1
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Miller-Holt J, Behrsing H, Crooks I, Curren R, Demir K, Gafner J, Gillman G, Hollings M, Leverette R, Oldham M, Simms L, Stankowski LF, Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Moore MM. Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1175-1188. [PMID: 35830202 PMCID: PMC9897201 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next-generation products (NGPs) including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs). This publication was developed by a working group of the workshop members in conjunction with the sixth workshop in that series entitled "Dosimetry for conducting in vitro evaluations" and focuses on aerosol dosimetry for aerosol exposure to combustible cigarettes, HTP, and ENDS aerosolized tobacco products and summarizes the key challenges as well as documenting areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crooks
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kubilay Demir
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Jeremie Gafner
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gene Gillman
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Michael Hollings
- Genetic Toxicology, Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, UK
| | - Robert Leverette
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Oldham
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands, Bristol, UK
| | - Leon F. Stankowski
- Genetic and In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories–Skokie, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - David Thorne
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Nannu Shankar S, Mital K, Le E, Lewis GS, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Assessment of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for online monitoring of delivered dose in an in vitro aerosol exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 92:105650. [PMID: 37463634 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of dosimetry is critical to mitigating the constraints of offline measurements. To address this need, the use of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to estimate the dose delivered through the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID) was assessed. CuO nanoparticles suspended in ethanol at different concentrations (0.01-10 mg/mL) were aerosolized using a Collison nebulizer and diluted with air at a ratio of either 1:3 (setup 1) or 1:18 (setup 2). From the aerosol volume concentrations measured by the SMPS, density of CuO (6.4 g/cm3), collection time (5-30 min), flow rate (0.5 LPM) and deposition area (0.28 cm2), the mass doses (DoseSMPS) were observed to increase exponentially over time and ranged from 0.02 ± 0.001 to 84.75 ± 3.49 μg/cm2. The doses calculated from the Cu concentrations determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) (DoseICP) also increased exponentially over time (0.01 ± 0.01-97.25 ± 1.30 μg/cm2). Regression analysis between DoseICP and DoseSMPS showed R2 ≥ 0.90 for 0.1-10 mg/mL. As demonstrated, the SMPS can be used to monitor the delivered dose in real-time, and controlled delivery of mass doses with a 226-fold range can be attained in ≤30 min in DAVID by adjusting the nebulizer concentration, dilution air and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Nannu Shankar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Kiran Mital
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Eric Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | | | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA.
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3
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Kohl Y, Müller M, Fink M, Mamier M, Fürtauer S, Drexel R, Herrmann C, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Hornberger R, Arz MI, Metzger C, Wagner S, Sängerlaub S, Briesen H, Meier F, Krebs T. Development and Characterization of a 96-Well Exposure System for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207207. [PMID: 36922728 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a 96-well exposure system for safety assessment of nanomaterials is developed and characterized using an air-liquid interface lung epithelial model. This system is designed for sequential nebulization. Distribution studies verify the reproducible distribution over all 96 wells, with lower insert-to-insert variability compared to non-sequential application. With a first set of chemicals (TritonX), drugs (Bortezomib), and nanomaterials (silver nanoparticles and (non-)fluorescent crystalline nanocellulose), sequential exposure studies are performed with human lung epithelial cells followed by quantification of the deposited mass and of cell viability. The developed exposure system offers for the first time the possibility of exposing an air-liquid interface model in a 96-well format, resulting in high-throughput rates, combined with the feature for sequential dosing. This exposure system allows the possibility of creating dose-response curves resulting in the generation of more reliable cell-based assay data for many types of applications, such as safety analysis. In addition to chemicals and drugs, nanomaterials with spherical shapes, but also morphologically more complex nanostructures can be exposed sequentially with high efficiency. This allows new perspectives on in vivo-like and animal-free approaches for chemical and pharmaceutical safety assessment, in line with the 3R principle of replacing and reducing animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Michelle Müller
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Marielle Fink
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Marc Mamier
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Siegfried Fürtauer
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Drexel
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Christine Herrmann
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Hornberger
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marius I Arz
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzger
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Sven Sängerlaub
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Meier
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
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4
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Wieczorek R, Trelles Sticken E, Pour SJ, Chapman F, Röwer K, Otte S, Stevenson M, Simms L. Characterisation of a smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) for delivery of complex mixtures directly to cells at the air-liquid interface. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36734622 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro testing is important to characterise biological effects of consumer products, including nicotine delivery products such as cigarettes, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Users' cells are exposed to these products' aerosols, of variant chemical compositions, as they move along the respiratory tract. In vitro exposure systems are available to model such exposures, including delivery of whole aerosols to cells, and at the air-liquid interface. Whilst there are clear advantages of such systems, factors including time to aerosol delivery, aerosol losses and number of cell cultures that can be exposed at one time could be improved. This study aimed to characterise a custom-built smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) using 1R6F reference cigarette smoke. This system contains five parallel smoking chambers and delivers different dilutions of smoke/ aerosol to two separate cell culture exposure chambers in <10 s. Using two dosimetry measures (optical density 400 nm [OD400 ]; mass spectrometric nicotine quantification), the SAEIVS demonstrated excellent linearity of smoke dilution prior to exposure (R2 = 0.9951 for mass spectrometric quantification; R2 = 0.9965 for OD400 ) and consistent puff-wise exposures across 24 and 96 well plates in cell culture relevant formats (e.g., within inserts). Smoke loss was lower than previously reported for other systems (OD400 : 16%; nicotine measurement: 20%). There was good correlation of OD400 and nicotine measurements, indicating that OD was a useful surrogate for exposure dosimetry for the product tested. The findings demonstrated that the SAEIVS is a fit-for-purpose exposure system for the reproducible dose-wise exposure assessment of nicotine delivery product aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fiona Chapman
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, BS3 2LL, Bristol, UK
| | - Karin Röwer
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Otte
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, BS3 2LL, Bristol, UK
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5
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Zhang J, Doshi U, Wolz RL, Kosachevsky P, Oldham MJ, Gillman IG, Lee KM. Fit-for-purpose characterization of air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems for e-vapor aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105352. [PMID: 35341918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid-interface (ALI) exposure systems deliver aerosol to the apical surface of cells which mimics the in vivo inhalation exposure conditions. It is necessary, however, to quantify the delivered amount of aerosol for ALI-based in vitro toxicity assessment. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available ALI exposure systems, a Vitrocell® Ames 48 (Ames 48) and a Vitrocell® 24/48 (VC 24/48), and the Vitrocell® VC1/7 smoking machine using a cig-a-like cartridge-based e-vapor device with a prototype formulation (containing 4% nicotine by weight). We characterized aerosol particle-size distribution, aerosol mass, and major chemical components (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol) at the generation source and verified the repeatability of the aerosol generation. We determined aerosol delivery at the ALI by gravimetric analysis of mass collected on Cambridge filter pads and analytical quantitation of the buffer medium which showed that both aerosol mass and nicotine to an exposure insert linearly increased up to 400 puffs. The delivered aerosol mass covered a wide range of 0.8-3.4 mg per insert in the Ames 48 with variability (relative standard deviation, RSD) up to 12% and 1.1-6.4 mg per insert in the VC 24/48 with variability up to 15%. The delivered nicotine ranged approximately up to 200 μg per insert in both exposure systems. These results provided operation and aerosol delivery information of these ALI exposure systems for subsequent in vitro testing of e-vapor aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| | - U Doshi
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - R L Wolz
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - P Kosachevsky
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - M J Oldham
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - I G Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - K M Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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6
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Bishop E, Terry A, East N, Breheny D, Gaca M, Thorne D. A 3D in vitro comparison of two undiluted e-cigarette aerosol generating systems. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:69-79. [PMID: 35032609 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies play an important role in supporting the toxicological assessment of e-cigarettes, with many current methods reliant on sophisticated in vitro exposure systems designed for conventional cigarette testing. In this study, we have compared two distinct systems; the modified Vitrocell VC10 and Borgwaldt LM4E designed to deliver undiluted e-cigarette aerosol. We assessed the cytotoxicity response of 3D reconstituted lung tissue (MucilAir) exposed to undiluted aerosol from ePen3 (closed modular e-cigarette) using these two exposure systems. As the induced cytotoxicity profiles were comparable, we then compared these responses against historical eBox (open modular e-cigarette) and 3R4F reference cigarette data to show evolution of product technology. This latter approach was deemed possible by monitoring intrinsic donor-to-donor control variability over a three-year period, bridging between exposure systems and observed biological responses. Despite the differences in the technology, on a puff-by-puff basis these machines gave remarkably similar cytotoxicity profiles for ePen3, as determined by MTT, and consistency of pre-cytotoxicity markers: transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), cilia beat frequency and cilia active area. When responses are compared as a function of exposed nicotine concentration, we see differences due to the dynamics of the exposure systems. The parity of responses between the systems in generated undiluted aerosol has allowed us to compare back to previously published eBox data, irrespective of aerosol generating system and MucilAir donor, showing how evolution from open systems to podmod e-cigarette design can make a step change in the cytotoxicity profile of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bishop
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - A Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - N East
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - M Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - D Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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7
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Forest V, Mercier C, Pourchez J. Considerations on dosimetry for in vitro assessment of e-cigarette toxicity. Respir Res 2022; 23:358. [PMID: 36528600 PMCID: PMC9758947 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (or e-cigarettes) can be used as smoking cessation aid. Some studies tend to show that they are less hazardous than tobacco cigarettes, even if it does not mean they are completely safe. The huge variation in study designs assessing in vitro toxicity of e-cigarettes aerosol makes it difficult to make comparisons and draw robust and irrefutable conclusions. In this paper, we review this heterogeneity (in terms of e-cigarette products, biological models, and exposure conditions) with a special focus on the wide disparity in the doses used as well as in the way they are expressed. Finally, we discuss the major issue of dosimetry and show how dosimetry tools enable to align data between different exposure systems or data from different laboratories and therefore allow comparisons to help further exploring the risk potential of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Clément Mercier
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS 62362, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
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8
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Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Fukushima T, Shin HJ, Leverette R, Ballantyne M, Li X, Bombick B, Yoshino K. A survey of aerosol exposure systems relative to the analysis of cytotoxicity: A Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) perspective. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211022267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During a Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) meeting, the in vitro toxicity testing Sub-Group (IVT SG) met to discuss the evolving field of aerosol exposure research. Given the diversity of exposure parameters and biological endpoints being used, it was considered a high priority to investigate and contextualise the responses obtained. This is particularly driven by the inability to compare between studies on different exposure systems due to user preferences and protocol differences. Twelve global tobacco and contract research companies met to discuss this topic and formulate an aligned approach on how this diverging field of research could be appropriately compared. Something that is becoming increasingly important, especially in the light of more focused regulatory scrutiny. A detailed and comprehensive survey was conducted on over 40 parameters ranging from aerosol generation, dilution and data analysis across eight geographically independent laboratories. The survey results emphasise the diversity of in vitro exposure parameters and methodologies employed across the IVT SG and highlighted pockets of harmonisation. For example, many of the biological protocol parameters are consistent across the Sub-Group. However, variables such as cell type and exposure time remain largely inconsistent. The next steps for this work will be to map parameters and system data against biological findings and investigate whether the observed inconsistencies translate into increased biological variability. The results from the survey provide improved awareness of parameters and nuances, that may be of substantial benefit to scientists in intersecting fields and in the development of harmonised approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Toshiro Fukushima
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Han-Jae Shin
- Korean Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Kei Yoshino
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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9
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Petersen EJ, Sharma M, Clippinger AJ, Gordon J, Katz A, Laux P, Leibrock LB, Luch A, Matheson J, Stucki AO, Tentschert J, Bierkandt FS. Use of Cause-and-Effect Analysis to Optimize the Reliability of In Vitro Inhalation Toxicity Measurements Using an Air-Liquid Interface. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1370-1385. [PMID: 34097823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro inhalation toxicology methods are increasingly being used for research and regulatory purposes. Although the opportunity for increased human relevance of in vitro inhalation methods compared to in vivo tests has been established and discussed, how to systematically account for variability and maximize the reliability of these in vitro methods, especially for assays that use cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI), has received less attention. One tool that has been used to evaluate the robustness of in vitro test methods is cause-and-effect (C&E) analysis, a conceptual approach to analyze key sources of potential variability in a test method. These sources of variability can then be evaluated using robustness testing and potentially incorporated into in-process control measurements in the assay protocol. There are many differences among in vitro inhalation test methods including the use of different types of biological test systems, exposure platforms/conditions, substances tested, and end points, which represent a major challenge for use in regulatory testing. In this manuscript, we describe how C&E analysis can be applied using a modular approach based on the idea that shared components of different test methods (e.g., the same exposure system is used) have similar sources of variability even though other components may differ. C&E analyses of different in vitro inhalation methods revealed a common set of recommended exposure systems and biological in-process control measurements. The approach described here, when applied in conjunction with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) criteria, should help improve the inter- and intralaboratory agreement of in vitro inhalation test results, leading to increased confidence in these methods for regulatory and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J Petersen
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John Gordon
- United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Aaron Katz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars B Leibrock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Matheson
- United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., 70499 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank S Bierkandt
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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10
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An interlaboratory in vitro aerosol exposure system reference study. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847321992752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the complexity of inhaled substances, the aerosol exposure environment has seen diversification and development of setups in conjunction with the evolving in vitro toxicology space. Each laboratory uses its in vitro exposure system differently (different protocols, adaptations, and biological analysis). Unfortunately, as systems diversify, so does the complexity of comparing multiple systems in a “standardized” manner. As yet, no one has compared simply whether these diverse systems can all generate a consistent aerosol stream, which is paramount prior to transit and exposure. This study has compared, at source, aerosol generation (using nicotine as an exposure marker) in nine in vitro whole-aerosol exposure setups (seven different systems) across five distinct geographically independent locations, including the UK, the USA, Switzerland, Germany, and Japan. The results demonstrate that, despite system-wide differences (adaptations, nuances, and application), these systems—when appropriately maintained and used under a prescribed set of established conditions can all generate a consistent and statistically comparable aerosol stream. These data will be invaluable for new researchers and established laboratories, so they may benchmark against this study. Finally, this interlaboratory comparison combined with the wealth of transit and exposure interface data, may help the environment move towards a truly validated and consistent approach to aerosol exposure. Such an approach could be replicated for other aerosolized products, such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products.
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11
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Lee N, Jang DY, Lee DH, Jeong H, Nam KT, Choi DW, Lim KM. Local Toxicity of Biocides after Direct and Aerosol Exposure on the Human Skin Epidermis and Airway Tissue Models. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020029. [PMID: 33546295 PMCID: PMC7913294 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are commonly used as spray- or trigger-type formulations, thus dermal and respiratory exposure to biocide aerosol is unavoidable. However, little is known about the impact of aerosolization on the local toxicity of biocides on the skin or the airway. We compared the local toxicity of biocides after direct or aerosol exposure on reconstructed human skin epidermis and upper airway models. Three biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), 2-phenoxyethanol (PE), and 2-phenylphenol (OPP), most widely used in the market were selected. When the biocide was treated in aerosols, toxicity to the skin epidermis and upper airway tissue became significantly attenuated compared with the direct application as determined by the higher tissue viabilities. This was further confirmed in histological examination, wherein the tissue damages were less pronounced. LC-MS/MS and GC/MS analysis revealed that concentrations of biocides decreased during aerosolization. Importantly, the toxicity of biocides treated in 3 μm (median mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)) aerosols was stronger than that of 5 μm aerosol, suggesting that the aerosol particle size may affect biocide toxicity. Collectively, we demonstrated that aerosolization could affect the local toxicity of biocides on the skin epidermis and the upper airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea; (D.Y.J.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Do Hyeon Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea; (D.Y.J.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.J.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.J.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Dal-Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea; (D.Y.J.); (D.H.L.)
- Correspondence: authors: (D.-W.C.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-10-9775-7875 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.); Fax: +82-02-940-2778 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3760 (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: authors: (D.-W.C.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-10-9775-7875 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.); Fax: +82-02-940-2778 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3760 (K.-M.L.)
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12
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Development and testing of a new-generation aerosol exposure system: The independent holistic air-liquid exposure system (InHALES). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104909. [PMID: 32512146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dose of inhaled materials delivered to the respiratory tract is to a large extent a function of the kinetics of particle deposition and gas dissolution on or in the airway and lung epithelia, and therefore of the structural and functional properties of the respiratory tract. In vitro aerosol exposure systems commonly do not simulate these properties, which may result in the delivery of non-realistic, non-human-relevant doses of inhalable test substances to the in vitro biological test systems. We developed a new-generation in vitro aerosol exposure system, the InHALES, that can, like the human respiratory tract, actively breathe, operate medical inhalers, or take puffs from tobacco products. Due to its structural and functional similarity to the human respiratory tract, the system is expected to deliver human-relevant doses of inhalable materials to cell cultures representing respiratory tract epithelia. We here describe the proof of concept of the InHALES with respect to aerosol delivery and compatibility with oral, bronchial, and alveolar cell cultures. The results indicate that the system structure and function translate into complex patterns of test atmosphere delivery that, with increasing system complexity, may closely mimic the patterns observable in the human respiratory tract.
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13
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Kuczaj A, Majeed S, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Radtke F, Schlage WK, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for the generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from heat-not-burn tobacco products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319897869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence and smoking-related population harm. Potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) must undergo a rigorous premarket toxicological risk assessment. The ability to reproducibly generate, collect, and use aerosols is critical for the characterization, and preclinical assessment of aerosol-based candidate MRTPs (cMRTPs), such as noncombusted cigarettes, also referred to as heated tobacco products, tobacco heating products, or heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. HNB tobacco products generate a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating tobacco instead of burning it. The aerosols generated by HNB products are qualitatively and quantitatively highly different from cigarette smoke (CS). This constitutes technical and experimental challenges comparing the toxicity of HNB aerosols with CS. The methods and experimental setups that have been developed for the study of CS cannot be directly transposed to the study of HNB aerosols. Significant research efforts are dedicated to the development, characterization, and validation of experimental setups and methods suitable for HNB aerosols. They are described in this review, with a particular focus on the Tobacco Heating System version 2.2. This is intended to support further studies, the objective evaluation and verification of existing evidence, and the development of scientifically substantiated HNB MRTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Radtke
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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14
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Iskandar A, Kuczaj AK, Marescotti D, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Sciuscio D, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from e-vapor products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320979751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-vapor products (EVP) have become popular alternatives for cigarette smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. EVP research is challenging and complex, mostly because of the numerous and rapidly evolving technologies and designs as well as the multiplicity of e-liquid flavors and solvents available on the market. There is an urgent need to standardize all stages of EVP assessment, from the production of a reference product to e-vapor generation methods and from physicochemical characterization methods to nonclinical and clinical exposure studies. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed description of selected experimental setups and methods for EVP aerosol generation and collection and exposure systems for their in vitro and in vivo assessment. The focus is on the specificities of the product that constitute challenges and require development of ad hoc assessment frameworks, equipment, and methods. In so doing, this review aims to support further studies, objective evaluation, comparison, and verification of existing evidence, and, ultimately, formulation of standardized methods for testing EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Sciuscio
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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15
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Taghvaee S, Mousavi A, Sowlat MH, Sioutas C. Development of a novel aerosol generation system for conducting inhalation exposures to ambient particulate matter (PM). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:1035-1045. [PMID: 30893735 PMCID: PMC6430148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel method for generating aerosols that are representative of real-world ambient particulate matter (PM) in terms of both physical and chemical characteristics, with the ultimate objective of using them for inhalation exposure studies. The protocol included collection of ambient PM on filters using a high-volume sampler, which were then extracted with ultrapure Milli-Q water using vortexing and sonication. As an alternative approach for collection, ambient particles were directly captured into aqueous slurry samples using the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES)/aerosol-into-liquid collector tandem technology. The aqueous samples from both collection protocols were then re-aerosolized using commercially available nebulizers. The physical characteristics (i.e., particle size distribution) of the generated aerosols were examined by the means of a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) connected to a condensation particle counter (CPC) at different compressed air pressures of the nebulizer, and dilution air flow rates. In addition, the collected PM samples (both ambient and re-aerosolized) were chemically analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), inorganic ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals and trace elements. Using the aqueous filter extracts, we were able to effectively recover the water-soluble components of ambient PM (e.g., water-soluble organic matter, and water-soluble inorganic ions); however, this method was deficient in recovering some of the important insoluble components such as EC, PAHs, and many of the redox-active trace elements and metals. In contrast, using the VACES/aerosol-into-liquid collector tandem technology for collecting ambient PM directly into water slurry, we were able to preserve the water-soluble and water-insoluble components very effectively. These results illustrate the superiority of the VACES/aerosol-into liquid collector tandem technology to be used in conjunction with the re-aerosolization setup to create aerosols that fully represent ambient PM, making it an attractive choice for application in inhalation exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Chandrala LD, Afshar-Mohajer N, Nishida K, Ronzhes Y, Sidhaye VK, Koehler K, Katz J. A Device for measuring the in-situ response of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to airborne environmental agents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7263. [PMID: 31086226 PMCID: PMC6513995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring the time evolution of response of Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial (NHBE) cells to aerosols is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of airway disease. This study introduces a novel Real-Time Examination of Cell Exposure (RTECE) system, which enables direct in situ assessment of functional responses of the cell culture during and following exposure to environmental agents. Included are cell morphology, migration, and specialised responses, such as ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Utilising annular nozzles for aerosol injection and installing windows above and below the culture, the cells can be illuminated and examined during exposure. The performance of RTECE is compared to that of the commercial Vitrocell by exposing NHBE cells to cigarette smoke. Both systems show the same mass deposition and similar trends in smoke-induced changes to monolayer permeability, CBF and transepithelial resistance. In situ measurements performed during and after two exposures to smoke show that the CBF decreases gradually during both exposures, recovering after the first, but decreasing sharply after the second. Using Particle image velocimetry, the cell motions are monitored for twelve hours. Exposure to smoke increases the spatially-averaged cell velocity by an order of magnitude. The relative motion between cells peaks shortly after each exposure, but remains elevated and even increases further several hours later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmana D. Chandrala
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218 USA
| | - Nima Afshar-Mohajer
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Kristine Nishida
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Yury Ronzhes
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218 USA
| | - Venkataramana K. Sidhaye
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 USA
| | - Joseph Katz
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218 USA
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17
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Delivery efficiencies of constituents of combustion-derived aerosols across the air-liquid interface during in vitro exposures. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:384-398. [PMID: 30003980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro aerosol exposure of epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface is an experimental methodology widely used in respiratory toxicology. The exposure depends to a large part on the physicochemical properties of individual aerosol constituents, as they determine the transfer kinetics from the aerosol into the cells. We characterized the transfer of 70 cigarette smoke constituents from the smoke into aqueous samples exposed in the Vitrocell® 24/48 aerosol exposure system. The amounts of these compounds in the applied smoke were determined by trapping whole smoke in N,N-dimethylformamide and then compared with their amounts in smoke-exposed, phosphate-buffered saline, yielding compound specific delivery efficiencies. Delivery efficiencies of different smoke constituents differed by up to five orders of magnitude, which indicates that the composition of the applied smoke is not necessarily representative for the delivered smoke. Therefore, dose metrics for in vitro exposure experiments should, if possible, be based on delivered and not applied doses. A comparison to literature on in vivo smoke retention in the respiratory tract indicated that the same applies for smoke retention in the respiratory tract.
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18
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Ishikawa S, Matsumura K, Kitamura N, Ishimori K, Takanami Y, Ito S. Application of a direct aerosol exposure system for the assessment of biological effects of cigarette smoke and novel tobacco product vapor on human bronchial epithelial cultures. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:85-93. [PMID: 29730447 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in in vitro exposure systems and cell culture technology enable direct exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) of human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures. MucilAir organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures were exposed, using a Vitrocell exposure system, to mainstream aerosols from the 3R4F cigarette or from a recently developed novel tobacco vapor product (NTV). The exposure aerosol dose was controlled by dilution flow and the number of products smoked; there were five exposure conditions for 3R4F smoke and three for NTV vapor. The amount of nicotine delivered to the tissues under each condition was analyzed and that of the total particulate matter (TPM) was estimated using nicotine data. The nicotine dose was similar for the two products at the highest dose, but the estimated TPM levels from the NTV were 3.7 times the levels from the 3R4F. Following 3R4F smoke exposure, a dose dependent increase was observed in cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and differential gene expression. However, no changes were detected in these endpoints following NTV vapor exposure, suggesting the biological effects of NTV vapor are lower than those of conventional combustible CS. Our study design, which includes collection of biological data and dosimetry data, is applicable to assessing novel tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Matsumura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Nobumasa Kitamura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Kanae Ishimori
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Takanami
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
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19
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Extreme testing of undiluted e-cigarette aerosol in vitro using an Ames air-agar-interface technique. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 828:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Iskandar AR, Martinez Y, Martin F, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Sewer A, Torres LO, Majeed S, Merg C, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Frentzel S, Mathis C, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Comparative effects of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product Aerosol and cigarette smoke on human organotypic small airway cultures: a systems toxicology approach. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:930-946. [PMID: 30090554 PMCID: PMC6062162 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro human small airway epithelium model, we assessed the biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, to investigate the potential reduced risk of THS2.2 aerosol exposure compared with cigarette smoke. Following the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine and the Tobacco Product Assessment Consortium, in which modified-risk tobacco products assessment should be performed in comparison with standard conventional products, the effects of the THS2.2 aerosol exposure on the small airway cultures were compared with those of 3R4F cigarette smoke. We used a systems toxicology approach whereby elucidation of toxic effects is derived not only from functional assay readouts but also from omics technologies. Cytotoxicity, ciliary beating function, secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and histological assessment represented functional assays. The omics data included transcriptomic and miRNA profiles. Exposure-induced perturbations of causal biological networks were computed from the transcriptomic data. The results showed that THS2.2 aerosol exposure at the tested doses elicited lower cytotoxicity levels and lower changes in the secreted pro-inflammatory mediators than 3R4F smoke. Although THS2.2 exposure elicited alterations in the gene expression, a higher transcriptome-induced biological impact was observed following 3R4F smoke: The effects of THS2.2 aerosol exposure, if observed, were mostly transient and diminished more rapidly after exposure than those of 3R4F smoke. The study demonstrated that the systems toxicology approach can reveal changes at the cellular level that would be otherwise not detected from functional assays, thus increasing the sensitivity to detect potential toxicity of a treatment/exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Yannick Martinez
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21 , 51429 Bergisch Gladbach , Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Laura Ortega Torres
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
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