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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Wertman J, Shutsky T, McRae R, Szeliga K, Makena P, Jordan K. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress of Whole Aerosol from Vuse Alto ENDS Products. TOXICS 2024; 12:129. [PMID: 38393224 PMCID: PMC10892160 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity is an important component of tobacco product toxicological evaluations. However, current methods of regulatory testing involve exposing monolayer cell cultures to various preparations of aerosols from cigarettes or other emerging products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are not representative of human exposure. In the present study, a whole aerosol (WA) system was used to expose lung epithelial cultures (2D and 3D) to determine the potential of six Vuse Alto ENDS products that varied in nicotine content (1.8%, 2.4%, and 5%) and flavors (Golden Tobacco, Rich Tobacco, Menthol, and Mixed Berry), along with a marketed ENDS and a marked cigarette comparator to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The WA from the Vuse Alto ENDS products was not cytotoxic in the NRU and MTT assays, nor did it activate the Nrf2 reporter gene, a marker of oxidative stress. In summary, Vuse Alto ENDS products did not induce cytotoxic or oxidative stress responses in the in vitro models. The WA exposures used in the 3D in vitro models described herein may be better suited than 2D models for the determination of cytotoxicity and other in vitro functional endpoints and represent alternative models for regulatory evaluation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA; (R.L.); (J.W.); (K.S.); (P.M.); (K.J.)
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Miller-Holt J, Behrsing H, Crooks I, Curren R, Demir K, Gafner J, Gillman G, Hollings M, Leverette R, Oldham M, Simms L, Stankowski LF, Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Moore MM. Key challenges for in vitro testing of tobacco products for regulatory applications: Recommendations for dosimetry. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1175-1188. [PMID: 35830202 PMCID: PMC9897201 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next-generation products (NGPs) including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs). This publication was developed by a working group of the workshop members in conjunction with the sixth workshop in that series entitled "Dosimetry for conducting in vitro evaluations" and focuses on aerosol dosimetry for aerosol exposure to combustible cigarettes, HTP, and ENDS aerosolized tobacco products and summarizes the key challenges as well as documenting areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Crooks
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kubilay Demir
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Jeremie Gafner
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gene Gillman
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Michael Hollings
- Genetic Toxicology, Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, UK
| | - Robert Leverette
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Oldham
- Regulatory Science, JUUL Labs Inc., 1000 F Street NW, Washington D.C. 20004, USA
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands, Bristol, UK
| | - Leon F. Stankowski
- Genetic and In Vitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories–Skokie, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | - David Thorne
- Consumer Product Safety, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, an Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
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Nannu Shankar S, Mital K, Le E, Lewis GS, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Assessment of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for online monitoring of delivered dose in an in vitro aerosol exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 92:105650. [PMID: 37463634 PMCID: PMC10714344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of dosimetry is critical to mitigating the constraints of offline measurements. To address this need, the use of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to estimate the dose delivered through the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID) was assessed. CuO nanoparticles suspended in ethanol at different concentrations (0.01-10 mg/mL) were aerosolized using a Collison nebulizer and diluted with air at a ratio of either 1:3 (setup 1) or 1:18 (setup 2). From the aerosol volume concentrations measured by the SMPS, density of CuO (6.4 g/cm3), collection time (5-30 min), flow rate (0.5 LPM) and deposition area (0.28 cm2), the mass doses (DoseSMPS) were observed to increase exponentially over time and ranged from 0.02 ± 0.001 to 84.75 ± 3.49 μg/cm2. The doses calculated from the Cu concentrations determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) (DoseICP) also increased exponentially over time (0.01 ± 0.01-97.25 ± 1.30 μg/cm2). Regression analysis between DoseICP and DoseSMPS showed R2 ≥ 0.90 for 0.1-10 mg/mL. As demonstrated, the SMPS can be used to monitor the delivered dose in real-time, and controlled delivery of mass doses with a 226-fold range can be attained in ≤30 min in DAVID by adjusting the nebulizer concentration, dilution air and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Nannu Shankar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Kiran Mital
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Eric Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | | | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA.
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Hollings M, Seymour A, Weidman RA, Bequette CJ, Jordan K. Characterization of smoke and aerosol deliveries from combustible cigarettes, heated tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems in the Vitrocell® Mammalian 6/48 exposure module. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1985-1992. [PMID: 36518380 PMCID: PMC9742965 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development associated with Next Generation Tobacco Products (NGTP) has necessitated the development of high throughput methodologies to test their genotoxic potential in vitro when compared to conventional cigarette smoke (CS). An assessment of two Vitrocell® Mammalian 6/48 exposure modules in three independent experiments was made by comparing results from multiple dosimetric techniques applied to aerosol generated from 3R4F Kentucky Reference cigarettes, commercially available electronically heated tobacco product (eHTP) and Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) using the Vitrocell® VC10®. Real-time aerosol particle concentration was assessed by means of light scattering photometers and expressed as area under the curve (∑AUC). Nicotine concentrations were determined analytically by LC/MS. Humectant amount and distribution was assessed for eHTP and ENDS by the quantification of free glycerol in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) trap, whereas total particulate matter (TPM) was assessed in the 3R4F cigarettes by the fluorescence of the particulate at 485 nm in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) trap within the exposure. Dose was adjusted by means of the addition of ambient air to dilute the whole smoke/aerosol in L/min and sampled into the system at a rate of 5 mL/min. Dilution of CS ranged from 8.0 to 0.5 L/min and for the eHTP and ENDS ranged from 4 to 0 L/min (undiluted). Dosimetric analysis of the system showed good concordance within replicates (p-values ranged from p = 0.3762 to p = 0.8926) and showed that the Vitrocell® Mammalian 6/48 is a viable means for genotoxic assessment of aerosol generated from both conventional cigarettes and NGTP. Results demonstrate the need to tailor dosimetry approaches to different aerosols due to variations in the physio-chemical composition, with a multi-dosimetry approach recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Michael Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Adam Seymour
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Randy A. Weidman
- RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
| | - Carlton J. Bequette
- RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
| | - Kristen Jordan
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Zhang J, Doshi U, Wolz RL, Kosachevsky P, Oldham MJ, Gillman IG, Lee KM. Fit-for-purpose characterization of air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems for e-vapor aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105352. [PMID: 35341918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid-interface (ALI) exposure systems deliver aerosol to the apical surface of cells which mimics the in vivo inhalation exposure conditions. It is necessary, however, to quantify the delivered amount of aerosol for ALI-based in vitro toxicity assessment. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available ALI exposure systems, a Vitrocell® Ames 48 (Ames 48) and a Vitrocell® 24/48 (VC 24/48), and the Vitrocell® VC1/7 smoking machine using a cig-a-like cartridge-based e-vapor device with a prototype formulation (containing 4% nicotine by weight). We characterized aerosol particle-size distribution, aerosol mass, and major chemical components (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol) at the generation source and verified the repeatability of the aerosol generation. We determined aerosol delivery at the ALI by gravimetric analysis of mass collected on Cambridge filter pads and analytical quantitation of the buffer medium which showed that both aerosol mass and nicotine to an exposure insert linearly increased up to 400 puffs. The delivered aerosol mass covered a wide range of 0.8-3.4 mg per insert in the Ames 48 with variability (relative standard deviation, RSD) up to 12% and 1.1-6.4 mg per insert in the VC 24/48 with variability up to 15%. The delivered nicotine ranged approximately up to 200 μg per insert in both exposure systems. These results provided operation and aerosol delivery information of these ALI exposure systems for subsequent in vitro testing of e-vapor aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| | - U Doshi
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - R L Wolz
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - P Kosachevsky
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - M J Oldham
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - I G Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - K M Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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An experimental aerosol air-agar interface mouse lymphoma assay methodology. Mutat Res 2020; 856-857:503230. [PMID: 32928375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates a completely novel and experimental concept of exposing L5178Y cells at the air-agar-interface to mainstream cigarette smoke aerosol (Kentucky reference 3R4F). This study highlights the associated challenges of combining a suspension cell line alongside an in vitro aerosol exposure system. To achieve a monolayer, cells were 'seeded' in a concentrated cell super-mix suspension onto an RPMI/agar-matrix -base. The resulting cell suspension media was adsorbed into the agar base leaving the L5178Y cells lightly suspended on the agar surface, approximating a monolayer. Cells were deemed supportable on the agar-matrix, viable and recoverable. Using Vitrocell VC 10 exposure system and the Ames 4 exposure module, L5178Y cells were successfully exposed to a dynamic cigarette smoke aerosol, recovered and assessed for mutant frequencies, using standard assay procedures. Method development included assessment of flowing air conditions, plating efficiency and recovery of L5178Y cells from the agar-matrix surface. Positive controls MMS and B[a]P were successfully incorporated into the agar-matrix and metabolic activation was achieved by S-9 incorporation into the same agar-base-matrix. B[a]P demonstrated metabolic activation and positive response, suggesting a clear cellular interaction with the agar-matrix. Whole smoke exposed cells in the presence of metabolic activation showed a clear dose response and increasing mutant frequencies, well in excess of the controls (air and incubator) and the global evaluation factor following a 2 or 3 day expression period. This experimental concept demonstrates that L5178Y cells can be exposed to cigarette smoke aerosol, using a completely novel and a previously untested approach. Although this work successfully demonstrates the approach is viable and cells can be plated and maintained on an agar-matrix, more optimisation and robustness assessment is required before it can be considered fully adapted and used alongside other whole aerosol methodologies for the assessment of cigarette smoke and other inhaled aerosols.
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Li T, Long C, Fanning KV, Zou C. Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32449738 DOI: 10.3791/61163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major etiological cause for lung emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking also promotes susceptibility to bacterial infections in the respiratory system. However, the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial infections in human lung epithelial cells have yet to be thoroughly studied. Described here is a detailed protocol for the preparation of cigarette smoking extracts (CSE), treatment of human lung epithelial cells with CSE, and bacterial infection and infection determination. CSE was prepared with a conventional method. Lung epithelial cells were treated with 4% CSE for 3 h. CSE-treated cells were, then, infected with Pseudomonas at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Bacterial loads of the cells were determined by three different methods. The results showed that CSE increased Pseudomonas load in lung epithelial cells. This protocol, therefore, provides a simple and reproducible approach to study the effect of cigarette smoke on bacterial infections in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Li
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Chen Long
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Kristen V Fanning
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Chunbin Zou
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine;
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