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Jablonská E, Míchal Z, Křížkovská B, Strnad O, Tran VN, Žalmanová T, Petr J, Lipov J, Viktorová J. Toxicological investigation of lilial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18536. [PMID: 37898679 PMCID: PMC10613275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lilial (also called lysmeral) is a fragrance ingredient presented in many everyday cosmetics and household products. The concentrations of lilial in the final products is rather low. Its maximum concentration in cosmetics was limited and recently, its use in cosmetics products was prohibited in the EU due to the classification as reproductive toxicant. Additionally, according to the European Chemicals Agency, it was under assessment as one of the potential endocrine disruptors, i.e. a substance that may alter the function of the endocrine system and, as a result, cause health problems. Its ability to act as an androgen receptor agonist and the estrogenic and androgenic activity of its metabolites, to the best of our knowledge, have not yet been tested. The aim of this work was to determine the intestinal absorption, cytotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, mutagenicity, activation of cellular stress-related signal pathways and, most importantly, to test the ability to disrupt the endocrine system of lilial and its Phase I metabolites. This was tested using set of in vitro assays including resazurin assay, the CHO/HPRT mutation assay, γH2AX biomarker-based genotoxicity assay, qPCR and in vitro reporter assays based on luminescence of luciferase for estrogen, androgen, NF-κB and NRF2 signalling pathway. It was determined that neither lilial nor its metabolites have a negative effect on cell viability in the concentration range from 1 nM to 100 µM. Using human cell lines HeLa9903 and MDA-kb2, it was verified that this substance did not have agonistic activity towards estrogen or androgen receptor, respectively. Lilial metabolites, generated by incubation with the rat liver S9 fraction, did not show the ability to bind to estrogen or androgen receptors. Neither lilial nor its metabolites showed a nephrotoxic effect on human renal tubular cells (RPTEC/TERT1 line) and at the same time they were unable to activate the NF-κB and NRF2 signalling pathway at a concentration of 50 µM (HEK 293/pGL4.32 or pGL4.37). Neither lilial nor its metabolites showed mutagenic activity in the HPRT gene mutation test in CHO-K1 cells, nor were they able to cause double-strand breaks in DNA (γH2AX biomarker) in CHO-K1 and HeLa cells. In our study, no negative effects of lilial or its in vitro metabolites were observed up to 100 µM using different in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jablonská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Míchal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bára Křížkovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Strnad
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Van Nguyen Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Žalmanová
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Prague 10-Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Petr
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Prague 10-Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Geppert M, Schwarz A, Stangassinger LM, Wenger S, Wienerroither LM, Ess S, Duschl A, Himly M. Interactions of TiO 2 Nanoparticles with Ingredients from Modern Lifestyle Products and Their Effects on Human Skin Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1215-1225. [PMID: 32088960 PMCID: PMC7238409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
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The
number of consumer products containing nanoparticles (NPs)
experienced a rapid increase during the past decades. However, most
studies of nanosafety have been conducted using only pure NPs produced
in the laboratory, while the interactions with other ingredients in
consumer products have rarely been considered so far. In the present
study, we investigated such interactions—with a special focus
on modern lifestyle products (MLPs) used by adolescents. An extensive
survey was undertaken at different high schools all over Austria to
identify MLPs that either contain NPs or that could come easily in
contact with NPs from other consumer products (such as TiO2 from sunscreens). Based on the results from a survey among secondary
schools students, we focused on ingredients from Henna tattoos (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone,
HNQ, and p-phenylenediamine, PPD), fragrances (butylphenyl
methylpropional, known as Lilial), cosmetics and skin-care products
(four different parabens). As a cellular model, we decided to use
neonatal normal human dermal fibroblasts (nNHDF), since skin contact
is the main route of exposure for these compounds. TiO2 NPs interacted with these compounds as evidenced by alterations
in their hydrodynamic diameter observed by nanoparticle tracking analysis.
Combinations of TiO2 NPs with the different MLP components
did not show altered cytotoxicity profiles compared to MLP components
without TiO2 NPs. Nevertheless, altered cellular glutathione
contents were detected after incubation of the cells with Lilial.
This effect was independent of the presence of TiO2 NPs.
Testing mixtures of NPs with other compounds from consumer products
is an important approach to achieve a more reliable safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Geppert
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Schwarz
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lea Maria Stangassinger
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanna Wenger
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Maria Wienerroither
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefanie Ess
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Monro JA, Puri BK. A Molecular Neurobiological Approach to Understanding the Aetiology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease) with Treatment Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7377-7388. [PMID: 29411266 PMCID: PMC6096969 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, a psychologically based model is widely held to be the basis for the aetiology and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID). However, an alternative, molecular neurobiological approach is possible and in this paper evidence demonstrating a biological aetiology for CFS/ME/SEID is adduced from a study of the history of the disease and a consideration of the role of the following in this disease: nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, oxidative and nitrosative stress, the blood–brain barrier and intestinal permeability, cytokines and infections, metabolism, structural and chemical brain changes, neurophysiological changes and calcium ion mobilisation. Evidence is also detailed for biologically based potential therapeutic options, including: nutritional supplementation, for example in order to downregulate the nitric oxide-peroxynitrite cycle to prevent its perpetuation; antiviral therapy; and monoclonal antibody treatment. It is concluded that there is strong evidence of a molecular neurobiological aetiology, and so it is suggested that biologically based therapeutic interventions should constitute a focus for future research into CFS/ME/SEID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Monro
- Breakspear Medical Group, Hemel Hempstead, England, UK
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Leppert U, Gillespie A, Orphal M, Böhme K, Plum C, Nagorsen K, Berkholz J, Kreutz R, Eisenreich A. The impact of α-Lipoic acid on cell viability and expression of nephrin and ZNF580 in normal human podocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:1-8. [PMID: 28606850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human podocytes (hPC) are essential for maintaining normal kidney function and dysfunction or loss of hPC play a pivotal role in the manifestation and progression of chronic kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Previously, α-Lipoic acid (α-LA), a licensed drug for treatment of diabetic neuropathy, was shown to exhibit protective effects on diabetic nephropathy in vivo. However, the effect of α-LA on hPC under non-diabetic conditions is unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of α-LA on cell viability and expression of nephrin and zinc finger protein 580 (ZNF580) in normal hPC in vitro. Protein analyses were done via Western blot techniques. Cell viability was determined using a functional assay. hPC viability was dynamically modulated via α-LA stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. This was associated with reduced nephrin and ZNF580 expression and increased nephrin phosphorylation in normal hPC. Moreover, α-LA reduced nephrin and ZNF580 protein expression via 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-κB) inhibition. These data demonstrate that low α-LA had no negative influence on hPC viability, whereas, high α-LA concentrations induced cytotoxic effects on normal hPC and reduced nephrin and ZNF580 expression via NF-κB inhibition. These data provide first novel information about potential cytotoxic effects of α-LA on hPC under non-diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Leppert
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC02, Institut für Physiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Allan Gillespie
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Orphal
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Böhme
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Plum
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaj Nagorsen
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC02, Institut für Physiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Berkholz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC02, Institut für Physiologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Eisenreich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany.
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Dexmedetomidine Pretreatment Attenuates Kidney Injury and Oxidative Stress during Orthotopic Autologous Liver Transplantation in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:4675817. [PMID: 26682005 PMCID: PMC4670681 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4675817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to explore whether pretreatment with dexmedetomidine (Dex) has antioxidative and renal protective effects during orthotopic autologous liver transplantation (OALT) and its impact on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into groups that include sham-operated (group S), model (group M), low dose Dex (group D1),
high dose Dex (group D2), atipamezole (a nonspecific α2 receptor blocker) + high dose Dex (group B1), ARC239 (a specific α2B/c receptor blocker) + high dose Dex (group B2), and BRL-44408 (a specific α2A receptor blocker) + high dose Dex (group B3). Then histopathologic examination of the kidneys and measurement of renal function, the renal Nrf2 protein expression, and oxidants and antioxidants were performed 8 hours after OALT. We found that pretreatment with Dex activated Nrf2 in glomerular cells and upregulated antioxidants but reduced oxidants (all P < 0.01, group D2 versus group M). Atipamezole and BRL-44408, but not ARC239, reversed these protective effects. In conclusion, pretreatment with Dex activates Nrf2 through α2A receptor, increases the antioxidant levels, and attenuates renal injury during OALT.
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Genotoxicity assessment of some cosmetic and food additives. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang X, Brar SK, Yan S, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Fate and transport of fragrance materials in principal environmental sinks. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:857-869. [PMID: 23786813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragrance materials are widely present in the environment, such as air, water, and soil. Concerns have been raised due to the increasing utilization and suspected impact on human health. The bioaccumulating property is considered as one of the causes of the toxicity to human beings. The removal of fragrance materials from environmental sinks has not been paid enough attention due to the lack of regulation and research on their toxicity. This paper provides systematic information on how fragrance materials are transferred to the environment, how do they affect human lives, and what is their fate in water, wastewater, wastewater sludge, and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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