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Cornelissen AS, van den Berg RM, Langenberg JP, van Grol M, Bross R, Pittman J, Cochrane L, Savransky V. Effective skin decontamination with RSDL® (reactive skin decontamination lotion kit) following dermal exposure to a Novichok class nerve agent. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111001. [PMID: 38641146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, various poisoning incidents have been reported, involving the alleged use of the so-called Novichok agents, resulting in their addition to the Schedule I list of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Warfare (OPCW). As the physicochemical properties of these agents are different from the 'classical' nerve agents, such as VX, research is needed to evaluate whether and to what extent existing countermeasures are effective. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of RSDL® (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion Kit) for the neutralization of percutaneous toxicity caused by Novichok agents, both in vitro and in vivo. Experiments showed the three selected Novichok agents (A230, A232, A234) could be degraded by RSDL lotion, but at a different rate. The half-life of A234, in the presence of an excess of RSDL lotion, was 36 min, as compared to A230 (<5 min) and A232 (18 min). Following dermal exposure of guinea pigs to A234, application of the RSDL kit was highly effective in preventing intoxication, even when applied up until 30 min following exposure. Delayed use of the RSDL kit until the appearance of clinical signs of intoxication (3-4 h) was not able to prevent intoxication progression and deaths. This study determines RSDL decontamination as an effective treatment strategy for dermal exposure to the Novichok agent A234 and underscores the importance of early, forward use of skin decontamination, as rapidly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Cornelissen
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan P Langenberg
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Rowdy Bross
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - John Pittman
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Wästerby P, Öberg L, Bucht A. Immediate dry decontamination using efficient absorbent materials is beneficial following skin exposure to low-volatile toxic chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38730557 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In a chemical mass casualty incident requiring skin decontamination, dry removal using absorbent materials may be beneficial to enable immediate decontamination. The efficacy of absorbent materials has therefore been evaluated, alone or procedures including both dry and wet decontamination, following skin exposure to two low volatile toxic chemicals using an in vitro human skin penetration model. Additionally, removal using active carbon wipes was evaluated with or without the Dahlgren Decon solution. All dry decontamination procedures resulted in a significantly decreased skin penetration rate of the industrial chemical 2-butoxyethanol compared to the control without decontamination. Wet decontamination following dry absorption significantly improved the efficacy compared to dry removal alone. Dry decontamination post-exposure to the chemical warfare nerve agent VX showed no decontamination efficacy. However, dry and wet decontamination resulted in a decreased agent skin penetration rate during the last hour of the experiment. At -15°C, significantly reduced VX skin penetration rates were demonstrated for both dry decontamination alone and the dry and wet decontamination procedure. The Dahlgren Decon solution significantly reduced the amount of VX penetrating the skin, but the active carbon wipe alone did not impact the skin penetration rate. In conclusion, absorbent materials are beneficial for the removal of low-volatile chemicals from the skin, but the degree of efficacy varies between chemicals. Despite the variability, immediate dry decontamination using available absorbent materials prior to wet decontamination is recommended as a general procedure for skin decontamination. The procedure should also be prioritized in cold-weather conditions to prevent patient hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Qvarnström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Wästerby
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Öberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Larsson A, Lindberg S, Öberg L, Rattfelt-Nyholm J, Bucht A. Comparison of skin decontamination strategies in the initial operational response following chemical exposures. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105539. [PMID: 36539105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mass casualty incidents including hazardous chemical skin exposure, decontamination is the primary intervention to avoid systemic uptake of the toxic compound. The protocol needs to be both simple and efficient to enable a rapid response and avoid delay of patient management. In the present study, decontamination strategies included in the initial operational response were evaluated following human skin exposure in vitro to four different contaminants. Results demonstrated that the efficacy of selected decontamination procedures was highly dependent on the chemical contaminant used. Dry removal of the sulfur mustard simulant methyl salicylate prior to wet decontamination was found beneficial compared to wet decontamination alone. Rapidly initiated wet decontamination was more efficient compared to dry and wet removal of the industrial chemical 2-butoxyethanol and the nerve agent tabun. Following VX-exposure, all wet decontamination procedures resulted in increased agent penetration compared to the control. In conclusion, challenges in establishing simple and efficient decontamination procedures for a broad-spectrum of chemicals have been demonstrated. The impact of including a dry removal step during decontamination was evidently agent specific. Despite the variation in efficacy, immediately initiated dry removal may facilitate patient management until wet decontamination resources are available and to reduce the risk of secondary contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Johanna Qvarnström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Larsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Öberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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James T, Izon-Cooper L, Collins S, Cole H, Marczylo T. The wash-in effect and its significance for mass casualty decontamination. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:113-134. [PMID: 35220912 PMCID: PMC8903816 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2042443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decontamination of skin by washing may increase dermal absorption, a phenomenon known as the wash-in effect. The wash-in effect is frequently discussed in studies investigating casualty decontamination where potentially life-saving interventions may enhance the dermal penetration of toxic chemicals, leading to an increase in incidence of morbidity and rates of mortality. However, the wash-in effect is seldom investigated within the context of mass casualty decontamination and real-life consequences are therefore poorly understood. This paper reviews the existing literature on the wash-in effect to highlight the proposed mechanisms for enhanced absorption and evaluate the wash-in effect within the context of mass casualty chemical decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
| | - Lydia Izon-Cooper
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
| | - Samuel Collins
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
- Global Operations, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Haydn Cole
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
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Danoy A, Durmaz K, Paoletti M, Vachez L, Roul A, Sohier J, Verrier B. Aqueous suspensions of Fuller's earth potentiate the adsorption capacities of paraoxon and improve skin decontamination properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127714. [PMID: 34896712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fuller's earth (FE) is a phyllosilicate used as a powder for household or skin decontamination due to its adsorbent properties. Recent studies have shown that water suspensions exhibit similar adsorbent capacities. FE is heterogeneous due to its composition of elementary clay aggregates and heavy metal particles. Here, FE toxicity was assessed in vitro on skin cells and in vivo on Danio rerio embryos. Among the suspensions tested (5%, 9.1% and 15% w/w), only the highest one shows weak toxicity. Suspensions were tested for ex vivo dermal decontamination into pig ear skin and human abdominal skin using diffusion cells and paraoxon as organophosphorus contaminant. After 24 h of diffusion, no difference was observed in the paraoxon concentration in the receptor compartment whether the decontamination was carried out with FE in powder or in suspension form. In presence of FE suspensions, we observed the disappearance of paraoxon from the stratum corneum, the reservoir compartment, independently of the suspensions' concentration. We suggest that water potentiates the absorbing capacities of FE powder by intercalating between clay lamellas leading to the appearance of new adsorption zones and swelling. These data support the use of FE aqueous suspensions as a safe tool for organophosphorus skin decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Danoy
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Kardelen Durmaz
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Margaux Paoletti
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Laetitia Vachez
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Annick Roul
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Pôle Santé, Direction Générale de la Sécurité Civile et de la Gestion des Crises, Ministère de l'Intérieur Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Sohier
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- UMR 5305: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Lee WR, Hsiao CY, Chang ZY, Wang PW, Aljuffali IA, Lin JY, Fang JY. Cutaneous Delivery of Cosmeceutical Peptides Enhanced by Picosecond- and Nanosecond-Domain Nd:YAG Lasers with Quick Recovery of the Skin Barrier Function: Comparison with Microsecond-Domain Ablative Lasers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020450. [PMID: 35214181 PMCID: PMC8880571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Picosecond or nanosecond-domain non-ablative lasers generate faster photothermal effects and cause less injury than microsecond lasers. In this study, we investigated the enhancing effect of 1064 nm picosecond- and nanosecond-domain neodymium (Nd):yttrium–aluminum–garnet (YAG) lasers on the cutaneous delivery of cosmeceutical peptides. Microsecond-domain fractional ablative CO2 and fully ablative erbium (Er):YAG lasers were also used for comparison. In the Franz diffusion cell study, pig or mouse skin was treated with a laser before exposure to palmitoyl tripeptide (PT)-1, PT-38, and copper tripeptide (CT)-1 at a concentration of 150 μM. Psoriasiform, atopic dermatitis (AD)-like, and photoaged skins were also developed as permeation barriers. The non-ablative laser elicited the ultrastructural disruption of the stratum corneum and epidermal vacuolation. All laser modalities significantly increased the skin permeation of peptides in vitro. The non-ablative laser chiefly enhanced peptide delivery to the receptor compartment, whereas the ablative laser mainly increased the intracutaneous peptide deposition. The picosecond- and nanosecond-domain Nd:YAG lasers elevated the amount of PT-1 in the receptor up to 40- and 22-fold compared with untreated skin, respectively. Laser treatment promoted peptide delivery in barrier-deficient and inflamed skins, although this enhancement effect was less than that observed in healthy skin. Fluorescence microscopy indicated the capability of the non-ablative laser to deliver peptides to deeper skin strata. The ablative laser confined the peptide distribution in the epidermis. Confocal microscopy showed that peptides penetrated the skin along the microdots created by the fractional Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers. The skin barrier function determined by transepidermal water loss suggested quick recovery when using a nanosecond-domain laser (within 4 h). A longer period was needed for the skin treated with the fully ablative Er:YAG laser (76–84 h). Nanosecond non-ablative laser-facilitated peptide delivery may become an efficient and safe approach for cosmeceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 234, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yu Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jie-Yu Lin
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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A systematic comparison of the effect of topically applied anthraquinone aglycones to relieve psoriasiform lesion: The evaluation of percutaneous absorption and anti-inflammatory potency. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112482. [PMID: 34915669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthraquinones derived from rhubarb are reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to assess the topical application of rhubarb anthraquinone aglycones for psoriasis treatment. The antipsoriatic effect of five anthraquinones, including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, physcion, and chrysophanol, was compared to elucidate a structure-permeation relationship. Molecular modeling was employed to determine the physicochemical properties. Both macrophages (differentiated THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to examine the anti-inflammatory activity in the cell-based study. The in vitro pig skin absorption showed that chrysophanol was the compound with the highest cutaneous accumulation. Topically applied rhein was detected to be largely delivered to the receptor compartment. The absorption of rhein was increased by 5-fold in the barrier-deficient skin as compared to intact skin. By stimulating macrophages with imiquimod (IMQ) to model the inflammation in psoriasis, it was found that the anthraquinones significantly reduced IL-6, IL-23, and TNF. The cytokine inhibition level was comparable for the five compounds. The anthraquinones suppressed cytokines by inhibiting the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling. The anthraquinones also downregulated IL-6, IL-8, and IL-24 in the inflammatory keratinocytes stimulated with TNF. Rhein and chrysophanol were comparable to curtail the STAT3 phosphorylation in keratinocytes induced by the conditioned medium of stimulated macrophages. The IMQ-induced psoriasiform mouse model demonstrated the improvement of scaling, erythema, and epidermal hyperplasia by topically applied rhein or chrysophanol. The epidermal acanthosis evoked by IMQ was reduced with rhein and chrysophanol by 3-fold. The histological profiles exhibit that both anthraquinone compounds diminished the number of macrophages and neutrophils in the lesional skin, skin-draining lymph node, and spleen. Rhein and chrysophanol showed multifunctional inhibition, by regulating several targets for alleviating psoriasiform inflammation.
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Thors L, Wästerby P, Wigenstam E, Larsson A, Öberg L, Bucht A. Do cold weather temperatures affect the efficacy of skin decontamination? J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:961-969. [PMID: 34850419 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin decontamination in cold weather temperatures might be challenging due to the aggravating circumstances. However, no information is available on the efficacy of commonly used procedures in winter conditions. Therefore, the efficacy of the reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL) and soapy water decontamination following skin exposure to the nerve agent VX was evaluated at three ambient air temperatures (-5°C, -15°C and room temperature). Experiments were performed in vitro using human dermatomed skin. The ability of RSDL to degrade VX at the three different air temperatures was separately evaluated. The ambient air temperature in experiments without decontamination did not influence the penetration rate of VX through skin. RSDL decontamination was highly efficient in removing VX from skin when performed in all three ambient temperatures, despite the slower agent degradation rate of VX at the lower temperatures. Decontamination with soapy water at RT resulted in an increased skin penetration of VX compared with the control without decontamination; however, in colder temperatures the VX skin penetration was similar to the corresponding control without decontamination. At RT, dry removal prior to washing with soapy water did not improve decontamination of VX compared with washing solely with soapy water. This study demonstrated high efficacy of RSDL decontamination following skin exposure to VX also at cold temperatures. The previously reported 'wash-in' effect of soapy water on VX skin penetration was reduced at cold temperatures. Altogether, this study found a scientific basis to establish guidelines for skin decontamination of chemical casualties at cold weather temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Wästerby
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Larsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Öberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and security, Umeå, Sweden
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Bucht A. Efficient agent degradation within skin is important for decontamination of percutaneously exposed VX. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:95-102. [PMID: 33759679 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1902342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Following percutaneous exposure to the nerve agent VX, the remaining intact agent within the skin after decontamination is of great concern. Consequently, this leads to prolonged agent release to the blood circulation resulting in sustained intoxication, which may complicate the medical management. The decontamination procedure used should therefore possess the ability for agent removal both on and within the skin. The efficacy of three decontamination procedures was evaluated by measuring VX and the primary degradation product ethyl methyl phosphonic acid (EMPA) penetrated through human skin and the amount remaining within the skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Decontamination was initiated 5 min post-exposure to VX on human dermatomed skin. Experiments were conducted using an in vitro skin penetration model and the amount remaining within the skin was determined by combining the tape-stripping technique and acetylcholinesterase activity measurements. RESULTS In control experiments without decontamination, higher amounts of VX were recovered in the deeper layers of skin compared to EMPA, which was primarily located in the stratum corneum. Both Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) and the RSDL training kit (TRSDL) significantly reduced the amount of VX within the skin and decreased the penetration through the skin. However, the degradation ability of RSDL was demonstrated to be beneficial by the reduction of intact agents remaining in the skin compared to TRSDL without agent degradation capability. Soapy water decontamination caused a "wash-in" effect of VX with decreased agent amounts within stratum corneum but increased the amount VX penetrated through the skin. CONCLUSION Efficient skin decontamination of VX requires skin decontaminants reaching deeper layers of the skin, and that both absorption and degradation properties are important. In addition, the "wash-in" effect by using soapy water may enhance VX release to the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Qvarnström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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In vitro human skin decontamination efficacy of MOF-808 in decontamination lotion following exposure to the nerve agent VX. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:32-38. [PMID: 33370593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown promising properties for removal of chemical warfare agents, in particular for material decontamination and functionalized fabrics. The MOF-properties could also be beneficial for skin decontamination, especially when exposed to highly toxic and low volatile nerve agents. In such exposures, efficient decontamination is crucial for adequate medical management. In the present study, seven zirconium-based MOFs were evaluated for their ability to degrade VX and subsequently tested in vitro for decontamination of VX on human dermatomed skin. Of the MOFs evaluated, MOF-808 showed the greatest ability to degrade VX in an alkaline buffer with complete degradation of VX within 5 min. PCN-777, Zr-NDC and NU-1000 displayed degradation half-lives of approximately 10 min. When including MOF-808 in a skin friendly carrier with slightly acidic pH, a decreased agent degradation rate was observed, requiring over 24 h to reach complete degradation. In skin decontamination experiments, MOF-808 enhanced the efficacy compared to the carrier alone, essentially by improved agent absorption. Adding MOF-808 to Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) did not improve the high effectiveness of RSDL alone. The present study showed that including MOF in skin decontamination lotions could be beneficial. Further studies should include optimizing the particulates and formulations.
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Poopal RK, He Y, Zhao R, Li B, Ramesh M, Ren Z. Organophosphorus-based chemical additives induced behavioral changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Swimming activity is a sensitive stress indicator. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 83:106945. [PMID: 33333156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been extensively used as chemical additives in polymer based consumer products. Among them, Isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) and tripropyl phosphate (TPP) are predominant, which have potential to cause neuro-toxic effects on non-target organisms. As behavior (swimming activity) response is the first adjustment due to neurotoxic stress on the fitness of fish. In this study, the quantified swimming activity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under IPPP and TPP exposure in an online monitoring system was investigated to assess the neurotoxin effects under long-term exposure periods, no swimming anomalies were observed in the control group. Whereas, in the OPFR exposures ((treatment I: 5 μg/L and treatment II: 25 μg/L), a series of anomalies were identified. Hyperactivity was shown in IPPP treatment I group (5 μg/L), whereas zebrafish swimming activity was declined throughout the study period in IPPP treatment II (25 μg/L), and TPP groups (5 μg/L and 25 μg/L) when compared to the control group. Circadian rhythm was not affected in the present study. The results of the present study indicated that the fitness of test individuals was a valid biomarker for eco-toxicity assessment under unescapable conditions. Hypoactivity of zebrafish signified the neurotoxic effects of IPPP and TPP. A concentration based improvement in swimming activity was observed under recovery conditions, which suggested that recovery capacity along with toxicity responses could be a comprehensive non-invasive technique to assess the eco-toxicity of waterborne chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yaqi He
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Ruibin Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
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12
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Thors L, Öberg L, Forsberg E, Wigenstam E, Larsson A, Bucht A. Skin penetration and decontamination efficacy following human skin exposure to fentanyl. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Thors L, Wigenstam E, Qvarnström J, Hägglund L, Bucht A. Improved skin decontamination efficacy for the nerve agent VX. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 325:109135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Forsberg E, Öberg L, Artursson E, Wigenstam E, Bucht A, Thors L. Decontamination efficacy of soapy water and water washing following exposure of toxic chemicals on human skin. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2020; 39:134-142. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2020.1748046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Forsberg
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Öberg
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Artursson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Wigenstam
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lina Thors
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Alalaiwe A, Hung CF, Leu YL, Tahara K, Chen HH, Hu KY, Fang JY. The active compounds derived from Psoralea corylifolia for photochemotherapy against psoriasis-like lesions: The relationship between structure and percutaneous absorption. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:114-126. [PMID: 30153523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
8‑Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in combination with ultraviolet A (PUVA) is a photochemotherapy for management of psoriasis. 8-MOP is a natural compound from Psoralea corylifolia. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the percutaneous absorption of five compounds derived from P. corylifolia, and to further explore the inhibitory effect on psoriasis-like lesions generated by imiquimod stimulation in a mouse model. 8-MOP, psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralidin, and bakuchiol were comparatively tested for in vitro skin permeation, keratinocyte apoptosis, and in vivo antipsoriatic potency. The pig ear skin deposition of 8-MOP, isopsoralen, and bakuchiol at an equimolar dose was 0.47, 0.58, and 0.50 nmol/mg, respectively, which was comparable and higher than that of psoralen (0.25 nmol/mg) and psoralidin (0.14 nmol/mg). Psoralidin and bakuchiol were absorbed into the skin without further penetration across the skin. Besides experimental data of physicochemical properties, the hydrogen bond number, total polarity surface, and stratum corneum lipid docking calculated could explain the correlation of the penetrant structure with the skin permeability. The antiproliferative activity against keratinocytes was stronger for 8-MOP and isopsoralen than the others. Topical application of PUVA by using 8-MOP and isopsoralen on imiquimod-induced plaque significantly reduced transepidermal water loss from 55 to 33 and 38 g/m2/h, respectively. The epidermal thickening elicited by imiquimod (117 μm) was decreased to 62 and 26 μm by 8-MOP and isopsoralen application. IL-6 expression in psoriasiform skin was downregulated by isopsoralen but not 8-MOP. Isopsoralen may be a potential candidate for PUVA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kohei Tahara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hi-Han Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yin Hu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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16
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Marek EM, Koslitz S, Weiss T, Fartasch M, Schlüter G, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Quantification of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine by gas chromatography and isotope-dilution mass spectrometry and its percutaneous absorption ex vivo under workplace conditions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3587-3596. [PMID: 28900691 PMCID: PMC5696485 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine (P2NA) is an antioxidant used to protect rubbers from flex-cracking. P2NA can be converted in vivo to 2NA, one of the most potent bladder carcinogens. Here, we report the specific and ultra-sensitive quantification of P2NA in the receptor fluid of Franz diffusion cells by gas chromatography and isotope-dilution tandem-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS). The experimental conditions were optimized to minimize losses of P2NA due to surface absorption on glass, plastic, and rubber material, and subsequently validated. Static and dynamic diffusion cell conditions were used to study the percutaneous penetration of P2NA into freshly prepared porcine skin. The experimental settings closely resembled those of the printing industry in the 1960s/1970s in Germany where P2NA-containing solutions in dichloromethane have been used. P2NA penetrated the skin at very low levels (0.02 ± 0.01 µg/cm2/h) with a cumulative penetrated amount of 0.80 ± 0.26 µg/cm2, a lag time of 6.33 ± 2.21 h and under dynamic conditions. Compared to the receptor fluid, 10-40-fold higher concentrations were found in the skin, predominantly in the dermis and the stratum corneum. Dichloromethane acted as a penetration enhancer by increasing the cumulative penetrated amounts and the recovery of P2NA in both the receptor fluid and the skin, while shortening its lag time. However, the flux remained unaffected. Due to its accumulation in subcutaneous layers, we finally proved that P2NA is continuously released into the receptor fluid despite exposure cessation up to 160 h. Overall, the results show that close attention has to be paid to dermal absorption of P2NA in exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Maximilian Marek
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manigé Fartasch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schlüter
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Udo Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Thors L, Koch M, Wigenstam E, Koch B, Hägglund L, Bucht A. Comparison of skin decontamination efficacy of commercial decontamination products following exposure to VX on human skin. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Nygren U, Hedman A, Nylén T, Thors L. Rapid breakthrough of 131I in an in vitro human epidermis model. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:287-291. [PMID: 28495400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Skin contamination with radionuclides may cause local radiation damage, but also systemic distribution if the nuclides penetrate the epidermal membrane. Detailed information of the skin absorption of radionuclides is of importance for e.g. dose estimations and development of decontamination strategies. In the present study, penetration of 131I through human epidermis was studied using an in vitro flow through diffusion chamber. Epidermis was exposed to a Na131I-solution, used in nuclear medicine, and the potential concentration-dependency of skin penetration was examined by including two concentrations of non-radioactive NaI. Penetration of 131I occurred after a few minutes of exposure and steady state penetration rate was obtained after about 50-70min independently of the iodine concentration and receptor solution used. The two receptor solutions evaluated; phosphate buffered saline solution and an ethanol and water-mixture (1:1), resulted in significantly higher penetration rate of 131I using the ethanol and water-mixture. The penetration of iodine was calculated to be concentration-dependent independently of the receptor solution utilized. In addition, radioactive iodine did not accumulate in epidermis in the in vitro-model used. In conclusion, the present study provides detailed information on the rapid iodine penetration at the early phase of radionuclide exposure, defined as the first 30min of the experiment, and is clearly suitable for decontamination studies. In addition, methodological aspects, e.g. impact of the receptor solution, should carefully be considered in studies of radionuclide skin penetration using in vitro-techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Nygren
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Division of CBRN Defence and Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Hedman
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Division of CBRN Defence and Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Nylén
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Division of CBRN Defence and Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Division of CBRN Defence and Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden.
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19
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Thors L, Lindberg S, Johansson S, Koch B, Koch M, Hägglund L, Bucht A. RSDL decontamination of human skin contaminated with the nerve agent VX. Toxicol Lett 2017; 269:47-54. [PMID: 28179194 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to low volatile organophosphorus compounds (OPC) may lead to penetration through the skin and uptake in the blood circulation. Skin decontamination of toxic OPCs, such as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents, might therefore be crucial for mitigating the systemic toxicity following dermal exposure. Reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL) has been shown to reduce toxic effects in animals dermally exposed to the nerve agent VX. In the present study, an in vitro flow-through diffusion cell was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of RSDL for decontamination of VX exposed to human epidermis. In particular, the impact of timing in the initiation of decontamination and agent dilution in water was studied. The impact of the lipophilic properties of VX in the RSDL decontamination was additionally addressed by comparing chemical degradation in RSDL and decontamination efficacy between the VX and the hydrophilic OPC triethyl phosphonoacetate (TEPA). The epidermal membrane was exposed to 20, 75 or 90% OPC diluted in deionized water and the decontamination was initiated 5, 10, 30, 60 or 120min post-exposure. Early decontamination of VX with RSDL, initiated 5-10min after skin exposure, was very effective. Delayed decontamination initiated 30-60min post-exposure was less effective but still the amount of penetrated agent was significantly reduced, while further delayed start of decontamination to 120min resulted in very low efficacy. Comparing RSDL decontamination of VX with that of TEPA showed that the decontamination efficacy at high agent concentrations was higher for VX. The degradation mechanism of VX and TEPA during decontamination was dissected by 31P NMR spectroscopy of the OPCs following reactions with RSDL and its three nucleophile components. The degradation rate was clearly associated with the high pH of the specific solution investigated; i.e. increased pH resulted in a more rapid degradation. In addition, the solubility of the OPC in RSDL also influenced the degradation rate since the degradation of VX was significantly faster when the NMR analysis was performed in the organic solvent acetonitrile compared to water. In conclusion, we have applied the in vitro flow-through diffusion cell for evaluation of skin decontamination procedures of human epidermis exposed to OPCs. It was demonstrated that early decontamination is crucial for efficient mitigation of epidermal penetration of VX and that almost complete removal of the nerve agent from the skin surface is possible. Our data also indicate that the pH of RSDL together with the solubility of OPC in RSDL are of primary importance for the decontamination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - S Lindberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Johansson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - B Koch
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Koch
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Hägglund
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Mishra RK, Vinu Mohan AM, Soto F, Chrostowski R, Wang J. A microneedle biosensor for minimally-invasive transdermal detection of nerve agents. Analyst 2017; 142:918-924. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02625g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A microneedle array based biosensor for minimally invasive electrochemical monitoring of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents under the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh K. Mishra
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - A. M. Vinu Mohan
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
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