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Lebrun S, Chavez S, Nguyen L, Chan R. Expansion of the application domain of a macromolecular ocular irritation test (OptiSafe™). Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105515. [PMID: 36351539 PMCID: PMC9802687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The OptiSafe (OS) test is shelf-stable, macromolecular eye irritation test that does not include any animal ingredient or component ("vegan"). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the test's accuracy for an expanded application domain for both the original and recently updated OS method. This study involved the testing of additional ocular corrosives and previously excluded foaming agents ("surfactants") using both the original and updated OS methods and then combining these data with prior validation data for a total of 147 chemicals. Predictivity was evaluated by a statistical comparison of the OptiSafe predictions with historical in vivo "Draize" rabbit eye data for the same chemicals (from public databases). We report that for the detection of chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation [Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) No Category], the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 92.8%, 79.6%, and 100.0%, respectively, for the updated method; for the detection of chemicals inducing extreme eye damage/corrosion (GHS Category 1), the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 79.4%, 71.8%, and 91.7%, respectively, for the updated method. Results indicate that both the original and updated methods have a high accuracy for the expanded application domain that included ocular corrosives and surfactants.
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2
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Zhong C, Wanasathop A, Shi Z, Ananthapadmanabhan K, Li SK. Evaluation of in vitro cornea models for quantifying destructive effects of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105462. [PMID: 36031007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models are available as alternatives for the Draize eye irritation test. However, most of the alternative models are not quantitative nor designed to evaluate the effects of chemicals on the corneal barrier such as those encountered in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The objective of the present study was to investigate tissue electrical resistance to provide sensitive in vitro testing of tissue alteration caused by chemicals in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations as a potential eye irritation testing approach. The experimental protocols for effective tissue resistance measurements were examined using two in vitro eye models: porcine cornea and EpiCorneal. In these models, a test chemical was applied to the cornea or EpiCorneal tissue for 1 min, and tissue resistances/conductances were measured at 1-60 min after the application. The changes in conductance of the tissues after exposure to the chemicals were shown to provide quantitative evaluations to the influence of the chemicals. A correlation was found between the two in vitro models. The results suggest that these models can provide quantitative in vitro assessments of chemical formulations such as those prepared by eye-irritating chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America
| | - Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America
| | - Kavssery Ananthapadmanabhan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States of America.
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Lebrun S, Nguyen L, Chavez S, Chan R, Le D, Nguyen M, Jester JV. Same-chemical comparison of nonanimal eye irritation test methods: Bovine corneal opacity and permeability, EpiOcular™, isolated chicken eye, ocular Irritection®, OptiSafe™, and short time exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105070. [PMID: 33352259 PMCID: PMC8544240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The testing and classification of chemicals to determine adverse ocular effects are routinely conducted to ensure that materials are appropriately classified, labeled, and meet regulatory and safety guidelines. We have performed a same-chemical analysis using publicly available validation study results and compared the performance between tests for the same chemicals. To normalize for chemical selection, we matched chemicals tested by pairs of tests so that each matched set compared performance for the exact same chemicals. Same-chemical accuracy comparisons demonstrate a chemical selection effect that results in a wide range of overlapping false-positive (FP) rates and accuracies for all test methods. In addition, the analysis suggests that a tiered-testing strategy with specific combinations of tests can reduce the FP rate for some combinations. However, reductions in the FP rates were typically accompanied by an increase in the false-negative rates, resulting in minimal advantage in terms of accuracy. In addition, actual improvements in the FP rate after retesting positives with a second test are not as good as the theoretical improvements because some chemicals and functional groups appear to be broadly misclassified by all test methods, which, to the extent the tests make the same-chemical misclassifications, reduces the advantage of using tiered-testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Debby Le
- Lebrun Labs LLC, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | | | - James V Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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4
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In vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models for ocular toxicology and ophthalmic drug development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:207-237. [PMID: 33544359 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testing of all manufactured products and their ingredients for eye irritation is a regulatory requirement. In the last two decades, the development of alternatives to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test method has substantially advanced due to the improvements in primary cell isolation, cell culture techniques, and media, which have led to improved in vitro corneal tissue models and test methods. Most in vitro models for ocular toxicology attempt to reproduce the corneal epithelial tissue which consists of 4-5 layers of non-keratinized corneal epithelial cells that form tight junctions, thereby limiting the penetration of chemicals, xenobiotics, and pharmaceuticals. Also, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of more complex three-dimensional (3D) equivalents to study wound healing, drug permeation, and bioavailability. This review focuses on in vitro reconstructed 3D corneal tissue models and their utilization in ocular toxicology as well as their application to pharmacology and ophthalmic research. Current human 3D corneal epithelial cell culture models have replaced in vivo animal eye irritation tests for many applications, and substantial validation efforts are in progress to verify and approve alternative eye irritation tests for widespread use. The validation of drug absorption models and further development of models and test methods for many ophthalmic and ocular disease applications is required.
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Ciprofloxacin self-dissolvable Soluplus based polymeric films: a novel proposal to improve the management of eye infections. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:608-625. [PMID: 33528829 PMCID: PMC7852484 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infections of the eye are among the leading causes of vision impairment and vision loss worldwide. The ability of a drug to access the anterior parts of the eye is negligible after systemic administration. Effective drug delivery to the eye is a major challenge due to the presence of protective mechanisms and physiological barriers that result in low ocular availability after topical application. The main purpose of this work was the improvement of the corneal and conjunctival permeation of the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin, a wide spectrum antibiotic used for the most common eye infection, using a self-dissolving polymeric film. Films were prepared by the solvent casting technique, using polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft co-polymer (Soluplus), polyvynyl alcohol, and propylene glycol. Films were homogeneous in drug content and thickness, as demonstrated by adapting the Swiss Roll technique followed by microscopy observation. These films proved in vitro to control the release of the Ciprofloxacin. Ex vivo permeability studies using Franz diffusion cells and porcine cornea and sclera showed an effective permeability of the drug without inducing irritation of the tissues. Films swelled in contact with artificial tears forming an in situ gel over 20 min, which will improve drug contact and reduce the need of multiple dosing. The antibiotic activity was also tested in vitro in five types of bacterial cultures, assuring the pharmacological efficacy of the films. The developed films are a promising drug delivery system to topically treat or prevent ocular infections.
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Anonye BO, Nweke V, Furner-Pardoe J, Gabrilska R, Rafiq A, Ukachukwu F, Bruce J, Lee C, Unnikrishnan M, Rumbaugh KP, Snyder LAS, Harrison F. The safety profile of Bald's eyesalve for the treatment of bacterial infections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17513. [PMID: 33060666 PMCID: PMC7562736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance has prompted the development of alternatives to combat bacterial infections. Bald's eyesalve, a remedy used in the Early Medieval period, has previously been shown to have efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro and in vivo models of chronic wounds. However, the safety profile of Bald's eyesalve has not yet been demonstrated, and this is vital before testing in humans. Here, we determined the safety potential of Bald's eyesalve using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models representative of skin or eye infections. We also confirmed that Bald's eyesalve is active against an important eye pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Low levels of cytotoxicity were observed in eyesalve-treated cell lines representative of skin and immune cells. Results from a bovine corneal opacity and permeability test demonstrated slight irritation to the cornea that resolved within 10 min. The slug mucosal irritation assay revealed that a low level of mucus was secreted by slugs indicating moderate mucosal irritation. We obtained promising results from mouse wound closure experiments; no visible signs of irritation or inflammation were observed. Our results suggest that Bald's eyesalve could be tested further on human volunteers to assess safety for topical application against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing O Anonye
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Valentine Nweke
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Jessica Furner-Pardoe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rebecca Gabrilska
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Afshan Rafiq
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Faith Ukachukwu
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Julie Bruce
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christina Lee
- School of English and Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Lori A S Snyder
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Freya Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Ko KY, Jeon HL, Kim J, Kim TS, Hong YH, Jeong MK, Park KH, Kim BH, Park S, Jang WH, Cho SA, An S, Cho AR, Yi JS, Kim JY, Kim H, Lee JK, Park KS. Two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods and minimizing the use of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium tests for the evaluation of eye irritation potency of test chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104675. [PMID: 31648046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of single in vitro eye irritation tests, Integrated Approaches to Testing Assessment strategies have been suggested for evaluating eye irritation. This study developed two tiered approaches combining alternative test methods. They were designed in consideration of the solubility property of test chemicals and to use the RhCE tests at final steps. The tiered approach A is composed of the STE, BCOP, HET-CAM or RhCE tests, whereas the tiered approach B is designed to perform simultaneously two in vitro test methods at the first stage and the RhCE test at the final stage. The predictive capacity of the two tiered approaches was estimated using 47 chemicals. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity value of the tiered approach A were 95.7% (45/47), 100% (34/34), and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, whereas those of the tiered approach B were 95.7% (45/47), 97.1% (33/34), and 92.3% (12/13), respectively. The approach A and B were considered to be available methods for distinguishing test chemicals of Category 1 (all 73.3%) and No Category (84.6% and 92.3%), respectively. Especially, the approach B was considered as an efficient method as the Bottom-Up approach, because it predicted correctly test chemicals classified as No Category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yuk Ko
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lyun Jeon
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Hong
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Jeong
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Hyun Park
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Park
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hee Jang
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Cho
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Yi
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sook Park
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
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Leblanc V, Yokota M, Grandidier MH, Yoshida D, Adriaens E, Cotovio J, Kyoutani D, Alépée N. SkinEthic™ HCE Eye Irritation Test: Similar performance demonstrated after long distance shipment and extended storage conditions. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:202-214. [PMID: 30291990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of ocular irritation risk is an international regulatory requirement in the safety evaluation of products. In response to this need, L'Oréal developed the SkinEthic™ Human Corneal Epithelium (HCE) Eye Irritation Test (EIT) that has been included in OECD Test Guideline 492. SkinEthic™ HCE EIT is able to correctly and reliably identify chemicals not requiring classification versus labelling for eye irritation or serious eye damage according to UN GHS. In an effort to promote its global use, the performance of the method was evaluated after long-distance shipment and compared to European shipment conditions. Results obtained by Cosmos Technical Center (Japan) after extended tissues transit were compared to results obtained in L'Oréal (France). Thirty-nine out of 40 blinded chemicals, representing different functional chemical classes, were consistently classified in both laboratories. The SkinEthic™ HCE EIT test method was also evaluated for its performance after extended storage of the tissues. The performance was in agreement with the values reported in OECD TG 492, with an overall accuracy of 87.1% (based on 119 chemicals), sensitivity of 95.5% and specificity of 73.5%. The reliability and relevance of SkinEthic™ HCE EIT test method after long-distance shipment and extended storage remain in agreement with regulatory validation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariko Yokota
- NIKKOL Group, Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - José Cotovio
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
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CON4EI: Development of serious eye damage and eye irritation testing strategies with respect to the requirements of the UN GHS/EU CLP hazard categories. Toxicol In Vitro 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Adriaens E, Verstraelen S, Alépée N, Kandarova H, Drzewiecka A, Gruszka K, Guest R, Willoughby J, Van Rompay A. CON4EI: Development of testing strategies for hazard identification and labelling for serious eye damage and eye irritation of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 49:99-115. [PMID: 28964898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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