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1,4-Naphthoquinone (CNN1) Induces Apoptosis through DNA Damage and Promotes Upregulation of H2AFX in Leukemia Multidrug Resistant Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158105. [PMID: 35897681 PMCID: PMC9330061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in advantage stages such as blast crisis. In this scenario, more patients develop resistance mechanisms during the course of the disease, making tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target therapies ineffective. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the pharmacological role of CNN1, a para-naphthoquinone, in a leukemia multidrug resistant cell line. First, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of Imatinib Mesylate (IM) in K-562 and FEPS cell lines was evaluated. Subsequently, membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential assays were performed to assess the cytotoxic effects of CNN1 in K-562 and FEPS cell lines, followed by cell cycle, alkaline comet assay and annexin V-Alexa Fluor® 488/propidium iodide assays (Annexin/PI) using flow cytometry. RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the H2AFX gene expression. The results demonstrate that CNN1 was able to induce apoptosis, cell membrane rupture and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in leukemia cell lines. In addition, CNN1 also induced genotoxic effects and caused DNA fragmentation, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in leukemia cells. No genotoxicity was observed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Additionally, CNN1 increased mRNA levels of H2AFX. Therefore, CNN1 presented anticancer properties against leukemia multidrug resistant cell line being a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of resistant CML.
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Ahmadi ES, Tajbakhsh A, Iranshahy M, Asili J, Kretschmer N, Shakeri A, Sahebkar A. Naphthoquinone Derivatives Isolated from Plants: Recent Advances in Biological Activity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:2019-2035. [PMID: 32811411 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200818212020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring naphthoquinones (NQs) comprising highly reactive small molecules are the subject of increasing attention due to their promising biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, apoptosis-inducing activities, and especially anticancer activity. Lapachol, lapachone, and napabucasin belong to the NQs and are in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of many cancers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the biological activities of several new NQs isolated from different species of plants reported from January 2013 to January 2020, their potential therapeutic applications and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Sheikh Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Iranshahy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Abolfazl Shakeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Barbosa-Jobim GS, Costa-Lira É, Ralph ACL, Gregório L, Lemos TL, Burbano RR, Calcagno DQ, Smith MA, Montenegro RC, Vasconcellos MC. Biflorin inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by decreasing MYC expression. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 63:104735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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4
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Li X, Tang X, Su J, Xu G, Zhao L, Qi Q. Involvement of E-cadherin/AMPK/mTOR axis in LKB1-induced sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer to gambogic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113635. [PMID: 31513784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor that functions as master regulator of cell growth, metabolism, survival, and polarity. Patients with NSCLC possessing mutated LKB1 respond to chemotherapy differently from those with wild-type LKB1. Gambogic acid (GA), a small molecule from natural product, has been established as an anti-tumor agent due to its potent activity and low toxicity. Here, we find out that NSCLC cells with wild-type LKB1 are more sensitive to GA in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies pinpoint that the selective inhibition of mTOR signaling confers the stronger suppression of NSCLC in presence of wild-type LKB1, which is involved in the enhancement of p-AMPK. Further studies reveal that GA increases p-AMPK levels through up-regulation of E-cadherin associated with LKB1. In addition, induction of E-cadherin by GA may be through down-regulation of ZEB1, which is independent with LKB1 status. Hence, our findings support that enhanced E-cadherin by GA cooperates LKB1, leading to up-regulation of p-AMPK, and thus blocking of mTOR signaling pathway, which provide theoretical foundation for utilization of GA as a potential targeted drug against NSCLC harboring wild-type LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xueyi Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Guofang Xu
- Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Soares C, Melo de Lima Morais T, Carlos R, Mariano FV, Altemani A, Freire de Carvalho MG, Corrêa MB, Dias Dos Reis RR, Amorim LS, Paes de Almeida O, Jorge J. Phosphorylated Akt1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in cutaneous, oral and sinonasal melanomas. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37291-37304. [PMID: 30647870 PMCID: PMC6324666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are highly aggressive tumours derived from melanocytes, which occur most commonly in the skin. Occasionally, these tumours may appear in oral and sinonasal mucous membranes. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the Phosphorylated Akt1 (p-Akt1) expression in 144 patients affected by cutaneous (CM), 34 oral cavity (OM), and 31 sinonasal melanomas (SNM). Similar to the metastatic cutaneous melanomas, p-Akt1 was overexpressed in 17/34 of the oral cavity and 20/31 of the sinonasal melanomas. In addition, the p-Akt1-nuclear expression was associated with poorer cancer-specific survival in cutaneous (P < .0001), oral (P < .0001), and sinonasal (P = .001) melanomas. Multivariate analysis showed p-Akt1 to be an independent prognostic marker in oral (P = .041) and sinonasal (P < .0001) melanomas patients. In conclusion, p-Akt1 overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in mucosal melanomas and is significantly up-regulated in sinonasal melanomas. As both mucosal and metastatic cutaneous melanomas showed high frequency of p-Akt1 expression, these findings suggest that mucosal melanomas have a biological behaviour, similar to the aggressive cutaneous melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayná Melo de Lima Morais
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roman Carlos
- Pathology Division, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Brum Corrêa
- Head and Neck Surgery Department - Oncology Center (CEON), Fornecedores de Cana Hospital, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacks Jorge
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shannon S, Jia D, Entersz I, Beelen P, Yu M, Carcione C, Carcione J, Mahtabfar A, Vaca C, Weaver M, Shreiber D, Zahn JD, Liu L, Lin H, Foty RA. Inhibition of glioblastoma dispersal by the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:121. [PMID: 28187762 PMCID: PMC5303286 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dispersal of glioblastoma (GBM) cells leads to recurrence and poor prognosis. Accordingly, molecular pathways involved in dispersal are potential therapeutic targets. The mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is commonly dysregulated in GBM, and targeting this pathway with MEK inhibitors has proven effective in controlling tumor growth. Since this pathway also regulates ECM remodeling and actin organization − processes crucial to cell adhesion, substrate attachment, and cell motility – the aim of this study was to determine whether inhibiting this pathway could also impede dispersal. Methods A variety of methods were used to quantify the effects of the MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, on potential regulators of dispersal. Cohesion, stiffness and viscosity were quantified using a method based on ellipsoid relaxation after removal of a deforming external force. Attachment strength, cell motility, spheroid dispersal velocity, and 3D growth rate were quantified using previously described methods. Results We show that PD0325901 significantly increases aggregate cohesion, stiffness, and viscosity but only when tumor cells have access to high concentrations of fibronectin. Treatment also results in reorganization of actin from cortical into stress fibers, in both 2D and 3D culture. Moreover, drug treatment localized pFAK at sites of cell-substratum adhesion. Collectively, these changes resulted in increased strength of substrate attachment and decreased motility, a decrease in aggregate dispersal velocity, and in a marked decrease in growth rate of both 2D and 3D cultures. Conclusions Inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway by PD0325901 may be an effective therapy for reducing dispersal and growth of GBM cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3107-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shannon
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Dongxuan Jia
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ildiko Entersz
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Paul Beelen
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Rutgers-Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christian Carcione
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jonathan Carcione
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Aria Mahtabfar
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Connan Vaca
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Michael Weaver
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - David Shreiber
- Rutgers-Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Rutgers-Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Liping Liu
- Rutgers-Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA.,Rutgers-Department of Mathematics, 110 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hao Lin
- Rutgers-Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ramsey A Foty
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Ralph ACL, Calcagno DQ, da Silva Souza LG, de Lemos TLG, Montenegro RC, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M, de Vasconcellos MC. Biflorin induces cytotoxicity by DNA interaction in genetically different human melanoma cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:237-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Two novel phenanthraquinones with anti-cancer activity isolated from Bletilla striata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2375-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Electrochemical, spectroscopic and pharmacological approaches toward the understanding of biflorin DNA damage effects. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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da S Souza LG, Almeida MCS, Lemos TLG, Ribeiro PRV, de Brito ES, Silva VLM, Silva AMS, Braz-Filho R, Costa JGM, Rodrigues FFG, Barreto FS, de Moraes MO. Synthesis, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of new biflorin-based hydrazones and oximes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:435-439. [PMID: 26684850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biflorin 1 is a biologically active quinone, isolated from Capraria biflora. Five new biflorin-based nitrogen derivatives were synthesized, of which two were mixtures of (E)- and (Z)- isomers: (Z)-2a, (Z)-2b, (Z)-3a, (Z)- and (E)-3b, (Z)- and (E)-3c. The antibacterial activity was investigated using the microdilution method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six bacterial strains. Tests have shown that these derivatives have potential against all bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity was also evaluated against three strains of cancer cells, but none of the derivatives showed activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G da S Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Macia C S Almeida
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Telma L G Lemos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R V Ribeiro
- Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, R Dra Sara Mesquita, 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Edy S de Brito
- Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, R Dra Sara Mesquita, 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vera L M Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - José G M Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Regional do Cariri, 63105-000 Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Fábio F G Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Regional do Cariri, 63105-000 Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Barreto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel O de Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-positive patients have a 60-fold to 200-fold increased incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and primary central nervous system lymphoma. HIV-associated lymphomas frequently have features such as extranodal involvement, decreased responses to standard chemotherapy, and high relapse rates, which indicate a poor prognosis. General pathological features do not clearly differentiate HIV-associated lymphomas from non-HIV lymphomas. METHODS To investigate the features of HIV-associated lymphomas, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of HIV and non-HIV lymphomas using Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Cancer Panel I and Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip microarrays. DNA methylation profiles in HIV-associated and non-HIV lymphomas were characterized using unsupervised hierarchical clustering analyses. RESULTS The analyses of promoter regions revealed unique DNA methylation profiles in HIV-associated lymphomas, suggesting profile differences compared with non-HIV lymphomas, which implies specific gene regulation in HIV-associated lymphoma involving DNA methylation. Based on HumanMethylation450 BeadChip data, 2541 target sites were selected as differing significantly in comparisons between HIV-associated and non-HIV-associated lymphomas using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test (P <0.05) and Δβ values more than 0.30. Recurrent cases of HIV-associated lymphoma had different profiles compared with nonrecurrent HIV lymphomas. CONCLUSION DNA methylation profiling indicated that 2541 target sites differed significantly in HIV-associated lymphoma, which may partly explain the poor prognosis. Our data indicate that the methylation profiles of target genes have potential in elucidating HIV-associated lymphomagenesis and can serve as new prognostic markers.
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Wang S, Wang Y, Wu H, Hu L. RBP2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84735. [PMID: 24376841 PMCID: PMC3869927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RBP2 has been found to actively participate in cancer progression. It inhibits the senescence of cancer cells, mediates cancer cell proliferation and promotes cancer metastasis. It is also essential to drug tolerance. However, the effects of RBP2 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effects of RBP2 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. The results showed that RBP2 down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin by inhibiting the promoter activity of E-cadherin and up-regulated the expression of N-cadherin and snail via the activation of Akt signaling, and the overexpression of RBP2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Our study further indicated that RBP2 may be a potential target for anti-lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Likuan Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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