not detectable. The extracts were also tested for cytotoxic activity in HeLa cell culture; the highest level of cytotoxicity was found in in vitro shoot extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Angiolillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa - Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa - Italy
| | - Cecilia Noccioli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa - Italy
| | - Barbara Ruffoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, CRA FSO Ornamental Plants Research Unit, corso degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo (IM) - Italy
| | - Simona Piaggi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa - Italy
| | - Roberto Scarpato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa - Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa - Italy
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Rosado C, Silva C, Reis CP. Hydrocortisone-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for atopic dermatitis treatment. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:710-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.712537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ringeissen S, Marrot L, Note R, Labarussiat A, Imbert S, Todorov M, Mekenyan O, Meunier JR. Development of a mechanistic SAR model for the detection of phototoxic chemicals and use in an integrated testing strategy. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:324-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Onoue S, Igarashi N, Yamauchi Y, Kojima T, Murase N, Zhou Y, Yamada S, Tsuda Y. In Vitro Phototoxic Potential and Photochemical Properties of Imidazopyridine Derivative: A Novel 5-HT4 Partial Agonist. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:4307-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Onoue S, Kawamura K, Igarashi N, Zhou Y, Fujikawa M, Yamada H, Tsuda Y, Seto Y, Yamada S. Reactive oxygen species assay-based risk assessment of drug-induced phototoxicity: classification criteria and application to drug candidates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:967-72. [PMID: 18455898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the phototoxic potential of chemicals could be partly predicted by the determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from photo-irradiated compounds. In this study, ROS assay strategy was applied to 39 marketed drugs and 210 drug candidates in order to establish provisional classification criteria for risk assessment of drug-induced phototoxicity. The photosensitizing properties of 39 model compounds consisting of phototoxic and non-phototoxic chemicals, as well as ca. 210 drug candidates including 11 chemical series were evaluated using ROS assay and the 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test (NRU PT). With respect to marketed drugs, most phototoxic drugs tended to cause type I and/or II photochemical reactions, resulting in generation of singlet oxygen and superoxide. There seemed to be a clear difference between phototoxic drugs and non-phototoxic compounds in their abilities to induce photochemical reactions. A plot analysis of ROS data on the marked drugs provided classification criteria to discriminate the photosensitizers from non-phototoxic substances. Of all drug candidates tested, 35.2% compounds were identified as phototoxic or likely phototoxic on the basis of the 3T3 NRU PT, and all ROS data for these phototoxic compounds were found to be over the threshold value. Furthermore, 46.3% of non-phototoxic drug candidates were found to be in the subthreshold region. These results verify the usefulness of the ROS assay for understanding the phototoxicity risk of pharmaceutical substances, and the ROS assay can be used for screening purposes in the drug discovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Catalfo A, Calandra ML, Renis M, Serrentino ME, De Guidi G. Rufloxacin-induced photosensitization in yeast. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:181-9. [PMID: 17277842 DOI: 10.1039/b608238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone Rufloxacin (RFX) is active as specific inhibitor of bacterial gyrase. The adverse effects of the photosensitization induced by fluoroquinolones are well known. A predominant type II photosensitizing activity of Rufloxacin has already been demonstrated on simpler models (free nucleosides, calf thymus DNA), whereas a cooperative mechanism was corroborated on more complex ones (plasmid and fibroblast). The purpose of this study is to examine the drug photocytoxicity in another complex cellular model, a wild-type eukaryotic fast-growing microorganism whose cultivation is cheap and easily managed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work represents the first report of the potential photogenotoxicity of Rufloxacin. Particular emphasis was given to DNA modifications caused in yeast by the formation of Rufloxacin photomediated toxic species, such as hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde. Drug phototoxicity on yeast was evaluated by measuring DNA fragmentation (single/double strand breaks) using single cell gel electrophoresis assay and 8-OH-dGuo, a DNA photooxidation biomarker, by HPLC-ECD. Cellular sensitivity was also assessed by cell viability test. The extra- and intracellular RFX concentration (as well as its main photoproduct) was verified by HPLC-MS, whereas the cytotoxic species were evaluated by colorimetric assays. The results confirm the phototoxicity of Rufloxacin on yeast cell and are in agreement with those previously obtained with human fibroblast and with simpler models used recently, and provide a clear link between DNA photosensitization and overall phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio Catalfo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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