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Lee HM, Andrys R, Jonczyk J, Kim K, Vishakantegowda AG, Malinak D, Skarka A, Schmidt M, Vaskova M, Latka K, Bajda M, Jung YS, Malawska B, Musilek K. Pyridinium-2-carbaldoximes with quinolinium carboxamide moiety are simultaneous reactivators of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agent surrogates. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:437-449. [PMID: 33467931 PMCID: PMC7822067 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1869954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyridinium-2-carbaldoximes with quinolinium carboxamide moiety were designed and synthesised as cholinesterase reactivators. The prepared compounds showed intermediate-to-high inhibition of both cholinesterases when compared to standard oximes. Their reactivation ability was evaluated in vitro on human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hrAChE) and human recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (hrBChE) inhibited by nerve agent surrogates (NIMP, NEMP, and NEDPA) or paraoxon. In the reactivation screening, one compound was able to reactivate hrAChE inhibited by all used organophosphates and two novel compounds were able to reactivate NIMP/NEMP-hrBChE. The reactivation kinetics revealed compound 11 that proved to be excellent reactivator of paraoxon-hrAChE better to obidoxime and showed increased reactivation of NIMP/NEMP-hrBChE, although worse to obidoxime. The molecular interactions of studied reactivators were further identified by in silico calculations. Molecular modelling results revealed the importance of creation of the pre-reactivation complex that could lead to better reactivation of both cholinesterases together with reducing particular interactions for lower intrinsic inhibition by the oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Myung Lee
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jonczyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kyuneun Kim
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Avinash G Vishakantegowda
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vaskova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Latka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Bester SM, Guelta MA, Cheung J, Winemiller MD, Bae SY, Myslinski J, Pegan SD, Height JJ. Structural Insights of Stereospecific Inhibition of Human Acetylcholinesterase by VX and Subsequent Reactivation by HI-6. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1405-1417. [PMID: 30462502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over 50 years ago, the toxicity of irreversible organophosphate inhibitors targeting human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) was observed to be stereospecific. The therapeutic reversal of hAChE inhibition by reactivators has also been shown to depend on the stereochemistry of the inhibitor. To gain clarity on the mechanism of stereospecific inhibition, the X-ray crystallographic structures of hAChE inhibited by a racemic mixture of VX (P R/S) and its enantiomers were obtained. Beyond identifying hAChE structural features that lend themselves to stereospecific inhibition, structures of the reactivator HI-6 bound to hAChE inhibited by VX enantiomers of varying toxicity, or in its uninhibited state, were obtained. Comparison of hAChE in these pre-reactivation and post-reactivation states along with enzymatic data reveals the potential influence of unproductive reactivator poses on the efficacy of these types of therapeutics. The recognition of structural features related to hAChE's stereospecificity toward VX shed light on the molecular influences of toxicity and their effect on reactivators. In addition to providing a better understanding of the innate issues with current reactivators, an avenue for improvement of reactivators is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Bester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Mark A Guelta
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology Center , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Mark D Winemiller
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Su Y Bae
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - James Myslinski
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States.,Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Jude J Height
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
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3
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Catalytic bioscavengers as countermeasures against organophosphate nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wang X, He B, Nie J, Yin W, Fa H, Chen C. An enhanced oxime-based biomimetic electrochemical sensor modified with multifunctional AuNPs–Co3O4–NG composites for dimethoate determination. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Beste A, Taylor DE, Shih TM, Thomas TP. Mechanisms of acetylcholinesterase protection against sarin and soman by adenosine A 1 receptor agonist N 6-cyclopentyladenosine. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 75:74-81. [PMID: 29747078 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (NAs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). The over accumulation of ACh after NA exposure leads to cholinergic toxicity, seizure, and death. Current medical countermeasures effectively mitigate peripheral symptoms, however; the brain is often unprotected. Alternative acute treatment with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladensosine (CPA) has previously been demonstrated to prevent AChE inhibition as well as to suppress neuronal activity. The mechanism of AChE protection is unknown. To elucidate the feasibility of potential CPA-AChE interaction mechanisms, we applied a truncated molecular model approach and density functional theory. The candidate mechanisms studied are reversible enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation, and NA blocking prior to enzyme conjugation. Our thermodynamic data suggest that CPA can compete with the NAs sarin and soman for the active site of AChE, but may, in contrast to NAs, undergo back-reaction. We found a strong interaction between CPA and NA conjugated AChE, making enzyme reactivation unlikely but possibly allowing for CPA protection through the prevention of NA aging. The data also indicates that there is an affinity between CPA and unbound NAs. The results from this study support the hypothesis that CPA counters NA toxicity via multiple mechanisms and is a promising therapeutic strategy that warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Beste
- US Army Research Laboratory, Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069, USA.
| | - DeCarlos E Taylor
- US Army Research Laboratory, Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069, USA
| | - Tsung-Ming Shih
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Thaddeus P Thomas
- US Army Research Laboratory, Deer Creek Loop, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5069, USA; US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
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Wu WY, Dai YC, Li NG, Dong ZX, Gu T, Shi ZH, Xue X, Tang YP, Duan JA. Novel multitarget-directed tacrine derivatives as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:572-587. [PMID: 28133981 PMCID: PMC6009885 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is complex and progressive; it has not only threatened the health of elderly people, but also burdened the whole social medical and health system. The available therapy for AD is limited and the efficacy remains unsatisfactory. In view of the prevalence and expected increase in the incidence of AD, the design and development of efficacious and safe anti-AD agents has become a hotspot in the field of pharmaceutical research. Due to the multifactorial etiology of AD, the multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach is promising in search for new drugs for AD. Tacrine, which is the first acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been selected as the ideal active fragment because of its simple structure, clear activity, and its superiority in the structural modification, thus it could be introduced into the overall molecular skeletons of the multi-target-directed anti-AD agents. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances (2012 to the present) in the chemical modification of tacrine, which could provide the reference for the further study of novel multi-target-directed tacrine derivatives to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Chen Dai
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ze-Xi Dong
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ting Gu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,c Department of Organic Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xin Xue
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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Allgardsson A, Berg L, Akfur C, Hörnberg A, Worek F, Linusson A, Ekström FJ. Structure of a prereaction complex between the nerve agent sarin, its biological target acetylcholinesterase, and the antidote HI-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5514-9. [PMID: 27140636 PMCID: PMC4878515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523362113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents interfere with cholinergic signaling by covalently binding to the active site of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This inhibition causes an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, potentially leading to overstimulation of the nervous system and death. Current treatments include the use of antidotes that promote the release of functional AChE by an unknown reactivation mechanism. We have used diffusion trap cryocrystallography and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine and analyze prereaction conformers of the nerve agent antidote HI-6 in complex with Mus musculus AChE covalently inhibited by the nerve agent sarin. These analyses reveal previously unknown conformations of the system and suggest that the cleavage of the covalent enzyme-sarin bond is preceded by a conformational change in the sarin adduct itself. Together with data from the reactivation kinetics, this alternate conformation suggests a key interaction between Glu202 and the O-isopropyl moiety of sarin. Moreover, solvent kinetic isotope effect experiments using deuterium oxide reveal that the reactivation mechanism features an isotope-sensitive step. These findings provide insights into the reactivation mechanism and provide a starting point for the development of improved antidotes. The work also illustrates how DFT calculations can guide the interpretation, analysis, and validation of crystallographic data for challenging reactive systems with complex conformational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Allgardsson
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden
| | - Lotta Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Christine Akfur
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Franz Worek
- Department of Toxicological Enzymology, Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden;
| | - Fredrik J Ekström
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden;
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Lo R, Chandar NB, Ghosh S, Ganguly B. The reactivation of tabun-inhibited mutant AChE with Ortho-7: steered molecular dynamics and quantum chemical studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1224-31. [PMID: 26879641 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly toxic nerve agent, tabun, can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at cholinergic sites, which leads to serious cardiovascular complications, respiratory compromise and death. We have examined the structural features of the tabun-conjugated AChE complex with an oxime reactivator, Ortho-7, to provide a strategy for designing new and efficient reactivators. Mutation of mAChE within the choline binding site by Y337A and F338A and its interaction with Ortho-7 has been investigated using steered molecular dynamics (SMD) and quantum chemical methods. The overall study shows that after mutagenesis (Y337A), the reactivator can approach more freely towards the phosphorylated active site of serine without any significant steric hindrance in the presence of tabun compared to the wild type and double mutant. Furthermore, the poor binding of Ortho-7 with the peripheral residues of mAChE in the case of the single mutant compared to that of the wild-type and double mutant (Y337A/F338A) can contribute to better efficacy in the former case. Ortho-7 has formed a greater number of hydrogen bonds with the active site surrounding residues His447 and Phe295 in the case of the single mutant (Y337A), and that stabilizes the drug molecule for an effective reactivation process. The DFT M05-2X/6-31+G(d) level of theory shows that the binding energy of Ortho-7 with the single mutant (Y337A) is energetically more preferred (-19.8 kcal mol(-1)) than the wild-type (-8.1 kcal mol(-1)) and double mutant (Y337A/F338A) (-16.0 kcal mol(-1)). The study reveals that both the orientation of the oxime reactivator for nucleophilic attack and the stabilization of the reactivator at the active site would be crucial for the design of an efficient reactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Lo
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Division and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India-364 002.
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Application of a dynamic in vitro model with real-time determination of acetylcholinesterase activity for the investigation of tabun analogues and oximes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:514-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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