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Astragalus Shiitake—A Novel Functional Food with High Polysaccharide Content and Anti-Proliferative Activity in a Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112333. [PMID: 35684133 PMCID: PMC9182587 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical and nutritional constituents of mushrooms can alter significantly when grown on different substrates. Based on this fact, an approach was made to cultivate a new type of mushroom, Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake, by growing Shiitake mushrooms on beds supplemented with the roots of an edible herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. In this study, three green extraction techniques, including microwave-enzyme assisted (MEA), ultrasound-enzyme assisted (UEA) and microwave-ultrasound-enzyme assisted (MUEA) extractions, were used to compare both the yield and antiproliferative activity of the polysaccharide-rich extracts (PREs) from HAS in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT 116). Both HAS-A and HAS-B extracts contain significantly higher amounts of polysaccharides when compared to the control (Shiitake extract), regardless of the extraction methods. The PREs from HAS-B have significantly higher anti-proliferative activity in HCT 116 compared to the control when using the UEA extraction method. Our findings demonstrate that HAS-B can become a novel functional food with anti-proliferative activities and the optimization of UEA extraction would help to develop new active extract-based health products.
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VanderMolen KM, Little JG, Sica VP, El-Elimat T, Raja HA, Oberlies NH, Baker TR, Mahony C. Safety assessment of mushrooms in dietary supplements by combining analytical data with in silico toxicology evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:133-147. [PMID: 28267567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing popularity in dietary supplements, many medicinal mushrooms have not been evaluated for their safe human consumption using modern techniques. The multifaceted approach described here relies on five key principles to evaluate the safety of non-culinary fungi for human use: (1) identification by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (commonly referred to as ITS barcoding), (2) screening an extract of each fungal raw material against a database of known fungal metabolites, (3) comparison of these extracts to those prepared from grocery store-bought culinary mushrooms using UHPLCPDA-ELS-HRMS, (4) review of the toxicological and chemical literature for each fungus, and (5) evaluation of data establishing presence in-market. This weight-of-evidence approach was used to evaluate seven fungal raw materials and determine safe human use for each. Such an approach may provide an effective alternative to conventional toxicological animal studies (or more efficiently identifies when studies are necessary) for the safety assessment of fungal dietary ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M VanderMolen
- Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, New Chapter, Inc., 90 Technology Dr, Brattleboro, VT 05301, United States; Central Product Safety, The Procter and Gamble Company, Winton Hill Business Center, 6100 Center Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45232, United States.
| | - Jason G Little
- Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, New Chapter, Inc., 90 Technology Dr, Brattleboro, VT 05301, United States; Personal Health Care, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Vincent P Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States; Research and Development, Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States.
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States.
| | - Timothy R Baker
- Research and Development, Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, Procter and Gamble Company Technical Centres Ltd, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom.
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Finimundy TC, Dillon AJP, Henriques JAP, Ely MR. A Review on General Nutritional Compounds and Pharmacological Properties of the <i>Lentinula edodes</i> Mushroom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.512119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhong M, Liu B, Wang X, Liu L, Lun Y, Li X, Ning A, Cao J, Huang M. De novo characterization of Lentinula edodes C91-3 transcriptome by deep Solexa sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aqueous extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju exhibit high antioxidant capability and promising in vitro antitumor activity. Nutr Res 2012; 33:76-84. [PMID: 23351413 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom extracts are increasingly sold as dietary supplements because of several of their properties, including the enhancement of immune function and antitumor activity. We hypothesized that soluble polar substances present in mushroom extracts may show antioxidant and anticancer properties. This report shows that Brazilian aqueous extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju exert inhibitory activity against the proliferation of the human tumor cell lines laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Cell viability was determined after using 3 different temperatures (4°C, 22°C, and 50°C) for mushroom extraction. Biochemical assays carried out in parallel indicated higher amounts of polyphenols in the L edodes extracts at all extraction temperatures investigated. The scavenging ability of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical showed higher activity for L edodes extracts. Superoxide dismutase-like activity showed no statistically significant difference among the groups for the 2 tested extracts, and catalase-like activity was increased with the L edodes extracts at 4°C. The results for the cytotoxic activity from P sajor-caju extracts at 22°C revealed the half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.64% ± 0.02% for Hep-2 and 0.25% ± 0.02% for HeLa. A higher cytotoxic activity was found for the L edodes extract at 22°C, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.78% ± 0.02% for Hep-2 and 0.57% ± 0.01% for HeLa. Substantial morphological modifications in cells were confirmed by Giemsa staining after treatment with either extract, suggesting inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis with increasing extract concentrations. These results indicate that the aqueous extracts of Brazilian L edodes and P sajor-caju mushrooms are potential sources of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. However, further investigations are needed to exploit their valuable therapeutic uses and to elucidate their modes of action.
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Yoneda K, Shiozawa A, Kitahara A, Takahashi E, Arimoto S, Okamoto K, Negishi T. Novel Antimutagenic Proteins in the Edible Mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Genes Environ 2012. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.34.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Barcelos GRM, Shimabukuro F, Maciel MAM, Cólus IMS. Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in V79 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1468-75. [PMID: 17706911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of plants for the treatment of diseases continues to rise although there are few studies providing proof of these effects. One of these plants is the Anacardium occidentale, popularly known as the cashew. The present study evaluated the possible genotoxic and protective activities of cashew stem bark methanolic extract, in vitro, using methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as a positive control, to compare possible mechanisms of DNA damage induction in the Comet assay. The antigenotoxicity protocols used were pre, simultaneous and post-treatment in relation to MMS. In genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity assessments, besides MMS, PBS was used as the negative control and three concentrations of the A. occidentale extract (500 microg/mL, 1000 microg/mL and 2000 microg/mL) were used on Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells). The Comet assay revealed that the two lowest concentrations tested presented no genotoxic activity, whereas the highest presented genotoxicity. All of the concentrations showed protective activity in simultaneous and post-treatment in relation to MMS. Further studies are required to identify the substances that comprise the extract and more clearly comprehend the antigenotoxic mechanism detected in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R M Barcelos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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