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Lenze M, Benedetti MD, Roco J, Ramírez PG, Blanco R, Yaceszen S, Corrales C, Wikinski S, Gutiérrez ML. Advancing ocular safety research: A comprehensive examination of benzocaine acute exposure without animal testing. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:138-145. [PMID: 38458340 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Benzocaine is a widely employed local anaesthetic; however, there is a notable dearth of preclinical and clinical evidence regarding its safety in ophthalmological products. To address this, a comprehensive strategy incorporating in silico and in vitro methodologies was proposed for assessing benzocaine's ocular toxicity without animal testing. To collect the in silico evidence, the QSAR Toolbox (v4.5) was used. A single exposure to two benzocaine concentrations (2% and 20%) was evaluated by in vitro methods. Hen's Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Test (HET-CAM) was performed to evaluate the effects on the conjunctiva. To study corneal integrity, Short Time Exposure test (STE) and Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assay, followed by histopathological analysis, were carried out. Results from both in silico and in vitro methodologies categorize benzocaine as non-irritating. The histopathological analysis further affirms the safety of using benzocaine in eye drops, as no alterations were observed in evaluated corneal strata. This research proposes a useful combined strategy to provide evidence on the safety of local anaesthetics and particularly show that 2% and 20% benzocaine solutions do not induce eye irritation or corneal damage, supporting the potential use of benzocaine in the development of ophthalmic anesthetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lenze
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - M D Benedetti
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - J Roco
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - P G Ramírez
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - S Wikinski
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - M L Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
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2
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Alépée N, Adriaens E, Abo T, Magby J, Mewes KR, Giusti A. Development of a Defined Approach for Eye hazard identification of chemicals having surfactant properties according to the three UN GHS categories. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 89:105576. [PMID: 36809832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a defined approach (DA) for eye hazard identification according to the three UN GHS categories for surfactants (DASF). The DASF is based on a combination of Reconstructed human Cornea-like Epithelium test methods (OECD TG 492; EpiOcular™ EIT and SkinEthic™ HCE EIT) and the modified Short Time Exposure (STE) test method (0.5% concentration of the test substance after a 5-min exposure). DASF performance was assessed by comparing the prediction results with the historical in vivo data classification and against the criteria established by the OECD expert group on eye/skin. The DASF yielded a balanced accuracy of 80.5% and 90.9% of Cat. 1 (N = 22), 75.0% of Cat. 2 (N = 8), and 75.5% of No Cat. (N = 17) surfactants were correctly predicted. The percentage of mispredictions was below the established maximum values except for in vivo No Cat. surfactants that were over-predicted as Cat. 1 (5.6%, N = 17), with a maximum value set at 5%. The percentage of correct predictions did meet the minimum performance values of 75% Cat. 1, 50% Cat. 2, and 70% No Cat. established by the OECD experts. The DASF has shown to be successful for eye hazard identification of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alépée
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | | | - T Abo
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - J Magby
- Colgate-Palmolive Co., Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - K R Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Giusti
- Cosmetics Europe - The Personal Care Association, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Lebrun S, Nguyen L, Chavez S, Chan R, Le D, Nguyen M, Jester JV. Same-chemical comparison of nonanimal eye irritation test methods: Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, EpiOcular™, isolated chicken eye, ocular Irritection®, OptiSafe™, and short time exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105070. [PMID: 33352259 PMCID: PMC8544240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The testing and classification of chemicals to determine adverse ocular effects are routinely conducted to ensure that materials are appropriately classified, labeled, and meet regulatory and safety guidelines. We have performed a same-chemical analysis using publicly available validation study results and compared the performance between tests for the same chemicals. To normalize for chemical selection, we matched chemicals tested by pairs of tests so that each matched set compared performance for the exact same chemicals. Same-chemical accuracy comparisons demonstrate a chemical selection effect that results in a wide range of overlapping false-positive (FP) rates and accuracies for all test methods. In addition, the analysis suggests that a tiered-testing strategy with specific combinations of tests can reduce the FP rate for some combinations. However, reductions in the FP rates were typically accompanied by an increase in the false-negative rates, resulting in minimal advantage in terms of accuracy. In addition, actual improvements in the FP rate after retesting positives with a second test are not as good as the theoretical improvements because some chemicals and functional groups appear to be broadly misclassified by all test methods, which, to the extent the tests make the same-chemical misclassifications, reduces the advantage of using tiered-testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Debby Le
- Lebrun Labs LLC, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | | | - James V Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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4
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Moe B, Berezowski KL, Huang DY, Dey I, Xie L, Ling ZC, Kinniburgh DW. A microelectric cell sensing technique for in vitro assessment of ocular irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105124. [PMID: 33636280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The animal-based Draize test remains the gold standard for assessment of ocular irritation. However, subjective scoring methods, species differences, and animal welfare concerns have spurred development of alternative test methods. In this study, a novel in vitro method for assessing ocular irritancy was developed using a microelectric cell sensing technology, real-time cell analysis (RTCA). The cytotoxicity of sixteen compounds was assessed in two cell lines: ARPE-19 (human retina) and SIRC (rabbit cornea). In vitro inhibitory (IC50 and AUC50) values were determined at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure, with a subset of values confirmed with MTT testing. The values displayed comparable predictivity of in vivo ocular irritation on the basis of a linear regression between the calculated values and each compounds' corresponding Draize-determined modified maximum average score (MMAS), but the ARPE-19 derived values were more strongly correlated than those from SIRC cells. Hence, IC50 values derived from ARPE-19 cells were used to predict the UN GHS/EU CLP classification of each test compound. The method was determined to have sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 50%, and overall concordance of 75%. Thus, RTCA testing may be best incorporated into a top-down tiered testing strategy for identification of ocular irritants in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birget Moe
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathryn L Berezowski
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dorothy Yu Huang
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Indranil Dey
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zong-Chao Ling
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - David W Kinniburgh
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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5
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Ko KY, Jeon HL, Kim J, Kim TS, Hong YH, Jeong MK, Park KH, Kim BH, Park S, Jang WH, Cho SA, An S, Cho AR, Yi JS, Kim JY, Kim H, Lee JK, Park KS. Two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods and minimizing the use of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium tests for the evaluation of eye irritation potency of test chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104675. [PMID: 31648046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of single in vitro eye irritation tests, Integrated Approaches to Testing Assessment strategies have been suggested for evaluating eye irritation. This study developed two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods. They were designed in consideration of the solubility property of test chemicals and to use the RhCE tests at final steps. The tiered approach A is composed of the STE, BCOP, HET-CAM or RhCE tests, whereas the tiered approach B is designed to perform simultaneously two in vitro test methods at the first stage and the RhCE test at the final stage. The predictive capacity of the two tiered approaches was estimated using 47 chemicals. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity value of the tiered approach A were 95.7% (45/47), 100% (34/34), and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, whereas those of the tiered approach B were 95.7% (45/47), 97.1% (33/34), and 92.3% (12/13), respectively. The approach A and B were considered to be available methods for distinguishing test chemicals of Category 1 (all 73.3%) and No Category (84.6% and 92.3%), respectively. Especially, the approach B was considered as an efficient method as the Bottom-Up approach, because it predicted correctly test chemicals classified as No Category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yuk Ko
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lyun Jeon
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Hong
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Jeong
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Hyun Park
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Park
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Jang
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Cho
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Yi
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sook Park
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ye DJ, Kwon YJ, Baek HS, Shin S, Lee C, Yun JW, Nam KT, Lim KM, Chun YJ. Discovery of Ezrin Expression as a Potential Biomarker for Chemically Induced Ocular Irritation Using Human Corneal Epithelium Cell Line and a Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelium Model. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:335-346. [PMID: 29893927 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have attempted to develop a new in vitro eye irritation test (EIT). To obtain more reliable results from EIT, potential new biomarkers that reflect eye irritation by chemicals must be identified. We investigated candidate biomarkers for eye irritation, using a proteomics approach. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was applied on a reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium model, MCTT HCE, and corneal protein expression was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We found that ezrin (EZR) was significantly upregulated by SLS or BAC. In addition, upregulation of EZR in immortalized human corneal cells treated with SLS or BAC was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, other well-known eye irritants such as cetylpyridinium bromide, Triton X-100, cyclohexanol, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, and sodium hydroxide significantly increased EZR expression in immortalized human corneal cells. Induction of EZR promoter activity in irritant-treated human corneal cells was confirmed by a luciferase gene reporter assay. In conclusion, EZR expression may be a potential biomarker for detecting eye irritation, which may substantially improve the performance of in vitro EIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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7
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Alépée N, Adriaens E, Abo T, Bagley D, Desprez B, Hibatallah J, Mewes K, Pfannenbecker U, Sala À, Van Rompay A, Verstraelen S, McNamee P. Development of a defined approach for eye irritation or serious eye damage for liquids, neat and in dilution, based on cosmetics Europe analysis of in vitro STE and BCOP test methods. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:154-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Impact of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as an Artificial Tear Film in a Rabbit Evaporative Dry Eye Model. Cornea 2019; 38:485-491. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Pre-validation study of alternative developmental toxicity test using mouse embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Abo T, Yuki T, Xu R, Araki D, Takahashi Y, Sakaguchi H, Itagaki H. Expansion of the applicability domain for highly volatile substances on the Short Time Exposure test method and the predictive performance in assessing eye irritation potential. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:407-422. [PMID: 29973473 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Short Time Exposure (STE) test method is an in vitro method for assessing the eye irritation potential of chemicals and is used to classify the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Category 1 and No Category (NC). The method has been adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as test guideline (TG) 491 since 2015. While this method can be used to classify GHS NC, it is not suitable for testing highly volatile substances and solids other than surfactants. Here we evaluated highly volatile substances to expand the applicability domain. According to TG 491, acetone, ethanol, iso-propanol, and methyl acetate as highly volatile substances resulted in false negatives. Saline was selected as a solvent of these false negatives. In this study, mineral oil was used as the solvent, because these false negatives were amphiphilic. Based on this change, four highly volatile substances were correctly evaluated. The predictive performance for classifying GHS NC was then verified using a substance dataset constructed in reference to the Draize eye test Reference Database and STE Summary Review Document. The accuracy and false-negative rate were 86.6% (194/224) and 3.8% (3/80), respectively. Collectively, the applicability domain was expanded by changing the solvent to mineral oil for highly volatile substances, and the predictive performance for the new applicability domain including highly volatile substances was excellent. The STE test method is suitable to classify GHS NC, indicating its applicability as a test method in a bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abo
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories.,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | - Takuo Yuki
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories
| | - Rui Xu
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories
| | - Daisuke Araki
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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Adriaens E, Willoughby J, Meyer B, Blakeman L, Alépée N, Fochtman P, Guest R, Kandarova H, Verstraelen S, Van Rompay A. CON4EI: Short Time Exposure (STE) test method for hazard identification and labelling of eye irritating chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 49:65-76. [PMID: 28801046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Predictive performance and inter-laboratory reproducibility in assessing eye irritation potential of water- and oil-soluble mixtures using the Short Time Exposure test method. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Lee M, Nam KT, Kim J, Lim SE, Yeon SH, Lee B, Lee JY, Lim KM. Evaluation of ocular irritancy of coal-tar dyes used in cosmetics employing reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium and short time exposure tests. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:236-243. [PMID: 28780157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coal-tar dyes in cosmetics may elicit adverse effects in the skin and eyes. Countries, like the US, have banned the use of coal-tar dyes in cosmetics for the eye area due to the potential for ocular irritation. We evaluated the eye irritation potential of 15 coal-tar dyes permitted as cosmetic ingredients in reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCEs [EpiOcular™ and MCTT HCE™]) tests and the short time exposure (STE) test. Eosin YS, phloxine B, tetrachlorotetrabromofluorescein, and tetrabromofluorescein were identified as irritants in RhCEs; dibromofluorescein and uranine yielded discrepant results. STE enabled further classification in accordance with the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, as follows: eosin YS as Cat 2; phloxine B, Cat 1; and tetrachlorotetrabromofluorescein and tetrabromofluorescein, Cat 1/2. STE indicated dibromofluorescein (irritant in EpiOcular™) and uranine (irritant in MCTT HCE™) as No Cat, resulting in the classification of "No prediction can be made." based on bottom-up approach with each model. These results demonstrated that in vitro eye irritation tests can be utilized to evaluate the potential ocular irritancy of cosmetic ingredients and provide significant evidence with which to determine whether precautions should be given for the use of coal-tar dyes in cosmetics or other substances applied to the eye area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea
| | - Song E Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon Yeon
- BK21 Plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Buhyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 Plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 37060, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Lee M, Hwang JH, Lim KM. Alternatives to In Vivo Draize Rabbit Eye and Skin Irritation Tests with a Focus on 3D Reconstructed Human Cornea-Like Epithelium and Epidermis Models. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:191-203. [PMID: 28744350 PMCID: PMC5523559 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eyes and skin are frequently exposed to chemicals accidentally or on purpose due to their external location. Therefore, chemicals are required to undergo the evaluation of the ocular and dermal irritancy for their safe handling and use before release into the market. Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation test developed in 1944, has been a gold standard test which was enlisted as OECD TG 404 and OECD TG 405 but it has been criticized with respect to animal welfare due to invasive and cruel procedure. To replace it, diverse alternatives have been developed: (i) For Draize eye irritation test, organotypic assay, in vitro cytotoxicity-based method, in chemico tests, in silico prediction model, and 3D reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCE); (ii) For Draize skin irritation test, in vitro cytotoxicity-based cell model, and 3D reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE). Of these, RhCE and RhE models are getting spotlight as a promising alternative with a wide applicability domain covering cosmetics and personal care products. In this review, we overviewed the current alternatives to Draize test with a focus on 3D human epithelium models to provide an insight into advancing and widening their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul,
Korea
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15
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Cosmetics Europe compilation of historical serious eye damage/eye irritation in vivo data analysed by drivers of classification to support the selection of chemicals for development and evaluation of alternative methods/strategies: the Draize eye test Reference Database (DRD). Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:521-547. [PMID: 26997338 PMCID: PMC5306081 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of which of the effects assessed in the in vivo Draize eye test are responsible for driving UN GHS/EU CLP classification is critical for an adequate selection of chemicals to be used in the development and/or evaluation of alternative methods/strategies and for properly assessing their predictive capacity and limitations. For this reason, Cosmetics Europe has compiled a database of Draize data (Draize eye test Reference Database, DRD) from external lists that were created to support past validation activities. This database contains 681 independent in vivo studies on 634 individual chemicals representing a wide range of chemical classes. A description of all the ocular effects observed in vivo, i.e. degree of severity and persistence of corneal opacity (CO), iritis, and/or conjunctiva effects, was added for each individual study in the database, and the studies were categorised according to their UN GHS/EU CLP classification and the main effect driving the classification. An evaluation of the various in vivo drivers of classification compiled in the database was performed to establish which of these are most important from a regulatory point of view. These analyses established that the most important drivers for Cat 1 Classification are (1) CO mean ≥ 3 (days 1-3) (severity) and (2) CO persistence on day 21 in the absence of severity, and those for Cat 2 classification are (3) CO mean ≥ 1 and (4) conjunctival redness mean ≥ 2. Moreover, it is shown that all classifiable effects (including persistence and CO = 4) should be present in ≥60 % of the animals to drive a classification. As a consequence, our analyses suggest the need for a critical revision of the UN GHS/EU CLP decision criteria for the Cat 1 classification of chemicals. Finally, a number of key criteria are identified that should be taken into consideration when selecting reference chemicals for the development, evaluation and/or validation of alternative methods and/or strategies for serious eye damage/eye irritation testing. Most important, the DRD is an invaluable tool for any future activity involving the selection of reference chemicals.
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Oliveira GAR, Ducas RDN, Teixeira GC, Batista AC, Oliveira DP, Valadares MC. Short Time Exposure (STE) test in conjunction with Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assay including histopathology to evaluate correspondence with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) eye irritation classification of textile dyes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1283-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wilson SL, Ahearne M, Hopkinson A. An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology 2015; 327:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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