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Casas-Rodriguez A, Cameán AM, Jos A. Potential Endocrine Disruption of Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120882. [PMID: 36548779 PMCID: PMC9785827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), although classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxins, respectively, have been shown to also induce toxic effects in many other systems and organs. Among them, their potential endocrine disruption (ED) activity has been scarcely investigated. Considering the increasing relevance of ED on humans, mammals, and aquatic organisms, this work aimed to review the state-of-the-art regarding the toxic effects of MCs and CYN at this level. It has been evidenced that MCs have been more extensively investigated than CYN. Reported results are contradictory, with the presence or absence of effects, but experimental conditions also vary to a great extent. In general, both toxins have shown ED activity mediated by very different mechanisms, such as estrogenic responses via a binding estrogen receptor (ER), pathological changes in several organs and cells (testis, ovarian cells), and a decreased gonad-somatic index. Moreover, toxic effects mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in transcriptional responses on several endocrine axes and steroidogenesis-related genes, and changes in hormone levels have also been reported. Further research is required in a risk assessment frame because official protocols for assessment of endocrine disrupters have not been used. Moreover, the use of advanced techniques would aid in deciphering cyanotoxins dose-response relationships in relation to their ED potential.
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Moraes ACND, Fallah HP, de Magalhães VF, Habibi HR. Cylindrospermopsin induces oocyte maturation and disrupts gene expression in zebrafish ovarian follicles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103915. [PMID: 35750255 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that cylindrospermopsin (CYN) exerts reproductive toxicity in mice. However, little information is available concerning the toxicity of CYN in nonmammalian vertebrates. Here, we investigated the direct action of CYN on female reproduction by studying germinal vesicle breakdown, transcript abundance, caspase-3 activity, and testosterone production using cultured follicle-enclosed zebrafish oocytes as a model system. Treatment of follicles with 1,000 μg/L CYN significantly increased GVBD, Caspase-3 activity, and hCG-induced testosterone secretion. Exposure to CYN also reduced the abundance of 3βhsd as well as hCG-induced fshr and era transcripts and increased cyp19a1 mRNA levels. In summary, this study provides a framework for a better understanding of the adverse action of CYN on female reproduction in zebrafish and other vertebrate species. The findings are also relevant to developing valid biomarkers for CYN by measuring zebrafish oocyte maturation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carvalho Natal de Moraes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21.941-902, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | | | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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de Moraes ACN, Caires FO, Imperio GE, Nóbrega RH, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, de Magalhães VF. Cylindrospermopsin Disrupts Estrous Cycle and Increases Spermatogenesis in Mice. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2876-2884. [PMID: 35257354 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a water-soluble cyanotoxin that has been linked to several cases of poisoning in the world. In vitro studies have shown that CYN acts as an endocrine disruptor by inhibiting progesterone synthesis in primary cell cultures of women, showing estrogenic activity. However, in vivo assessment of CYN in the female and male reproductive systems remains unknown. We thus aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of CYN in both the female and male reproductive systems of mice. A single intraperitoneal exposure to 64 µg of CYN/kg body weight was performed in females. Estrous cycle was evaluated daily by vaginal cytology, and serum progesterone and estradiol levels were measured after 50 days. We showed an impairment in the estrous cycle as well as a decrease in circulating plasma progesterone levels. In males, weekly intraperitoneal doses of 20 μg of CYN/kg body weight were given and groups were killed after one, two, or four doses. CYN increased the testosterone levels in the groups that received one or two doses of CYN. Additionally, CYN induced a transient increase in spermatozoa in males after four doses. Our results highlight that CYN interferes with both male and female reproductive systems and may lead to infertility. As far as we know, this is the first report showing the impacts of CYN on the mammalian reproductive system, suggesting a threat from this cyanotoxin to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carvalho Natal de Moraes
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Caires
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Guinever Eustaquio Imperio
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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Moraes ACN, Fallah HP, Magalhães VF, Habibi HR. Cylindrospermopsin directly disrupts spermatogenesis in isolated male zebrafish testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 313:113891. [PMID: 34428427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxin, and its documented effects in mammals include damage to several organs. CYN also has hormone-disrupting properties, including estrogenic activity, progesterone production inhibition, and apoptosis induction. While CYN has been reported to exert reproductive toxicity in mice, little is known about its effect on fish reproductive function. Using ex vivo organ culture, we investigated the direct action of CYN on the male reproductive system. Isolated zebrafish testis was exposed to 250, 500, and 1000 µg/L CYN for 24 h and 7 d, followed by histo-morphological analysis. The results demonstrate that exposure to CYN led to a decrease in cell types from all three phases of spermatogenesis in zebrafish testis. There were also significant changes in fshr, lhr, and igf3 transcript levels, as well as testosterone secretion following exposure to CYN. In summary, this study provides novel information on the adverse effects of CYN on testicular spermatogenesis and male reproduction in zebrafish. These results provide a framework for a better understanding of CYN toxicity and the mechanism underlying the adverse action of CYN on male reproduction in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C N Moraes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H P Fallah
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V F Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H R Habibi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Oliveira F, Diez-Quijada L, Turkina MV, Morais J, Felpeto AB, Azevedo J, Jos A, Camean AM, Vasconcelos V, Martins JC, Campos A. Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Marine Mussels Exposed to Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030196. [PMID: 32245045 PMCID: PMC7150937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a major contaminant in inland aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, toxic blooms are carried downstream by rivers and waterways to estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Concerning marine and estuarine animal species, very little is known about how these species are affected by the exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. So far, most of the knowledge has been gathered from freshwater bivalve molluscs. This work aimed to infer the sensitivity of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to single as well as mixed toxic cyanobacterial cultures and the underlying molecular responses mediated by toxic cyanobacteria. For this purpose, a mussel exposure experiment was outlined with two toxic cyanobacteria species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum at 1 × 105 cells/mL, resembling a natural cyanobacteria bloom. The estimated amount of toxins produced by M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were respectively 0.023 pg/cell of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and 7.854 pg/cell of cylindrospermopsin (CYN). After 15 days of exposure to single and mixed cyanobacteria, a depuration phase followed, during which mussels were fed only non-toxic microalga Parachlorella kessleri. The results showed that the marine mussel is able to filter toxic cyanobacteria at a rate equal or higher than the non-toxic microalga P. kessleri. Filtration rates observed after 15 days of feeding toxic microalgae were 1773.04 mL/ind.h (for M. aeruginosa), 2151.83 mL/ind.h (for C. ovalisporum), 1673.29 mL/ind.h (for the mixture of the 2 cyanobacteria) and 2539.25 mL/ind.h (for the non-toxic P. kessleri). Filtering toxic microalgae in combination resulted in the accumulation of 14.17 ng/g dw MC-LR and 92.08 ng/g dw CYN. Other physiological and biochemical endpoints (dry weight, byssus production, total protein and glycogen) measured in this work did not change significantly in the groups exposed to toxic cyanobacteria with regard to control group, suggesting that mussels were not affected with the toxic microalgae. Nevertheless, proteomics revealed changes in metabolism of mussels related to diet, specially evident in those fed on combined cyanobacteria. Changes in metabolic pathways related with protein folding and stabilization, cytoskeleton structure, and gene transcription/translation were observed after exposure and feeding toxic cyanobacteria. These changes occur in vital metabolic processes and may contribute to protect mussels from toxic effects of the toxins MC-LR and CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Oliveira
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.J.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Maria V. Turkina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - João Morais
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Aldo Barreiro Felpeto
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.J.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Ana M. Camean
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.J.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169–007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (F.O.); (J.M.); (A.B.F.); (J.A.); (V.V.); (J.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Figueroa Gonzalez D, Young F. Gamma Tocopherol Reduced Chemotherapeutic-Induced ROS in an Ovarian Granulosa Cell Line, But Not in Breast Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010051. [PMID: 31936058 PMCID: PMC7023168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide are used to treat breast cancer, but they also cause infertility through off-target cytotoxicity towards proliferating granulosa cells that surround eggs. Each chemotherapeutic generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) but the effects of the combination, or the antioxidants alpha (αToc) and gamma tocopherol (γToc) on ROS in breast cancer or ovarian cells are unknown. Human breast cancer (MCF7, T47D) and ovarian cancer (OVCAR, COV434) cells were loaded with DCDFA and exposed (1, 2, 3, 24 h) to the MCF7-derived EC25 values of individual agents, or to combinations of these. ROS were quantified and viable cells enumerated using crystal violet or DAPI. Each chemotherapeutic killed ~25% of MCF7, T47D and OVCAR cells, but 57 ± 2% (doxorubicin) and 66 ± 2% (cyclophosphamide) of the COV434 granulosa cells. The combined chemotherapeutics decreased COV434 cell viability to 34 ± 5% of control whereas doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + γToc reduced ROS within 3 h (p < 0.01) and reduced cytotoxicity to 54 ± 4% (p < 0.05). αToc was not cytotoxic, whereas γToc killed ~25% of the breast cancer but none of the ovarian cells. Adding γToc to the combined chemotherapeutics did not change ROS or cytotoxicity in MCF7, T47D or OVCAR cells. The protection γToc afforded COV434 granulosa cells against chemotherapy-induced ROS and cytotoxicity suggests potential for fertility preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit Mich
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry; Oakland University; Rochester Mich
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Reid KJ, Lang K, Froscio S, Humpage AJ, Young FM. Undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells used to model the effects of the blue-green algal toxin cylindrospermopsin on preimplantation embryonic cell proliferation. Toxicon 2015; 106:79-88. [PMID: 26403865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cell (mES) proliferation in vitro resembles aspects of in vivo pre-implantation embryonic development. mES were used to assess the embryo-toxicity of cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a water contaminant with an Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) of 1 μg/L. mES exposed to 0-1 μg/mL CYN for 24-168 h were subjected to an optimised crystal violet viability assay. mES exposed to retinoic acid ± 1 μg/L CYN differentiated into neural-like cells confirmed by morphological examination and RT-PCR for Oct4, Brachyury and Nestin. The CYN No Observed Effect Concentration (OEC) was 0.5 μg/mL, the Lowest OEC was 1 μg/mL (p < 0.001, n = 3), and the IC50 was 0.86 μg/mL after 24 h. The ADWG 1 μg/L CYN did not affect differentiation or proliferation after 72 h, but decreased proliferation after 168 h (p < 0.05). We conclude that higher algal bloom-associated CYN concentrations have the potential to impair in vivo pre-implantation development, and the mES crystal violet assay has broad application to screening environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Reid
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Suzanne Froscio
- South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Fiona M Young
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Flinders Fertility, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Huguet A, Hatton A, Villot R, Quenault H, Blanchard Y, Fessard V. Modulation of chromatin remodelling induced by the freshwater cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin in human intestinal caco-2 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99121. [PMID: 24921660 PMCID: PMC4055761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin that has been recognised as an emerging potential public health risk. Although CYN toxicity has been demonstrated, the mechanisms involved have not been fully characterised. To identify some key pathways related to this toxicity, we studied the transcriptomic profile of human intestinal Caco-2 cells exposed to a sub-toxic concentration of CYN (1.6 µM for 24hrs) using a non-targeted approach. CYN was shown to modulate different biological functions which were related to growth arrest (with down-regulation of cdkn1a and uhrf1 genes), and DNA recombination and repair (with up-regulation of aptx and pms2 genes). Our main results reported an increased expression of some histone-modifying enzymes (histone acetyl and methyltransferases MYST1, KAT5 and EHMT2) involved in chromatin remodelling, which is essential for initiating transcription. We also detected greater levels of acetylated histone H2A (Lys5) and dimethylated histone H3 (Lys4), two products of these enzymes. In conclusion, CYN overexpressed proteins involved in DNA damage repair and transcription, including modifications of nucleosomal histones. Our results highlighted some new cell processes induced by CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Huguet
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Aurélie Hatton
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Romain Villot
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Anses, Site des Croix, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Anses, Site des Croix, Ploufragan, France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Contaminant Toxicology Unit, Fougères Laboratory, Anses, Fougères Cedex, France
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Poniedziałek B, Rzymski P, Kokociński M. Cylindrospermopsin: water-linked potential threat to human health in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:651-60. [PMID: 22986102 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a secondary metabolite produced by several cyanobacteria species. Its potential effect on human health includes liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen and intestine injuries. CYN can be cyto- and genotoxic to a variety of cell types. Occurrence and expansion of species able to synthesize CYN in European water bodies has been recently reported and raised awareness of potential harm to human health. Therefore, surface water of different human use should be monitored for the presence of toxic species of blue-green algae. This paper aims to describe the distribution of CYN producers in Europe and the potential effects of the toxin on human health according to the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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