Human CD34(+) progenitor hematopoiesis in liquid culture for in vitro assessment of drug-induced myelotoxicity

Functional Assays of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Toxicology Research

The hematopoietic stem cell is the foundational cell of the entire blood and immune system and as such is particularly sensitive to toxicological insults. While this review will identify some of the classes of chemicals known to be hematotoxic, most of the discussion will focus on the strengths and weaknesses of various hematological assays used in toxicology research. Furthermore, protocols for isolating both human and murine hematopoietic stem cells are described. Methodologies are also described for various culture systems useful for testing the impacts of potential toxicants on hematopoietic stem cells both in vivo and in vitro.

An In Vitro Model of Hematotoxicity: Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells into Hematopoietic Lineages and Evaluation of Lineage-Specific Hematotoxicity

Hematotoxicity is a significant issue for drug safety and can result from direct cytotoxicity toward circulating mature blood cell types as well as targeting of immature blood-forming stem cells/progenitor cells in the bone marrow. In vitro models for understanding and investigating the hematotoxicity potential of new test items/drugs are critical in early preclinical drug development. The traditional method, colony forming unit (CFU) assay, is commonly used and has been validated as a method for hematotoxicity screening. The CFU assay has multiple limitations for its application in investigative work. In this paper, we describe a detailed protocol for a liquid-culture, microplate-based in vitro hematotoxicity assay to evaluate lineage-specific (myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic) hematotoxicity at different stages of differentiation. This assay has multiple advantages over the traditional CFU assay, including being suitable for high-throughput screening and flexible enough to allow inclusion of additional endpoints for mechanistic studies. Therefore, it is an extremely useful tool for scientists in pharmaceutical discovery and development. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.