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Talukdar G, Orr HT, Lei Z. The PERK pathway: beneficial or detrimental for neurodegenerative diseases and tumor growth and cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2545-2557. [PMID: 37384418 PMCID: PMC10407711 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) is one of the three major sensors in the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is involved in the modulation of protein synthesis as an adaptive response. Prolonged PERK activity correlates with the development of diseases and the attenuation of disease severity. Thus, the current debate focuses on the role of the PERK signaling pathway either in accelerating or preventing diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, myelin disorders, and tumor growth and cancer. In this review, we examine the current findings on the PERK signaling pathway and whether it is beneficial or detrimental for the above-mentioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourango Talukdar
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhixin Lei
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Yeap JW, Ali IAH, Ibrahim B, Tan ML. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emerging ER stress-related therapeutic targets. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 81:102218. [PMID: 37201652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
COPD pathogenesis is frequently associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) progression. Targeting the major unfolded protein response (UPR) branches in the ER stress pathway may provide pharmacotherapeutic selection strategies for treating COPD and enable relief from its symptoms. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the potential role of the ER stress inhibitors of major UPR branches (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6) in COPD-related studies and determine the current stage of knowledge in this field. The systematic review was carried out adhering to the PRISMA checklist based on published studies obtained from specific keyword searches of three databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect and Springer Database. The search was limited to the year 2000-2022 which includes all in vitro studies, in vivo studies and clinical trials related to the application of ER stress inhibitors toward COPD-induced models and disease. The risk of bias was evaluated using the QUIN, SYRCLE, revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and NIH tool respectively. A total of 7828 articles were screened from three databases and a final total of 37 studies were included in the review. The ER stress and UPR pathways are potentially useful to prevent COPD progression and attenuate the exacerbation of COPD and related symptoms. Interestingly, the off-target effects from inhibition of the UPR pathway may be desirable or undesirable depending on context and therapeutic applications. Targeting the UPR pathway could have complex consequences as the production of ER molecules involved in folding may be impaired which could continuously provoke misfolding of proteins. Although several emerging compounds were noted to be potentially useful for targeted therapy against COPD, clinical studies have yet to be thoroughly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen Yeap
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Irfhan Ali Hyder Ali
- Respiratory Department, Penang General Hospital, Jalan Residensi, 10990, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Baharudin Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia; Centre For Global Sustainability Studies (CGSS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia.
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3
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Cui X, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Xiang M. ROS and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pulmonary Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879204. [PMID: 35559240 PMCID: PMC9086276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases are main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current studies show that though specific pulmonary diseases and correlative lung-metabolic deviance own unique pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, they always tend to exhibit common characteristics including reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and disruptions of proteostasis bringing about accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER is generated by the unfolded protein response. When the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis, which is called ER stress. The ER stress mainly includes the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in lumen and the disorder of Ca2+ balance. ROS mediates several critical aspects of the ER stress response. We summarize the latest advances in of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Duan Q, Zhou Y, Yang D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in airway hyperresponsiveness. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112904. [PMID: 35367759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR) is a major clinical phenomenon in lung diseases (asthma, COPD and pulmonary fibrosis) and not only a high-risk factor for perioperative airway spasm leading to hypoxaemia, haemodynamic instability and even "silent lung", but also a potential risk for increased mortality from underlying diseases (e.g. asthma, COPD). Airway reactivity is closely linked to airway inflammation, remodelling and increased mucus secretion, and endoplasmic reticulum stress is an important mechanism for the development of these pathologies. This review, therefore, focuses on the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress on the immune cells involved in airway hyperreactivity (epithelial cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils and neutrophils) in inflammation and mucus & sputum secretion; and on the differentiation and remodelling of airway smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells. The aim is to clarify the mechanisms associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in airway hyperresponsiveness and to find new ideas and methods for the prevention of airway hyperresponsiveness in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Duan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China.
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Ahmed Wani T, Masoodi FA, Akhter R, Akram T, Gani A, Shabir N. Nanoencapsulation of hydroxytyrosol in chitosan crosslinked with sodium bisulfate tandem ultrasonication: Techno-characterization, release and antiproliferative properties. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105900. [PMID: 34972072 PMCID: PMC8799616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This research includes production of chitosan nanocapsules through ionic gelation with sodium bisulfate for nanoencapsulation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) using ultrasonication in tandem. The resulting nanocapsules encapsulating HT were analyzed for particle size, ζ-potential, packaging characteristics, FESEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, DSC, in vitro release, antioxidant potential and antiproliferative properties. The nanocapsules (size 119.50-365.21 nm) were spherical to irregular shaped with positive ζ-potential (17.50-18.09 mV). The encapsulation efficiency of 5 mg/g HT (HTS1) and 20 mg/g HT (HTS2) was 77.13% and 56.30%, respectively. The nanocapsules were amorphous in nature with 12.34% to 15.48% crystallinity and crystallite size between 20 nm and 27 nm. Formation of nanocapsules resulted in increasing the glass transition temperature. HTS2 delivered 67.12% HT (HTS1 58.89%) at the end of the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The nanoencapsulated HT showed higher antioxidant and antiproliferative (against A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines) properties than the free HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touseef Ahmed Wani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - F A Masoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Rehana Akhter
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Towseef Akram
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Shuhama 191202, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Adil Gani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Shuhama 191202, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Amodio G, Pagliara V, Moltedo O, Remondelli P. Structural and Functional Significance of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response Transducers and Chaperones at the Mitochondria-ER Contacts: A Cancer Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641194. [PMID: 33842465 PMCID: PMC8033034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a key coordinator of cellular homeostasis, thanks to its physical interconnection to almost all intracellular organelles. In particular, an intense and mutual crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria occurs at the mitochondria–ER contacts (MERCs). MERCs ensure a fine-tuned regulation of fundamental cellular processes, involving cell fate decision, mitochondria dynamics, metabolism, and proteostasis, which plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and therapeutic response of cancer cells. Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that different components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) machinery, including PERK, IRE1α, and ER chaperones, localize at MERCs. These proteins appear to exhibit multifaceted roles that expand beyond protein folding and UPR transduction and are often related to the control of calcium fluxes to the mitochondria, thus acquiring relevance to cell survival and death. In this review, we highlight the novel functions played by PERK, IRE1α, and ER chaperones at MERCs focusing on their impact on tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Pagliara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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Subbiah R, Tiwari RR. The herbicide paraquat-induced molecular mechanisms in the development of acute lung injury and lung fibrosis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:36-64. [PMID: 33528289 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1864721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat (PQ; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride) is a highly toxic organic heterocyclic herbicide that has been widely used in agricultural settings. Since its commercial introduction in the early 1960s, numerous cases of fatal PQ poisonings attributed to accidental and/or intentional ingestion of PQ concentrated formulations have been reported. The clinical manifestations of the respiratory system during the acute phase of PQ poisoning mainly include acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), followed by pulmonary fibrosis in a later phase. The focus of this review is to summarize the most recent publications related to PQ-induced lung toxicity as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms for PQ-mediated pathologic processes. Growing sets of data from in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the involvement of the PQ in regulating lung oxidative stress, inflammatory response, epigenetics, apoptosis, autophagy, and the progression of lung fibrosis. The article also summarizes novel therapeutic avenues based on a literature review, which can be explored as potential means to combat PQ-induced lung toxicity. Finally, we also presented clinical studies on the association of PQ exposure with the incidence of lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekaran Subbiah
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
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Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Induces Apoptosis through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Lung Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031215. [PMID: 33530568 PMCID: PMC7865558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cell death contributes to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p), commonly used as a disinfectant, has been shown to be strongly associated with lung fibrosis in epidemiological and toxicological studies. However, the molecular mechanism underlying PHMG-p-induced epithelial cell death is currently unclear. We synthesized a PHMG-p–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugate and assessed its uptake into lung epithelial A549 cells. To examine intracellular localization, the cells were treated with PHMG-p–FITC; then, the cytoplasmic organelles were counterstained and observed with confocal microscopy. Additionally, the organelle-specific cell death pathway was investigated in cells treated with PHMG-p. PHMG-p–FITC co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and PHMG-p induced ER stress in A549 cells and mice. The ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was used as a pre-treatment to verify the role of ER stress in PHMG-p-induced cytotoxicity. The cells treated with PHMG-p showed apoptosis, which was inhibited by TUDCA. Our results indicate that PHMG-p is rapidly located in the ER and causes ER-stress-mediated apoptosis, which is an initial step in PHMG-p-induced lung fibrosis.
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Tian RD, Chen YQ, He YH, Tang YJ, Chen GM, Yang FW, Li Y, Huang WG, Chen H, Liu X, Lin SD. Phosphorylation of eIF2α mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocyte necroptosis in acute liver injury. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:79-87. [PMID: 31548168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Necroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in acute and chronic liver injury. Activated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) attenuates protein synthesis and relieves the load of protein folding in the ER. In this study, we aimed to analyze the impact of eIF2α phosphorylation on hepatocyte necroptosis in acute liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male BALB/c mice were injected with tunicamycin or d-galactosamine, and LO2 cells were incubated with tunicamycin to induce acute liver injury. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (PBA) and salubrinal were used to inhibit ER stress and eIF2α dephosphorylation, respectively. We analyzed the eIF2α phosphorylation, ER stress, and hepatocyte necroptosis in mice and cells model. RESULTS Tunicamycin or d-galactosamine significantly induced ER stress and necroptosis, as well as eIF2α phosphorylation, in mice and LO2 cells (p<0.05). ER stress aggravated tunicamycin-induced hepatocyte necroptosis in mice and LO2 cells (p<0.05). Elevated eIF2α phosphorylation significantly mitigated hepatocyte ER stress (p<0.05) and hepatocyte necroptosis in mice (34.37±3.39% vs 22.53±2.18%; p<0.05) and LO2 cells (1±0.11 vs 0.33±0.05; p<0.05). Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1 protein levels were not completely synchronized with necroptosis. TNFR1 expression was reduced in d-galactosamine-treated mice (p<0.05) and cells incubated with tunicamycin for 12 and 24h (p<0.05). ER stress partially restored TNFR1 expression and increased necroptosis in tunicamycin-incubated cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results imply that ER stress can mediate hepatocyte necroptosis independent of TNFR1 signaling and elevated eIF2α phosphorylation can mitigate ER stress during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Dong Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Yi-Qun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Yi-Huai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China.
| | - Yong-Jing Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Gui-Mei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Fang-Wan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Wen-Ge Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Shi-De Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
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Zhao HW, Liu H, Liu LY, Liu Z, Dong XS. Analysis of microRNA expression profiling during paraquat-induced injury of murine lung alveolar epithelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:423-434. [PMID: 32741895 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) as a non-selective heterocyclic herbicide, has been applied worldwide for over a few decades. But PQ is very harmful to humans and rodents. The lung is the main target organ of PQ poisoning. It is an important event that lung epithelial cells are injured during PQ-induced acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. As a regulator of mRNA expression, microRNA (miRNA) may play an important role in the progress. Our study was to investigate the mechanisms of PQ-induced injury of pulmonary epithelial cells through analyzing the profiling of miRNAs and their target genes. As a result, 11 differentially expressed miRNAs were screened, including 1 upregulated miRNA and 10 downregulated miRNAs in PQ-treated murine lung alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12 cells). The bioinformatic analyses suggested that the target genes of these miRNAs were involved in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and DNA methylation, and participated in the regulation of PI3K-Akt, mTOR, RAS, TNF, MAPK and other signal pathways which related to oxidative stress and apoptosis. This indicated that miRNAs were an important regulator of oxidative stress and apoptosis during PQ-induced injury of murine lung alveolar epithelial cells. The findings would deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of PQ-induced pulmonary injury and might provide new treatment targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Xue-Song Dong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
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Inhibition of eIF2 α Dephosphorylation Protects Hepatocytes from Apoptosis by Alleviating ER Stress in Acute Liver Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2626090. [PMID: 32566674 PMCID: PMC7293739 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2626090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) is an important factor along the main pathways for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation on hepatocyte apoptosis and the ER stress mechanisms in acute liver injury. Methods eIF2α phosphorylation and apoptosis under ER stress were monitored and measured in male BALB/c mice with acute liver injury and human hepatocyte line LO2 cells. Results Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration triggered ER stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, as well as eIF2α phosphorylation in mice. Inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation, as the pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (chemical chaperone, ER stress inhibitor), mitigated CCl4-induced intrahepatic ER stress, apoptosis, and liver injury. In an ER stress model of LO2 cells induced by thapsigargin (disrupting ER calcium balance), inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation reduced ER stress and apoptosis, while PERK knockdown reduced eIF2α phosphorylation and exacerbated ER stress and apoptosis. Conclusions eIF2α phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms employed by ER stress for restoring cellular homeostasis. Inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation mitigates hepatocyte apoptosis by alleviating ER stress in acute liver injuries.
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The PERK Pathway Plays a Neuroprotective Role During the Early Phase of Secondary Brain Injury Induced by Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2019; 127:105-119. [PMID: 31407071 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04615-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway, which is a branch of the unfolded protein response, participates in a range of pathophysiological processes of neurological diseases. However, few studies have investigated the role of the PERK in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The present study evaluated the role of the PERK pathway during the early phase of ICH-induced secondary brain injury (SBI) and its potential mechanisms. An autologous whole blood ICH model was established in rats, and cultured primary cortical neurons were treated with oxyhemoglobin to mimic ICH in vitro. We found that levels of phosphorylated alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (p-eIF2α) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) increased significantly and peaked at 12 h during the early phase of the ICH. To further elucidate the role of the PERK pathway, we assessed the effects of the PERK inhibitor, GSK2606414, and the eIF2α dephosphorylation antagonist, salubrinal, at 12 h after ICH both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of PERK with GSK2606414 suppressed the protein levels of p-eIF2α and ATF4, resulting in increase of transcriptional activator CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12, which promoted apoptosis and reduced neuronal survival. Treatment with salubrinal yielded opposite results, which suggested that activation of the PERK pathway could promote neuronal survival and reduce apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of the PERK pathway during the early phase of ICH-induced SBI. These findings highlight the potential value of PERK pathway as a therapeutic target for ICH.
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Ribeiro V, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Pereira DM. Benzoquinones from Cyperus spp. trigger IRE1α-independent and PERK-dependent ER stress in human stomach cancer cells and are novel proteasome inhibitors. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 63:153017. [PMID: 31325684 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roots and tubers of several species of the Cyperus genus are used in several parts of the world as foodstuffs and beverages. The genus is rich in several classes of quinones, however their biological properties have not been studied before. PURPOSE We evaluated the anticancer effect of several benzoquinones isolated from the genus and described their mechanism of action towards cancer cells. METHODS The most potent molecules were selected according to their effect upon cell viability. The mechanism of cell death was studied by using pharmacological inhibitors of caspases, caspase-3/4/9 activity assays, annexin-V/7-AAD by flow cytometry and intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium levels through fluorescence spectroscopy. Elucidation of the involvement of distinct branches of the ER stress pathway was pursued by RT-PCR and WB for mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively, as well as pharmacological inhibitors. Proteasome inhibitory activity was assessed by using purified 20S catalytic subunit with the fluorogenic substrate Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC. RESULTS Cytotoxicity studies against cancer cell lines showed that the human gastric cancer cell line AGS was the most susceptible, the most potent molecule, hydroxycyperaquinone, exhibiting an IC50 close to 1 µM. Morphological and biochemical traits suggested that a process of regulated cell death was taking place, which was shown to be intrinsic pathway-independent. Results indicated that benzoquinones exert their toxicity by triggering ER stress, as shown by increased expression of CHOP (mRNA and protein levels), intracellular reactive oxygen species, changes in calcium dynamics and caspase-4 activation. Proteasome inhibition by these molecules is described for the first time. CONCLUSION Hydroxycyperaquinone is a novel sub-micromolar inhibitor of the 20S catalytic core of the 26S proteasome, causing cell death via IRE1α-independent/PERK-dependent pathways in stomach cancer cells. Its presence in products consumed orally may be of relevance for gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ribeiro
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Dual role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Signaling Pathway in Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184354. [PMID: 31491919 PMCID: PMC6770252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a grave problem nowadays in view of the fact that it has become one of the main causes of death worldwide. Poor clinical prognosis is presumably due to cancer cells metabolism as tumor microenvironment is affected by oxidative stress. This event triggers adequate cellular response and thereby creates appropriate conditions for further cancer progression. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when the balance between an ability of the ER to fold and transfer proteins and the degradation of the misfolded ones become distorted. Since ER is an organelle relatively sensitive to oxidative damage, aforementioned conditions swiftly cause the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway. The output of the UPR, depending on numerous factors, may vary and switch between the pro-survival and the pro-apoptotic branch, and hence it displays opposing effects in deciding the fate of the cancer cell. The role of UPR-related proteins in tumorigenesis, such as binding the immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) or the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), has already been specifically described so far. Nevertheless, due to the paradoxical outcomes of the UPR activation as well as gaps in current knowledge, it still needs to be further investigated. Herein we would like to elicit the actual link between neoplastic diseases and the UPR signaling pathway, considering its major branches and discussing its potential use in the development of a novel, anti-cancer, targeted therapy.
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15
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Song CQ, Sun DZ, Xu YM, Yang C, Cai Q, Dong XS. Effect of endoplasmic reticulum calcium on paraquat‑induced apoptosis of human lung type II alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2419-2425. [PMID: 31322172 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the role of endoplasmic reticulum calcium (ER Ca2+) in the apoptosis of human lung type II alveolar epithelial A549 cells induced by paraquat (PQ) in vitro. PQ significantly elevated the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Treatment with the Ca2+‑ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin significantly increased PQ‑induced cytotoxicity, elevated the intracellular level of Ca2+, and increased the apoptosis rate, the protein expression of glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and the activities of caspase‑7 and caspase‑12 in PQ‑treated cells. By contrast, treatment with heparin, an inositol 1,4,5‑triphosphate receptor inhibitor, remarkably attenuated cytotoxicity and decreased the intracellular level of Ca2+, the apoptosis rate and the expression levels of GRP78, CHOP and Caspases. In conclusion, PQ impaired the regulating function of ER Ca2+ and resulted in an excessive increase of intracellular Ca2+. Therefore, influencing the Ca2+ signaling in the ER influenced the apoptosis of A549 cells via the ER stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qing Song
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Da-Zhuang Sun
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Min Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Quan Cai
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Song Dong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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16
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced NLRP1 Inflammasome Activation Contributes to Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Shock 2019; 51:511-518. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Sommeng AN, Arya RMY, Ginting MJ, Pratami DK, Hermansyah H, Sahlan M, Wijanarko A. Antiretroviral activity of Pterois volitans (red lionfish) venom in the early development of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome antiretroviral alternative source. Vet World 2019; 12:309-315. [PMID: 31040575 PMCID: PMC6460858 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.309-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of Pterois volitans phospholipase A2 (PV-PLA2) from Indonesia to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Materials and Methods Fresh venomous fin parts of wild PV specimens were collected from Java Sea waters. Then, it washed using phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and immersed in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 0.01 m containing CaCl2 0.001 m for 24 h. The immersed fin then allowed for extraction process by sonicating for 2×8 min with 80% pulse and 20 kHz output with temperature controlling to avoid denaturation. The crude venom (CV) extracted from the fin is allowed for purification by 80% ethanol (ET) precipitation and ammonium sulfate fractionation method. The purified PV-PLA2 then analyzed using Lowry's method, Marinette's method, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. After determining the purest and safest sample of six samples analyzed, the chosen sample then tested into simian retrovirus-2 (SRV2)-A549 culture (48×104 cells/mL at 1-4 ppm), and compared to the CV sample (1-4 ppm) and lamivudine (100 ppm). The culture then is analyzed using a quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction to find out the copy number of SRV-2 virus in each culture. Results The protein's activity, concentration, and purity analysis revealed that the PV-PLA2 purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation has the highest activity (1.81 times higher than the CV at 80% fractionation) and has higher purity than the sample from ET fractionation. The testing of the sample purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation at 80% saturation level shown that it has a 97.78% inhibition level toward SRV2-A549 culture at 4 ppm. However, in comparison to lamivudine which has 99.55% inhibition level at 100 ppm, it needs much lower concentration to achieve the same result. Conclusion The significant inhibition of SRV2-A549 culture shown that the PV-PLA2 extracted from PV venom has the potential to become anti-HIV substances. It would be worthwhile to further evaluate the antiretroviral activity of PV-PLA2 in the in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Noorsaman Sommeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - R Muhammad Yusuf Arya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Mikael Januardi Ginting
- Marine Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Diah Kartika Pratami
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Indonesia
| | - Heri Hermansyah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Sahlan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.,Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Anondho Wijanarko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
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18
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Lee MY, Wu MF, Cherng SH, Chiu LY, Yang TY, Sheu GT. Tissue transglutaminase 2 expression is epigenetically regulated in human lung cancer cells and prevents reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:2835-2848. [PMID: 30197536 PMCID: PMC6112806 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a stress-regulated protein and associated with cancer cell survival. However, the effects of TG2 expression in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and redox homeostasis have not been fully elucidated. Materials and methods We investigated the TG2 expression and activity in A549, H1299, H1355, and H460 lung cancer cells by Western blots and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for transglutaminase activity. The epigenetic expression was characterized with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza treatment. TG2 expression was inhibited by siRNA transfection and the intracellular calcium was measured by Flow-3AM assay, apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/propidium iodide assay, and intracellular ROS was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was applied to reduce TG2-knockdown-induced oxidative stress. Results Only A549 cells expressing high levels of TG2 correlated with high TG2 activity. The expression of TG2 can be regulated by epigenetic regulation in A549, H1299, and H1355 cells. The data also show that TG2 reduction induces apoptosis in A549 and H1299 cells. Furthermore, increased intracellular ROS and calcium levels were both detected in TG2-reduced cells. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor (salubrinal) and antioxidant NAC were able to reduce ROS and calcium levels to recover cell viability. Interestingly, the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways were activated with a p53 independence upon TG2 reduction. TG2 reduction not only attenuated AKT activation but also reduced superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression. Exogenous NAC partially recovered SOD2 expression, indicating that mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis accounts for a part of but not all of the TG2-reduction-related death. Conclusion TG2 plays a protection role in NSCLC cell lines. Regardless of the endogenous level of TG2 and p53 status, reduction of TG2 may result in oxidative stress that induces apop-tosis. Therefore, target TG2 expression represents a logical strategy for NSCLC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Chiayi City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Healing Science, Nanhua University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fang Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Divisions of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Shur-Hueih Cherng
- Department of Biotechnology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yen Chiu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, .,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, .,Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,
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19
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Yu W, Xiang Y, Luo G, Zhao X, Xiao B, Cheng Y, Feng C, Duan C, Xia X, Wong VKW, Dai R. Salubrinal Enhances Doxorubicin Sensitivity in Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells Through Promoting DNA Damage. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:258-265. [PMID: 29957018 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly malignant and aggressive tumor of the bile duct that arises from epithelial cells. Chemotherapy is an important treatment strategy for CCA patients, but its efficacy remains limited due to drug resistance. Salubrinal, an inhibitor of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), has been reported to affect antitumor activities in cancer chemotherapy. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of salubrinal on the chemosensitivity of doxorubicin in CCA cells. They showed that doxorubicin induces CCA cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Doxorubicin triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induces DNA damage in CCA cells. In addition, ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment inhibits doxorubicin-induced CCA cell death. Importantly, these data demonstrate a synergistic death induction effect contributed by the combination of salubrinal and doxorubicin in CCA cells. It is notable that salubrinal promotes doxorubicin-induced ROS production and DNA damage in CCA cells. Taken together, these data suggest that salubrinal enhances the sensitivity of doxorubicin in CCA cells through promoting ROS-mediated DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Taipei, China .,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Yuancai Xiang
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Guosong Luo
- 3 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- 3 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Xianming Xia
- 3 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Taipei, China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Taipei, China .,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
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