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Karsten REH, Krijnen NJW, Maho W, Permentier H, Verpoorte E, Olinga P. Mouse precision-cut liver slices as an ex vivo model to study drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2523-2543. [PMID: 35708773 PMCID: PMC9325861 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are often withdrawn from the market due to the manifestation of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC), defined as obstruction of hepatic bile flow due to medication, is one form of DILI. Because DILI is idiosyncratic, and the resulting cholestasis complex, there is no suitable in vitro model for early DIC detection during drug development. Our goal was to develop a mouse precision-cut liver slice (mPCLS) model to study DIC and to assess cholestasis development using conventional molecular biology and analytical chemistry methods. Cholestasis was induced in mPCLS through a 48-h-incubation with three drugs known to induce cholestasis in humans, namely chlorpromazine (15, 20, and 30 µM), cyclosporin A (1, 3, and 6 µM) or glibenclamide (25, 50, and 65 µM). A bile-acid mixture (16 µM) that is physiologically representative of the human bile-acid pool was added to the incubation medium with drug, and results were compared to incubations with no added bile acids. Treatment of PCLS with cholestatic drugs increased the intracellular bile-acid concentration of deoxycholic acid and modulated bile-transporter genes. Chlorpromazine led to the most pronounced cholestasis in 48 h, observed as increased toxicity; decreased protein and gene expression of the bile salt export pump; increased gene expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4; and accumulation of intracellular bile acids. Moreover, chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis exhibited some transition into fibrosis, evidenced by increased gene expression of collagen 1A1 and heatshock protein 47. In conclusion, we demonstrate that mPCLS can be used to study human DIC onset and progression in a 48 h period. We thus propose this model is suited for other similar studies of human DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E H Karsten
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J W Krijnen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Maho
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Permentier
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Pieters A, Gijbels E, Cogliati B, Annaert P, Devisscher L, Vinken M. Biomarkers of cholestasis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:437-454. [PMID: 33709780 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a major pathological manifestation, often resulting in detrimental liver conditions, which occurs in a variety of indications collectively termed cholestatic liver diseases. The frequent asymptomatic character and complexity of cholestasis, together with the lack of a straightforward biomarker, hampers early detection and treatment of the condition. The 'omics' era, however, has resulted in a plethora of cholestatic indicators, yet a single clinically applicable biomarker for a given cholestatic disease remains missing. The criteria to fulfil as an ideal biomarker as well as the challenging molecular pathways in cholestatic liver diseases advocate for a scenario in which multiple biomarkers, originating from different domains, will be assessed concomitantly. This review gives an overview of classical clinical and novel molecular biomarkers in cholestasis, focusing on their benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanah Pieters
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ON II Herestraat 49, Box 921, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology & Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
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Schyman P, Printz RL, Estes SK, O'Brien TP, Shiota M, Wallqvist A. Assessing Chemical-Induced Liver Injury In Vivo From In Vitro Gene Expression Data in the Rat: The Case of Thioacetamide Toxicity. Front Genet 2019; 10:1233. [PMID: 31850077 PMCID: PMC6901980 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers are exposed to thousands of chemicals with potentially adverse health effects. However, these chemicals will never be tested for toxicity because of the immense resources needed for animal-based (in vivo) toxicological studies. Today, there are no viable in vitro alternatives to these types of animal studies. To develop an in vitro approach, we investigated whether we could predict in vivo organ injuries in rats with the use of RNA-seq data acquired from tissues early in the development of toxicant-induced injury, by comparing gene expression data from RNA isolated from these rat tissues with those obtained from in vitro exposure of primary liver and kidney cells. We collected RNA-seq data from the liver and kidney tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats 8 or 24 h after exposing them to vehicle (control), low (25 mg/kg), or high (100 mg/kg) doses of thioacetamide, a known liver toxicant that promotes fibrosis; we used these doses and exposure times to cause only mild toxicant-induced injury. For the in vitro study, we treated two cell types from Sprague-Dawley rats, primary hepatocytes (vehicle; low, 0.025 mM; or high, 0.125 mM dose), and renal tube epithelial cells (vehicle; low, 0.125 mM; or high, 0.500 mM) dose) with the thioacetamide metabolite, thioacetamide-S-oxide, selecting in vitro doses and exposure times to recreate the early-stage toxicant-induced injury model that we achieved in vivo. RNA-seq data were collected 9 or 24 h after application of vehicle or thioacetamide-S-oxide. We found that our modular approach for the analysis of gene expression data derived from in vivo RNA-seq strongly correlated (R2 > 0.6) with the in vitro results at two different dose levels of thioacetamide/thioacetamide-S-oxide after 24 h of exposure. The top-ranked liver injury modules in vitro correctly identified the ensuing development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Schyman
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard L Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Shanea K Estes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tracy P O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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The application of omics-based human liver platforms for investigating the mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3067-3098. [PMID: 31586243 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) complicates safety assessment for new drugs and poses major threats to both patient health and drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. A number of human liver cell-based in vitro models combined with toxicogenomics methods have been developed as an alternative to animal testing for studying human DILI mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the in vitro human liver systems and their applications in omics-based drug-induced hepatotoxicity studies. We furthermore present bioinformatic approaches that are useful for analyzing toxicogenomic data generated from these models and discuss their current and potential contributions to the understanding of mechanisms of DILI. Human pluripotent stem cells, carrying donor-specific genetic information, hold great potential for advancing the study of individual-specific toxicological responses. When co-cultured with other liver-derived non-parenchymal cells in a microfluidic device, the resulting dynamic platform enables us to study immune-mediated drug hypersensitivity and accelerates personalized drug toxicology studies. A flexible microfluidic platform would also support the assembly of a more advanced organs-on-a-chip device, further bridging gap between in vitro and in vivo conditions. The standard transcriptomic analysis of these cell systems can be complemented with causality-inferring approaches to improve the understanding of DILI mechanisms. These approaches involve statistical techniques capable of elucidating regulatory interactions in parts of these mechanisms. The use of more elaborated human liver models, in harmony with causality-inferring bioinformatic approaches will pave the way for establishing a powerful methodology to systematically assess DILI mechanisms across a wide range of conditions.
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Parmentier C, Couttet P, Uteng M, Wolf A, Richert L. Transcriptomic Analysis of Cholestatic Compounds In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1981:175-186. [PMID: 31016655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9420-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis is one of the most severe manifestations of drug-induced liver injury. Drug-induced cholestasis is characterized by an accumulation of endogenous metabolites normally excreted in the bile such as bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, or drug metabolites. The possibility to determine early in the drug development process whether a compound presents a risk of inducing drug-induced cholestasis is key information. Since preclinical repeated dose toxicity studies have limited predictive value, large efforts in identifying alternative in vitro models with improved prediction are being made. One of the best current models for in vitro human liver is primary human hepatocytes, and we recently reported that primary human hepatocytes can be kept as long-term cultures in 2D-sandwich configuration when regularly renewing the Matrigel overlay, thereby making the model useful for repeat exposure-related toxicities, as well as for the study of adaptive responses. This primary human hepatocyte culture system combined with transcriptomics carries the future promise to identify individual gene expression profiles predictive of increased drug-induced cholestasis risk.This chapter describes the various steps for culturing and exposing primary human hepatocytes to drugs during long-term 2D-sandwich culture, performing RNA extraction, gene chip assay and selecting hepatotoxic signature using the IPA software and highlighting genes involved in bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Uteng
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Wolf
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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Fernández-Murga ML, Petrov PD, Conde I, Castell JV, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Jover R. Advances in drug-induced cholestasis: Clinical perspectives, potential mechanisms and in vitro systems. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:196-212. [PMID: 29990576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing research, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a serious issue of increasing importance to the medical community that challenges health systems, pharmaceutical industries and drug regulatory agencies. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) represents a frequent manifestation of DILI in humans, which is characterised by an impaired canalicular bile flow resulting in a detrimental accumulation of bile constituents in blood and tissues. From a clinical point of view, cholestatic DILI generates a wide spectrum of presentations and can be a diagnostic challenge. The drug classes mostly associated with DIC are anti-infectious, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, psychotropic and cardiovascular agents, steroids, and other miscellaneous drugs. The molecular mechanisms of DIC have been investigated since the 1980s but they remain debatable. It is recognised that altered expression and/or function of hepatobiliary membrane transporters underlies some forms of cholestasis, and this and other concomitant mechanisms are very likely in DIC. Deciphering these processes may pave the ways for diagnosis, prognosis and prevention, for which currently major gaps and caveats exist. In this review, we summarise recent advances in the field of DIC, including clinical aspects, the potential mechanisms postulated so far and the in vitro systems that can be useful to investigate and identify new cholestatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Petar D Petrov
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
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7
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Petrov PD, Fernández-Murga ML, López-Riera M, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Jover R. Predicting drug-induced cholestasis: preclinical models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:721-738. [PMID: 29888962 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1487399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In almost 50% of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), the bile flow from the liver to the duodenum is impaired, a condition known as cholestasis. However, this toxic response only appears in a small percentage of the treated patients (idiosyncrasy). Prediction of drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is challenging and emerges as a safety issue that requires attention by professionals in clinical practice, regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Area covered: The current synopsis focuses on the state-of-the-art in preclinical models for cholestatic DILI prediction. These models differ in their goal, complexity, availability, and applicability, and can widely be classified in experimental animals and in vitro models. Expert opinion: Drugs are a growing cause of cholestasis, but the progress made in explaining mechanisms and differences in susceptibility is not growing at the same rate. We need reliable models able to recapitulate the features of DIC, particularly its idiosyncrasy. The homogeneity and the species-specific differences move animal models away from a fair predictability. However, in vitro human models are improving and getting closer to the real hepatocyte phenotype, and they will likely be the choice in the near future. Progress in this area will not only need reliable predictive models but also mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mireia López-Riera
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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