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Bahr AC, Naasani LIS, de Gregório E, Wink MR, da Rosa Araujo AS, Turck P, Dal Lago P. Photobiomodulation improves cell survival and death parameters in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 258:112991. [PMID: 39033547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Ischemic heart disease is one of the most harmful conditions to cellular structure and function. After reperfusion treatment, a spectrum of adverse effects becomes evident, encompassing altered cell viability, heightened oxidative stress, activated autophagy, and increased apoptosis. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been utilized in experimental models of cardiac hypoxia to enhance mitochondrial response and ameliorate biochemical changes in injured tissue. However, the effects of PBM on cultured cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation are not yet well established. METHOD H9C2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia with concentrations of 300 μM CoCl2 for 24 h, followed by 16 h of reoxygenation through incubation in a normoxic medium. Treatment was conducted using GaAIAs Laser (850 nm) after hypoxia at an intensity of 1 J/cm2. Cells were divided into three groups: Group CT (cells maintained under normoxic conditions), Group HR (cells maintained in hypoxia and reoxygenation conditions without treatment), Group HR + PBM (cells maintained in hypoxia and reoxygenation conditions that underwent PBM treatment). Cell viability was analyzed using MTT, and protein expression was assessed by western blot. One-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test was used for data analysis. Differences were significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS PBM at an intensity of 1 J/cm2 mitigated the alterations in cell survival caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Additionally, it significantly increased the expression of proteins Nrf2, HSP70, mTOR, LC3II, LC3II/I, and Caspase-9, while reducing the expression of PGC-1α, SOD2, xanthine oxidase, Beclin-1, LC3I, and Bax. CONCLUSION PBM at intensities of 1 J/cm2 reverses the changes related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, and apoptosis caused by hypoxia and reoxygenation in a culture of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Christhian Bahr
- Experimental Physiology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences (PPG-CR), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliana Ivet Sous Naasani
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elizama de Gregório
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Patrick Turck
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- Experimental Physiology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences (PPG-CR), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Physiotherapy, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Thiel A, Michaelis V, Restle M, Figge S, Simon M, Schwerdtle T, Bornhorst J. Single is not combined: The role of Co and Ni bioavailability on toxicity mechanisms in liver and brain cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142091. [PMID: 38648987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The two trace elements cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) are widely distributed in the environment due to the increasing industrial application, for example in lithium-ion batteries. Both metals are known to cause detrimental health impacts to humans when overexposed and both are supposed to be a risk factor for various diseases. The individual toxicity of Co and Ni has been partially investigated, however the underlying mechanisms, as well as the interactions of both remain unknown. In this study, we focused on the treatment of liver carcinoma (HepG2) and astrocytoma (CCF-STTG1) cells as a model for the target sites of these two metals. We investigated their effects in single and combined exposure on cell survival, cell death mechanisms, bioavailability, and the induction of oxidative stress. The combination of CoCl2 and NiCl2 resulted in higher Co levels with subsequent decreased amount of Ni compared to the individual treatment. Only CoCl2 and the combination of both metals led to RONS induction and increased GSSG formation, while apoptosis and necrosis seem to be involved in the cell death mechanisms of both CoCl2 and NiCl2. Collectively, this study demonstrates cell-type specific toxicity, with HepG2 representing the more sensitive cell line. Importantly, combined exposure to CoCl2 and NiCl2 is more toxic than single exposure, which may originate partly from the respective cellular Co and Ni content. Our data imply that the major mechanism of joint toxicity is associated with oxidative stress. More studies are needed to assess toxicity after combined exposure to elements such as Co and Ni to advance an improved hazard prediction for less artificial and more real-life exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Thiel
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Vivien Michaelis
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marco Restle
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sabrina Figge
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Molecular Cell Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Song J, Qu R, Sun B, Chen R, Kan H, An Z, Jiang J, Li J, Zhang Y, Wu W. Associations of Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter with Neural Damage Biomarkers: A Panel Study of Healthy Retired Adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7203-7213. [PMID: 34964348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with various adverse health effects, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of PM2.5 with neural damage biomarkers. A total of 34 healthy retirees were recruited from Xinxiang Medical University from December 2018 to April 2019. Concentrations of PM2.5 constituents including 24 metals and nonmetallic elements and 6 ions, and 5 biomarkers of neural damage including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurofilament light chain (NfL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) in serum were measured. A linear mixed-effect model was employed to estimate the association of PM2.5 and its constituents with neural damage biomarkers. Modification effects of glutathione S-transferase theta 1 gene (GSTT1) polymorphism, sex, education, and physical activity on PM2.5 exposure with neural damage were explored. PM2.5 and its key constituents were significantly associated with neural damage biomarkers. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was associated with 2.09% (95% CI, 39.3-76.5%), 100% (95% CI, 1.73-198%), and 122% (95% CI, 20.7-222%) increments in BDNF, NfL, and PGP9.5, respectively. Several constituents such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Sn, V, Rb, Pb, Al, Be, Cs, Co, Th, U, Cl-, and F- were significantly associated with NfL. The estimated association of PM2.5 with NSE in GSTT1-sufficient volunteers was significantly higher than that in GSTT1-null volunteers. Therefore, short-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with neural damage, and GSTT1 expression levels modified the PM2.5-induced adverse neural effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Rongrong Qu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zhen An
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Juan Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yange Zhang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
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Gómez-Arnaiz S, Tate RJ, Grant MH. Cobalt Neurotoxicity: Transcriptional Effect of Elevated Cobalt Blood Levels in the Rodent Brain. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020059. [PMID: 35202246 PMCID: PMC8878729 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-on-metal (MoM) hip implants made of cobalt chromium (CoCr) alloy have shown early failure compared with other bearing materials. A consequence of the abnormal wear produced by these prostheses is elevated levels of cobalt in the blood of patients, which can lead to systemic conditions involving cardiac and neurological symptoms. In order to better understand the implications for patients with these implants, we carried out metal content and RNA-Seq analysis of excised tissue from rats treated intraperitonially for 28 days with low concentrations of cobalt. Cobalt blood levels in dosed rats were found to be similar to those seen in some patients with MoM implants (range: 4–38 μg/L Co in blood). Significant accumulation of cobalt was measured in a range of tissues including kidney, liver, and heart, but also in brain tissue. RNA-Seq analysis of neural tissue revealed that exposure to cobalt induces a transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (pref. cortex), cerebellum, and hippocampus. Many of the most up- and downregulated genes appear to correspond to choroid plexus transcripts. These results indicate that the choroid plexus could be the brain tissue most affected by cobalt. More specifically, the differentially expressed genes show a disruption of steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism. Several other transcripts also demonstrate that cobalt induces an immune response. In summary, cobalt exposure induces alterations in the brain transcriptome, more specifically, the choroid plexus, which is in direct contact with neurotoxicants at the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-Arnaiz
- Wolfson Centre, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK;
| | - Rothwelle J. Tate
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Mary Helen Grant
- Wolfson Centre, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Gold Compounds Inhibit the Ca2+-ATPase Activity of Brain PMCA and Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells and Decrease Cell Viability. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11121934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCA) are key proteins in the maintenance of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Dysregulation of PMCA function is associated with several human pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, and, therefore, these proteins are potential drug targets to counteract those diseases. Gold compounds, namely of Au(I), are well-known for their therapeutic use in rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases for centuries. Herein, we report the ability of dichloro(2-pyridinecarboxylate)gold(III) (1), chlorotrimethylphosphinegold(I) (2), 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidenegold(I) chloride (3), and chlorotriphenylphosphinegold(I) (4) compounds to interfere with the Ca2+-ATPase activity of pig brain purified PMCA and with membranes from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell cultures. The Au(III) compound (1) inhibits PMCA activity with the IC50 value of 4.9 µM, while Au(I) compounds (2, 3, and 4) inhibit the protein activity with IC50 values of 2.8, 21, and 0.9 µM, respectively. Regarding the native substrate MgATP, gold compounds 1 and 4 showed a non-competitive type of inhibition, whereas compounds 2 and 3 showed a mixed type of inhibition. All gold complexes showed cytotoxic effects on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, although compounds 1 and 3 were more cytotoxic than compounds 2 and 4. In summary, this work shows that both Au (I and III) compounds are high-affinity inhibitors of the Ca2+-ATPase activity in purified PMCA fractions and in membranes from SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Additionally, they exert strong cytotoxic effects.
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Wang Q, Liang Y, Luo X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao L. N6-methyladenosine RNA modification: A promising regulator in central nervous system injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113829. [PMID: 34339678 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to DNA methylation, reversible epigenetic modification occurring in RNA has been discovered recently. The most abundant type of RNA methylation is N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, which is dynamically regulated by methylases ("writers"), demethylases ("erasers") and m6A-binding proteins ("readers"). As an essential posttranscriptional regulator, m6A can control mRNA splicing, processing, stability, export and translation. Recent studies have revealed that m6A modification has the strongest tissue specificity for brain tissue and plays crucial roles in central nervous system (CNS) injures by affecting its downstream target genes or non-coding RNAs. This review focuses on the expression and function of m6A regulatory proteins in CNS trauma in vitro and in vivo. We also highlight the latest insights into the molecular mechanisms of pathological damage in the CNS. Understanding m6A dynamics, functions, and machinery will yield an opportunity for designing and developing novel therapeutic agents for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yundan Liang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Linbo Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Abstract
The application of metals in biological systems has been a rapidly growing branch of science. Vanadium has been investigated and reported as an anticancer agent. Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, the incidence of which has been increasing annually worldwide. It is of paramount importance to identify novel pharmacological agents for melanoma treatment. Herein, a systematic review of publications including “Melanoma and Vanadium” was performed. Nine vanadium articles in several melanoma cells lines such as human A375, human CN-mel and murine B16F10, as well as in vivo studies, are described. Vanadium-based compounds with anticancer activity against melanoma include: (1) oxidovanadium(IV); (2) XMenes; (3) vanadium pentoxide, (4) oxidovanadium(IV) pyridinonate compounds; (5) vanadate; (6) polysaccharides vanadium(IV/V) complexes; (7) mixed-metal binuclear ruthenium(II)–vanadium(IV) complexes; (8) pyridoxal-based oxidovanadium(IV) complexes and (9) functionalized nanoparticles of yttrium vanadate doped with europium. Vanadium compounds and/or vanadium materials show potential anticancer activities that may be used as a useful approach to treat melanoma.
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Development of a cell-based pathway modulator screening system to screen the targeted cancer therapeutic candidates. Hum Cell 2021; 34:445-456. [PMID: 33405176 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the issues of poor prognosis and to tackle the non-responsiveness to various chemotherapeutics; it is necessary to develop targeted cancer therapeutic agents. Also, it is being necessary to understand the molecular targets of the drug candidates and drugs in the context of cellular signaling pathways, to make progress towards the development of targeted cancer therapeutics. Towards addressing these, we have established a cell-based and pathway-focused drug screening system for the pathways such as MYC, E2F, WNT, ERK, NRF1/2, HIF1α, p53, YY1 and NFκB. These signaling pathways are highly dysregulated in many cancers, including gastric cancer. The developed firefly luciferase assay-based screening system in gastric cancer lineage is suitable for the screening of the massive panel of drugs, drug candidates, small molecule inhibitors, chemicals and alternate drug formulations. The developed stable cell lines have been demonstrated for their pathway activity reporting features using the corresponding pathway-specific modulators. A proof-of-concept medium throughput screening focusing on YY1 signaling pathway also revealed the connection between calcium channel blockers and YY1 signaling. The developed signaling pathway screening assay cells are valuable resource and will serve as the screening platform for screening the drug libraries towards the development of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Yubolphan R, Phuagkhaopong S, Sangpairoj K, Sibmooh N, Power C, Vivithanaporn P. Intracellular nickel accumulation induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human astrocytic cells. Metallomics 2020; 13:6035243. [PMID: 33570137 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nickel, a heavy metal found in electronic wastes and fume from electronic cigarettes, induces neuronal cell death and is associated with neurocognitive impairment. Astrocytes are the first line of defense against nickel after entering the brain; however, the effects of nickel on astrocytes remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of nickel exposure on cell survival and proliferation and the underlying mechanisms in U-87 MG human astrocytoma cells and primary human astrocytes. Intracellular nickel levels were elevated in U-87 MG cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner after exposure to nickel chloride. The median toxic concentrations of nickel in astrocytoma cells and primary human astrocytes were 600.60 and >1000 µM at 48 h post-exposure, respectively. Nickel exposure triggered apoptosis in concomitant with the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma protein (Bcl-2) and increased caspase-3/7 activity. Nickel induced reactive oxygen species formation. Additionally, nickel suppressed astrocyte proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner by delaying G2 to M phase transition through the upregulation of cyclin B1 and p27 protein expression. These results indicate that nickel-induced cytotoxicity of astrocytes is mediated by the activation of apoptotic pathway and disruption of cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruedeemars Yubolphan
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Suttinee Phuagkhaopong
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nathawut Sibmooh
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
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