1
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Ren Q, Chen J, Wesseling S, Bouwmeester H, Rietjens IMCM. Physiologically based Kinetic Modeling-Facilitated Quantitative In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation to Predict the Effects of Aloe-Emodin in Rats and Humans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16163-16176. [PMID: 38980703 PMCID: PMC11273626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin, a natural hydroxyanthraquinone, exerts both adverse and protective effects. This study aimed at investigating these potential effects of aloe-emodin in humans upon the use of food supplements and herbal medicines using a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling-facilitated quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) approach. For this, PBK models in rats and humans were established for aloe-emodin including its active metabolite rhein and used to convert in vitro data on hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, and Nrf2 induction to corresponding in vivo dose-response curves, from which points of departure (PODs) were derived by BMD analysis. The derived PODs were subsequently compared to the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) resulting from the use of food supplements or herbal medicines. It is concluded that the dose levels of aloe-emodin from food supplements or herbal medicines are unlikely to induce toxicity, ROS generation, or Nrf2 activation in liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Ren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen
University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen
University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen
University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen
University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen
University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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2
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Liao Y, Deng Y, Yu X, Zhang P, Liu R. The mediating role of AKT/ERK/JNK signaling on the malignant phenotype of microcystin-LR in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114174. [PMID: 37949205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), a widely distributed and highly toxic environmental pollutant, plays crucial roles in cancer malignancy by activating characteristically toxic signaling pathways. Traditional animal-based toxicity evaluation methods have proven insufficient for identifying the specific role of these signaling pathways. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover the regulatory relationship between the toxic pathways and the progression of gastric cancer (GC). The findings provide novel avenues for conducting in vitro toxicity tests based on the investigated pathways. We found that MC-LR promoted the migration and invasion of SGC-7901 cells while simultaneously inhibiting their apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. This observed cytotoxicity was primarily mediated through the AKT, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways. By using a mediation analysis model, we determined that AKT and ERK exhibited competitive effects in MC-LR-treated GC malignancy, while AKT and JNK acted independently from one another. This study establishes an in vitro toxicity test model of MC-LR based on toxicity-related pathways and underscores the pivotal roles of AKT, ERK, and JNK signaling in MC-LR toxicity. The findings offer a novel, fundamental framework for conducting chemical toxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yali Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Huizhou, No. 10, Fumin Road, Huizhou, 516003, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Huzhou, 313000, China.
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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3
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Yang D, Yang H, Shi M, Jia X, Sui H, Liu Z, Wu Y. Advancing food safety risk assessment in China: development of new approach methodologies (NAMs). FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1292373. [PMID: 38046399 PMCID: PMC10690935 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1292373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel techniques and methodologies are being developed to advance food safety risk assessment into the next-generation. Considering the shortcomings of traditional animal testing, new approach methodologies (NAMs) will be the main tools for the next-generation risk assessment (NGRA), using non-animal methodologies such as in vitro and in silico approaches. The United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority have established work plans to encourage the development and application of NAMs in NGRA. Currently, NAMs are more commonly used in research than in regulatory risk assessment. China is also developing NAMs for NGRA but without a comprehensive review of the current work. This review summarizes major NAM-related research articles from China and highlights the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) as the primary institution leading the implementation of NAMs in NGRA in China. The projects of CFSA on NAMs such as the Food Toxicology Program and the strategies for implementing NAMs in NGRA are outlined. Key issues and recommendations, such as discipline development and team building, are also presented to promote NAMs development in China and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haixia Sui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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4
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Li H, Bunglawala F, Hewitt NJ, Pendlington R, Cubberley R, Nicol B, Spriggs S, Baltazar M, Cable S, Dent M. ADME characterization and PBK model development of 3 highly protein-bound UV filters through topical application. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:1-15. [PMID: 37584694 PMCID: PMC10613959 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating human exposure in the safety assessment of chemicals is crucial. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models which combine information on exposure, physiology, and chemical properties, describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes of a chemical, can be used to calculate internal exposure metrics such as maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve in plasma or tissues of a test chemical in next-generation risk assessment. This article demonstrates the development of PBK models for 3 UV filters, specifically octyl methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. The models were parameterized entirely based on data obtained from in vitro and/or in silico methods in a bottom-up modeling approach and then validated based on human dermal pharmacokinetic (PK) data. The 3 UV filters are "difficult to test" in in vitro test systems due to high lipophilicity, high binding affinity for proteins, and nonspecific binding, for example, toward plastic. This research work presents critical considerations in ADME data generation, interpretation, and parameterization to assure valid PBK model development to increase confidence in using PBK modeling to help make safety decisions in the absence of human PK data. The developed PBK models of the 3 chemicals successfully simulated the plasma concentration profiles of clinical PK data following dermal application, indicating the reliability of the ADME data generated and the parameters determined. The study also provides insights and lessons learned for characterizing ADME and developing PBK models for highly lipophilic and protein-bound chemicals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Fazila Bunglawala
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | - Ruth Pendlington
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Richard Cubberley
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sandrine Spriggs
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Maria Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sophie Cable
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Matthew Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
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5
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Brescia S, Alexander-White C, Li H, Cayley A. Risk assessment in the 21st century: where are we heading? Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:1-11. [PMID: 36866215 PMCID: PMC9972812 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliance on animal tests for chemical safety assessment is increasingly being challenged, not only because of ethical reasons, but also because they procrastinate regulatory decisions and because of concerns over the transferability of results to humans. New approach methodologies (NAMs) need to be fit for purpose and new thinking is required to reconsider chemical legislation, validation of NAMs and opportunities to move away from animal tests. This article summarizes the presentations from a symposium at the 2022 Annual Congress of the British Toxicology Society on the topic of the future of chemical risk assessment in the 21st century. The symposium included three case-studies where NAMs have been used in safety assessments. The first case illustrated how read-across augmented with some in vitro tests could be used reliably to perform the risk assessment of analogues lacking data. The second case showed how specific bioactivity assays could identify an NAM point of departure (PoD) and how this could be translated through physiologically based kinetic modelling in an in vivo PoD for the risk assessment. The third case showed how adverse-outcome pathway (AOP) information, including molecular-initiating event and key events with their underlying data, established for certain chemicals could be used to produce an in silico model that is able to associate chemical features of an unstudied substance with specific AOPs or AOP networks. The manuscript presents the discussions that took place regarding the limitations and benefits of these new approaches, and what are the barriers and the opportunities for their increased use in regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Brescia
- Health & Safety Executive, Chemicals Regulation Division, Redgrave Court, Merton Road, Bootle, Merseyside L20 7HS, UK
| | | | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Alex Cayley
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11, 5PS, UK
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6
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Najjar A, Punt A, Wambaugh J, Paini A, Ellison C, Fragki S, Bianchi E, Zhang F, Westerhout J, Mueller D, Li H, Shi Q, Gant TW, Botham P, Bars R, Piersma A, van Ravenzwaay B, Kramer NI. Towards best use and regulatory acceptance of generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in chemical risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3407-3419. [PMID: 36063173 PMCID: PMC9584981 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing need to incorporate new approach methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment and the concomitant need to phase out animal testing, the interpretation of in vitro assay readouts for quantitative hazard characterisation becomes more important. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, which simulate the fate of chemicals in tissues of the body, play an essential role in extrapolating in vitro effect concentrations to in vivo bioequivalent exposures. As PBK-based testing approaches evolve, it will become essential to standardise PBK modelling approaches towards a consensus approach that can be used in quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) studies for regulatory chemical risk assessment based on in vitro assays. Based on results of an ECETOC expert workshop, steps are recommended that can improve regulatory adoption: (1) define context and implementation, taking into consideration model complexity for building fit-for-purpose PBK models, (2) harmonise physiological input parameters and their distribution and define criteria for quality chemical-specific parameters, especially in the absence of in vivo data, (3) apply Good Modelling Practices (GMP) to achieve transparency and design a stepwise approach for PBK model development for risk assessors, (4) evaluate model predictions using alternatives to in vivo PK data including read-across approaches, (5) use case studies to facilitate discussions between modellers and regulators of chemical risk assessment. Proof-of-concepts of generic PBK modelling approaches are published in the scientific literature at an increasing rate. Working on the previously proposed steps is, therefore, needed to gain confidence in PBK modelling approaches for regulatory use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Styliani Fragki
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joost Westerhout
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Mueller
- Research and Development, Crop Science, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
| | - Quan Shi
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy W. Gant
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Phil Botham
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire UK
| | - Rémi Bars
- Crop Science Division, Bayer S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Aldert Piersma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nynke I. Kramer
- Toxicology Division, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Amano Y, Yamane M, Honda H. RAID: Regression Analysis–Based Inductive DNA Microarray for Precise Read-Across. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879907. [PMID: 35935858 PMCID: PMC9354856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical structure-based read-across represents a promising method for chemical toxicity evaluation without the need for animal testing; however, a chemical structure is not necessarily related to toxicity. Therefore, in vitro studies were often used for read-across reliability refinement; however, their external validity has been hindered by the gap between in vitro and in vivo conditions. Thus, we developed a virtual DNA microarray, regression analysis–based inductive DNA microarray (RAID), which quantitatively predicts in vivo gene expression profiles based on the chemical structure and/or in vitro transcriptome data. For each gene, elastic-net models were constructed using chemical descriptors and in vitro transcriptome data to predict in vivo data from in vitro data (in vitro to in vivo extrapolation; IVIVE). In feature selection, useful genes for assessing the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) and IVIVE were identified. Predicted transcriptome data derived from the RAID system reflected the in vivo gene expression profiles of characteristic hepatotoxic substances. Moreover, gene ontology and pathway analysis indicated that nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic response and metabolic activation are related to these gene expressions. The identified IVIVE-related genes were associated with fatty acid, xenobiotic, and drug metabolisms, indicating that in vitro studies were effective in evaluating these key events. Furthermore, validation studies revealed that chemical substances associated with these key events could be detected as hepatotoxic biosimilar substances. These results indicated that the RAID system could represent an alternative screening test for a repeated-dose toxicity test and toxicogenomics analyses. Our technology provides a critical solution for IVIVE-based read-across by considering the mode of action and chemical structures.
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8
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van Tongeren TC, Carmichael PL, Rietjens IM, Li H. Next Generation Risk Assessment of the Anti-Androgen Flutamide Including the Contribution of Its Active Metabolite Hydroxyflutamide. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:881235. [PMID: 35722059 PMCID: PMC9201820 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.881235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In next generation risk assessment (NGRA), non-animal approaches are used to quantify the chemical concentrations required to trigger bioactivity responses, in order to assure safe levels of human exposure. A limitation of many in vitro bioactivity assays, which are used in an NGRA context as new approach methodologies (NAMs), is that toxicokinetics, including biotransformation, are not adequately captured. The present study aimed to include, as a proof of principle, the bioactivity of the metabolite hydroxyflutamide (HF) in an NGRA approach to evaluate the safety of the anti-androgen flutamide (FLU), using the AR-CALUX assay to derive the NAM point of departure (PoD). The NGRA approach applied also included PBK modelling-facilitated quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). The PBK model describing FLU and HF kinetics in humans was developed using GastroPlus™ and validated against human pharmacokinetic data. PBK model-facilitated QIVIVE was performed to translate the in vitro AR-CALUX derived concentration-response data to a corresponding in vivo dose-response curve for the anti-androgenicity of FLU, excluding and including the activity of HF (-HF and +HF, respectively). The in vivo benchmark dose 5% lower confidence limits (BMDL05) derived from the predicted in vivo dose-response curves for FLU, revealed a 440-fold lower BMDL05 when taking the bioactivity of HF into account. Subsequent comparison of the predicted BMDL05 values to the human therapeutic doses and historical animal derived PoDs, revealed that PBK modelling-facilitated QIVIVE that includes the bioactivity of the active metabolite is protective and provides a more appropriate PoD to assure human safety via NGRA, whereas excluding this would potentially result in an underestimation of the risk of FLU exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C.A. van Tongeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tessa C.A. van Tongeren,
| | - Paul L. Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
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9
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Basili D, Reynolds J, Houghton J, Malcomber S, Chambers B, Liddell M, Muller I, White A, Shah I, Everett LJ, Middleton A, Bender A. Latent Variables Capture Pathway-Level Points of Departure in High-Throughput Toxicogenomic Data. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:670-683. [PMID: 35333521 PMCID: PMC9019810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Estimation
of points of departure (PoDs) from high-throughput transcriptomic
data (HTTr) represents a key step in the development of next-generation
risk assessment (NGRA). Current approaches mainly rely on single key
gene targets, which are constrained by the information currently available
in the knowledge base and make interpretation challenging as scientists
need to interpret PoDs for thousands of genes or hundreds of pathways.
In this work, we aimed to address these issues by developing a computational
workflow to investigate the pathway concentration–response
relationships in a way that is not fully constrained by known biology
and also facilitates interpretation. We employed the Pathway-Level
Information ExtractoR (PLIER) to identify latent variables (LVs) describing
biological activity and then investigated in vitro LVs’ concentration–response
relationships using the ToxCast pipeline. We applied this methodology
to a published transcriptomic concentration–response data set
for 44 chemicals in MCF-7 cells and showed that our workflow can capture
known biological activity and discriminate between estrogenic and
antiestrogenic compounds as well as activity not aligning with the
existing knowledge base, which may be relevant in a risk assessment
scenario. Moreover, we were able to identify the known estrogen activity
in compounds that are not well-established ER agonists/antagonists
supporting the use of the workflow in read-across. Next, we transferred
its application to chemical compounds tested in HepG2, HepaRG, and
MCF-7 cells and showed that PoD estimates are in strong agreement
with those estimated using a recently developed Bayesian approach
(cor = 0.89) and in weak agreement with those estimated using a well-established
approach such as BMDExpress2 (cor = 0.57). These results demonstrate
the effectiveness of using PLIER in a concentration–response
scenario to investigate pathway activity in a way that is not fully
constrained by the knowledge base and to ease the biological interpretation
and support the development of an NGRA framework with the ability
to improve current risk assessment strategies for chemicals using
new approach methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Jade Houghton
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Bryant Chambers
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mark Liddell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Iris Muller
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Imran Shah
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Logan J Everett
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alistair Middleton
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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10
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PBK modelling of topical application and characterisation of the uncertainty of C max estimate: A case study approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 442:115992. [PMID: 35346730 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Combined with in vitro bioactivity data, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models has increasing applications in next generation risk assessment for animal-free safety decision making. A tiered framework of building PBK models for such application has been developed with increasing complexity and refinements, as model parameters determined in silico, in vitro, and with human pharmacokinetic data become progressively available. PBK modelling has been widely applied for oral/intravenous administration, but less so on topically applied chemicals. Therefore, building PBK models for topical applications and characterizing their uncertainties in the tiered approach is critical to safety decision making. The purpose of this study was to assess the confidence of PBK modelling of topically applied chemicals following the tiered framework, using non-animal methods derived parameters. Prediction of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve were compared to observed kinetics from published dermal clinical studies for five chemicals (diclofenac, salicylic acid, coumarin, nicotine, caffeine). A bespoke Bayesian statistical model was developed to describe the distributions of Cmax errors between the predicted and observed data. We showed a general trend that confidence in model predictions increases when more quality in vitro data, particularly those on hepatic clearance and dermal absorption, are available as model input. The overall fold error distributions are useful for characterizing model uncertainty. We concluded that by identifying and quantifying the uncertainties in the tiered approach, we can increase the confidence in using PBK modelling to help make safety decisions on topically applied chemicals in the absence of human pharmacokinetic data.
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