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Zhao S, Zhang Q, Wang X, Li W, Juma S, Berquist R, Zhang J, Yang K. Development and performance of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay for detecting Schistosoma haematobium DNA in urine samples. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23031. [PMID: 38144328 PMCID: PMC10746445 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium requires an accurate and timely assay, especially for low-intensity S. haematobium infection cases and in non-endemic areas. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene fragment of S. haematobium was selected as detection target as this short fragment, which can be rapidly sequenced and yet possess good diagnostic resolution. A pair of primers and a fluorescent probe were designed according to the principle of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA), which was subsequently optimized and applied as an S. haematobium-specific RAA assay. Its diagnostic performance was validated for sensitivity and specificity in comparison to microscopy-based egg counting after urine filtration. The RAA assay could detect as little as 10 copies/μL of S. haematobium recombinant plasmid, and no cross-reactions were observed with S. mansoni, S. japonicum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Clonorchis sinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, or Ascaris lumbricoides. This test can be conducted at 39 °C and the whole RAA reaction can be completed within 20 min. The validation of the RAA assay showed that it had 100 % consistency with urine-egg microscopy, as it does not require an elaborate reading tool, is simple to use, and should be useful for field diagnostics and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saleh Juma
- Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 236, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Robert Berquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Galvão RLDF, Meneses GC, Pinheiro MCC, Martins AMC, Daher EDF, Bezerra FSM. Kidney injury biomarkers and parasitic loads of Schistosoma mansoni in a highly endemic area in northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106311. [PMID: 35038425 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects approximately 240 million people worldwide. In Brazil, it is estimated that 1.5 million people are infected with Schistosoma mansoni and up to 15% of diagnosed individuals develop kidney damage. Renal involvement in schistosomiasis mansoni is characterized by glomerular lesions, with a high incidence, especially in chronically infected patients living in areas of high endemicity. Renal damage occurs slowly and is often asymptomatic, with a long-term manifestation of chronic kidney disease, with progressive loss of kidney functions, and early detection of subclinical kidney disease is of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate kidney damage in patients infected with S. mansoni through urinary biomarkers of kidney injury and their association with the different parasite loads found. The patients were divided into two groups based on the diagnosis of infection by S. mansoni by the Kato-Katz and IgG-ELISA-SEA method: group of individuals infected by S. mansoni, Kato-Katz positive (PG); and group of individuals not infected by S. mansoni, Kato-Katz-negative (NG). Urinary creatinine and albuminuria were determined by immunoturbidimetry and proteinuria by the colorimetric method. The urinary biomarkers of podocyte injury (VEGF and Nephrin) and glomerular inflammation (MCP-1) were quantified by immunoassay and expressed by the urinary creatinine ratio. Urinary VEGF showed significantly higher levels in PG compared to NG (p = 0.004), increasing at all intensities of infection including low parasite load (p = 0.020). Our results show increased signs of podocyte damage in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni regardless of the parasite load, evidenced by increased urinary VEGF levels. However, further studies are needed since data related to schistosomiasis glomerulopathy and its association with new urinary biomarkers of kidney injury are scarce in the literature.
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Suri V, Bhalla A. Tropical Infections in Returning Travelers. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:S175-S183. [PMID: 34345135 PMCID: PMC8327792 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the modern era, the relative ease and faster speed of travel have made the world a global village. An increasing number of people are traveling to distant and sometimes exotic locations for vacation/leisure or at times for business purposes. Along with the experiences of far-fetched lands, sometimes they bring bugs/organisms that are not native to their motherland. This makes the diagnosis and management of illnesses in a traveler challenging. In this review, we have tried to outline a management protocol for travelers returning with fever, with specific emphasis on trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. How to cite this article: Suri V, Bhalla A. Tropical Infections in Returning Travelers. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(Suppl 2):S175–S183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Duarte DB, Meneses GC, Lima DB, Martins AMC, da Silva Júnior GB, Daher EDF. Aquaporin-2 and NKCC2 expression pattern in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1140-1144. [PMID: 32632995 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schistosoma mansoni infection is considered a public health problem. Glomerular involvement in schistosomiasis is a well-documented complication, especially in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS). However, renal tubular function is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate, through urinary exosomes, tubular transporters functionally in HSS patients. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 20 HSS patients who had isolated exosomes from urine samples. Protease inhibitor was added in the urine samples who were immediately frozen at -80 °C for further exosomes isolation. After urine had thawed, urinary exosomes were obtained using extensive vortexing, centrifugation and ultracentrifugation steps of urine. Urinary transporters expression from exosomes was evaluated by western blot, including NHE3, AQP2 and NKCC2. Charge amounts for gel electrophoresis were adjusted by urinary creatinine concentration of each patient to avoid urinary concentration bias. All protein expression of HSS patients was relative to healthy controls. RESULTS The expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) was lower in HSS patients than in controls (46.8 ± 40.7 vs. 100 ± 70.2%, P = 0.03) and the expression of the NKCC2 co-transporter was higher (191.7 ± 248.6 vs. 100 ± 43.6%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The decrease of AQP2 and the increase of NKCC2 expression in HSS patients seem to be involved with the inability of urinary concentration in these patients. These data show renal tubular abnormalities in HSS patients without manifest clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Bezerra Duarte
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Tiradentes University Center, Maceió, Brazil.,School of Medicine, CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Dânya Bandeira Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth De Francesco Daher
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in China (2004-2016). Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101598. [PMID: 32084591 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Design and validation of a wide-field mobile phone microscope for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 30:128-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Osman C, Hannigan S, Ditchfield A, Harden S, Marshall B, Pinto AA. 'The worm that got away': parainfectious atypical optic neuritis associated with schistosomiasis infection. Pract Neurol 2016; 16:223-6. [PMID: 26888797 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2015-001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although optic neuritis is commonly associated with multiple sclerosis, patients with atypical optic neuritis require further investigations to exclude other associated conditions. We report a woman presenting with cough, fatigue, atypical optic neuritis with chiasmitis. She responded partially to corticosteroids and we subsequently found she had a ground-glass lung nodule. Follow-up CT scan of thorax at 12 months showed new parenchymal lung lesions that suggested schistosomiasis. Further questioning by a respiratory physician identified, in retrospect, a previous exposure history; serological testing confirmed schistosoma infection. She was treated with praziquantel and slowly improved clinically, with radiological improvement in the optic chiasm, regression of the parenchymal lung lesions but with the ground glass nodule unchanged. We diagnosed parainfectious optic neuritis associated with schistosomiasis, based upon exposure history, serological confirmation and radiological features, together with the response to treatment, and having excluded other causes of an atypical optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinar Osman
- Neurosciences Department, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sally Hannigan
- Neurosciences Department, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Adam Ditchfield
- Neurosciences Department, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen Harden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Radiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ben Marshall
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ashwin Arnold Pinto
- Neurosciences Department, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Petroianu A, Buzatti KCDLR, Resende V, Sabino KR. Haematological and biochemical characteristics of the splenic effluent blood in schistosomal patients undergoing splenectomy. Rev Col Bras Cir 2014; 41:176-80. [PMID: 25140648 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-69912014000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess hematological and biochemical features of splenic effluent blood and their influence on the rise of hematological values after splenectomy. METHODS we studied 20 patients undergoing surgical treatment for schistosomatic portal hypertension. We collected blood samples for CBC, coagulation, bilirubin and albumin in the splenic vein (perioperative) and peripheral blood (immediately pre and postoperative periods). RESULTS the splenic blood showed higher values of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, as well as reduction of laboratory coagulation parameters in relation to peripheral blood collected preoperatively. In the postoperative peripheral blood there was an increase in the overall leukocytes and in their neutrophil component, and decreased levels of basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The other postoperative variables of complete blood count and coagulation tests were not different compared with the splenic blood. The albumin values were lower postoperatively when compared to preoperative and splenic blood. There were higher values of direct bilirubin in the postoperative period when compared with the preoperative and splenic blood. Postoperative indirect bilirubin was lower compared to its value in the splenic blood. CONCLUSION hematological and biochemical values of splenic effluent blood are higher than those found in peripheral blood in the presence of schistosomal splenomegaly. However, the splenic blood effluent is not sufficient to raise the blood levels found after splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Petroianu
- Department of Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Vivian Resende
- Department of Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Espírito-Santo MCC, Alvarado-Mora MV, Pinto PLS, de Brito T, Botelho-Lima L, Heath AR, Amorim MG, Dias-Neto E, Chieffi PP, Pinho JRR, Carrilho FJ, Luna EJA, Gryschek RCB. Detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection by TaqMan® Real-Time PCR in a hamster model. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:83-9. [PMID: 24858959 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study in hamsters was performed to evaluate the capability for detecting Schistosoma mansoni DNA in serum and fecal samples during the pre and post-egg-laying periods of infection using TaqMan® Real-Time PCR system (qPCR), was compared with the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) and the Kato-Katz technique, especially among individuals with low parasitic burden. Twenty-four hamsters were infected with cercariae. Three hamsters were sacrificed per week under anesthesia, from 7 days post infection (DPI) up to 56 DPI. A serum sample and a pool of feces were collected from each hamster. The presence of S. mansoni eggs in fecal samples was evaluated by Kato-Katz method and in the hamsters gutby histopathology. Detection of S. mansoni DNA was performed using qPCR and S. mansoni antibody using COPT. The first detection of eggs in feces by Kato-Katz method and S. mansoni DNA in feces by qPCR occurred 49 DPI. Nevertheless, S. mansoni DNA was detected in serum samples from 14 up to 56 DPI. COPT was positive at 35 DPI. The results not only confirm the reliability of S. mansoni DNA detection by qPCR, but also demonstrate that serum is a trustworthy source of DNA in the pre patent infection period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Viviana Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Silva Pinto
- Department of Enteroparasites of the Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales de Brito
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory of Medical Investigation 6, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Botelho-Lima
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Galli Amorim
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Center for International Research and Education (CIPE), Hospital AC Camargo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Center for International Research and Education (CIPE), Hospital AC Camargo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurociencies (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Chieffi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flair José Carrilho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory of Medical Investigation 6, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Cheng G, Luo R, Hu C, Lin J, Bai Z, Zhang B, Wang H. TiO2-based phosphoproteomic analysis of schistosomes: characterization of phosphorylated proteins in the different stages and sex of Schistosoma japonicum. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:729-42. [PMID: 23259596 DOI: 10.1021/pr3007864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an important posttranslational modification in many organisms that regulates numerous cellular processes. However, it remains poorly characterized in schistosomes, the causative agent of schistosomiasis in humans and related animals. In the present study, we characterized phosphorylated proteins in different stages and sex of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) including schistosomula (14 days), adult females (35 days), and adult males (35 days) by a titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) based phosphoproteomic method. A total of 180 phosphopeptides were identified in 148 proteins. Our further studies revealed that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), one of the phosphoproteins codetected in the different stage and sex of schistosomes, may play an important role in the regulation of schistosome development by directly or indirectly interacting with other codetected signal molecules. Additionally, some phosphoproteins were shown to be detected in a gender-specific manner, and the expressions of these proteins were further validated either by immunohistochemistry or by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at transcript levels between male and female schistosomes. In summary, these findings as well as the providing of an inventory of phosphoproteins are expected to provide new insights into schistosome development and sexual maturation and then may result in the development of novel interventions against schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Cheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Acute schistosomiasis in brazilian traveler: the importance of tourism in the epidemiology of neglected parasitic diseases. Case Rep Infect Dis 2012; 2012:650929. [PMID: 22844623 PMCID: PMC3403162 DOI: 10.1155/2012/650929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infectious diseases acquired in tourist areas may pose a challenge to physicians and to travel medicine practitioners. Acute schistosomiasis may be seen in returning travelers and migrants after primary infection. This form of schistosomiasis is frequently misdiagnosed due to its temporal delay and its nonspecific presentation and might occur even in countries where the disease is endemic, such as in Brazil. The patient developed the acute phase of schistosomiasis with severe clinical manifestations. The quantitative analysis revealed the presence of 240 eggs per gram of stool. The treatment was administered with oxamniquine, and the control of cure of the patient was monitored and was favorable. The present paper aims to emphasize the importance of a detailed clinical history including information regarding travel history.
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Identification and characterization of argonaute protein, Ago2 and its associated small RNAs in Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1745. [PMID: 22860145 PMCID: PMC3409120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex life cycle of the genus Schistosoma drives the parasites to employ subtle developmentally dependent gene regulatory machineries. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are essential gene regulatory factors that, through their impact on mRNA and genome stability, control stage-specific gene expression. Abundant sncRNAs have been identified in this genus. However, their functionally associated partners, Argonaute family proteins, which are the key components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), have not yet been fully explored. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to Schistosoma japonicum Argonaute protein Ago2 (SjAgo2), but not SjAgo1 and SjAgo3, were generated. Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) was subjected to immunoprecipitation with the mAbs and the captured SjAgo2 protein was subsequently confirmed by Western blot and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The small RNA population associated with native SjAgo2 in adult parasites was extracted from the immunoprecipitated complex and subjected to library construction. High-through-put sequencing of these libraries yielded a total of ≈50 million high-quality reads. Classification of these small RNAs showed that endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs) generated from transposable elements (TEs), especially from the subclasses of LINE and LTR, were prominent. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed that siRNAs derived from ten types of well-defined retrotransposons were dramatically enriched in the SjAgo2-specific libraries compared to small RNA libraries constructed with total small RNAs from separated adult worms. These results suggest that a key function of SjAgo2 is to maintain genome stability through suppressing the activities of retrotransposons. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we identified and characterized one of the three S. japonicum Argonautes, SjAgo2, and its associated small RNAs were found to be predominantly derived from particular classes of retrotransposons. Thus, a major function of SjAgo2 appears to associate with the maintenance of genome stability via suppression of retroelements. The data advance our understanding of the gene regulatory mechanisms in the blood fluke.
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Immunohistopathological changes in murine Schistosomiasis mansoni under the influence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1569-78. [PMID: 22773008 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The main pathology associated with Schistosomiasis mansoni is granulomatous inflammation that may develop into hepatosplenic disease with fibrosis and hepatoesplenomegaly. It is known that N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reduces tissue damage in chronic liver diseases owing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxifying properties. In this study, we investigated the imunohistopathological changes in murine schistosomiasis mansoni under the influence of NAC, in combination with Praziquantel (PZQ) or not. Three groups of mice were formed to evaluate the effects of NAC during infection in the acute, intermediate, and chronic phases. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups: NAC, PZQ, NAC + PZQ and control (without treatment). Oral administration of NAC (200 mg/kg/day) was carried out on the first day after infection for the acute phase and on the 45th for the intermediate and chronic phases for 59 and 45, 75 days, respectively. PZQ (100 mg/kg/day), was given orally by gavage from the 45th to 49th day after infection. Histopathological analysis of liver tissue provided evidence that combined NAC + PZQ treatment reduced the development of granulomas observed in the chronic phase. Animals treated with NAC and/or PZQ showed a reduction in the size of granulomas and all those treated with NAC exhibited a lower degree of fibrosis. In all groups, NAC decreased the synthesis of interferon-γ and nitric oxide, while increasing the levels of interleukin-10, but it did not influence the production of interleukin-4. On the whole, NAC treatment induced an immunomodulatory effect and reduced liver damage during the granulomatous inflammation in S. mansoni-infected mice.
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da Silva ACA, Neves JKDAL, Irmão JI, Costa VMA, Souza VMO, de Medeiros PL, da Silva EC, de Lima MDCA, Pitta IDR, Albuquerque MCPDA, Galdino SL. Study of the activity of 3-benzyl-5-(4-chloro-arylazo)-4-thioxo-imidazolidin-2-one against Schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:520524. [PMID: 22623908 PMCID: PMC3353485 DOI: 10.1100/2012/520524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies conducted with the imidazolidinic derivative 3-benzyl-5-(4-chloro-arylazo)-4-thioxo-imidazolidin-2-one (LPSF-PT05) show outstanding activity against adult Schistosoma mansoni worms in vitro. In the first phase of this study, S. mansoni-infected mice were treated, orally, with 100 mg/Kg of the LPSF-PT05 in three formulations: Tween 80 and saline solution, oil/water (70 : 30) emulsion, and solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol (PEG). In the second phase, three other doses of the LPSF-PT05 in PEG were tested: 3, 10, 30 mg/kg. These treatment regimens significantly reduced the number of recovered worms due to increases in the solubility of the compound in this formulation; the greatest reduction (70.5%) was observed at the dose of 100 mg/kg. There was no changes in the pattern of mature egg compared to immature eggs; however there was a significant increase in the number of dead eggs. Histopathological analysis of liver tissue showed changes in morphological aspects of the hepatic parenchyma with decrease exudative-productive hepatic granuloma stages, although we found no significant differences in IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, or NO production in response to the specific antigen SEA. The results show the derivative LPSF-PT05 to be a potential candidate in the etiological treatment of schistosomiasis with a possible dampening effect of the granulomatous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Cristina Apolinário da Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professors Moraes Rego 1265, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Zhou L, Tang J, Zhao Y, Gong R, Lu X, Gong L, Wang Y. A highly sensitive TaqMan real-time PCR assay for early detection of Schistosoma species. Acta Trop 2011; 120:88-94. [PMID: 21763257 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major infectious disease and a public health concern in many areas in China and other countries. Sensitive method for detection of the parasite is critical for early diagnosis and for monitoring of effective treatment of the disease. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection of Schistosoma japonicum DNA in mouse feces and serum samples. This assay was based on the DNA sequence of the S. japonicum 18S rRNA gene and was able to detect 10 fg of S. japonicum genomic DNA, which is 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. We were able to detect the S. japonicum DNA one week post-infection in mouse sera and 4 weeks post-infection in feces, which was one week earlier than egg detection by microscopy in feces. This assay was also highly specific for Asian Schistosomes which are causative species of human Schistosomiasis. In single sex male cercariae infected mice, parasite DNA was only detected in the first 4 weeks post-infection, suggesting that the DNA was derived from decaying worms' corpse in the first 4 weeks whereas the DNA was mainly from decaying parasite eggs afterwards. Therefore we conclude that the established TaqMan real-time PCR assay is a sensitive, specific and convenient method that could be used for the early diagnostic evaluation of S. japonicum infection in humans and for monitoring outbreaks in endemic areas with low prevalence.
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Catteau X, Fakhri A, Albert V, Doukoure B, Noël JC. Genital schistosomiasis in European women. ISRN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 2011:242140. [PMID: 21776398 PMCID: PMC3135015 DOI: 10.5402/2011/242140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is an isolated chronic form of schistosomiasis.
Although most infections occur in residents of endemic areas, it has been clearly documented that brief freshwater exposure is sufficient to establish infection; thus, travellers may also be infected. The clinical manifestations of FGS are nonspecific, and lesions may mimic any neoplastic or infectious process in the female genital tract. It is important to take a careful history and physical examination, making sure to consider travel history in endemic areas. The diagnosis is confirmed by microscopy with egg identification or by serology. The standard of care for treatment is a single dose of oral praziquantel which avoids complications and substantial morbidity. Herein, we report a rare and original case of FGS in a European woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Catteau
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Cough, Wheeze, and a Pruritic Rash After a Trip to Africa. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e3182042007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Juraschek SP, Bankova L, Falade O, Chow G, McKenzie R, Bhogal HK. An uncommon cause of portal hypertension: schistosomiasis. Am J Med 2011; 124:e7-8. [PMID: 21092928 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the era of the Three Gorges Dam. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:442-66. [PMID: 20375361 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00044-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis transmission in China has invoked considerable global concern. The TGD will result in changes in the water level and silt deposition downstream, favoring the reproduction of Oncomelania snails. Combined with blockages of the Yangtze River's tributaries, these changes will increase the schistosomiasis transmission season within the marshlands along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The changing schistosome transmission dynamics necessitate a comprehensive strategy to control schistosomiasis. This review discusses aspects of the epidemiology and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China and considers the pathology, clinical outcomes, diagnosis, treatment, immunobiology, and genetics of schistosomiasis japonica together with an overview of current progress in vaccine development, all of which will have an impact on future control efforts. The use of synchronous praziquantel (PZQ) chemotherapy for humans and domestic animals is only temporarily effective, as schistosome reinfection occurs rapidly. Drug delivery requires a substantial infrastructure to regularly cover all parts of an area of endemicity. This makes chemotherapy expensive and, as compliance is often low, a less than satisfactory control option. There is increasing disquiet about the possibility that PZQ-resistant schistosomes will develop. Consequently, as mathematical modeling predicts, vaccine strategies represent an essential component in the future control of schistosomiasis in China. With the inclusion of focal mollusciciding, improvements in sanitation, and health education into the control scenario, China's target of reducing the level of schistosome infection to less than 1% by 2015 may be achievable.
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Chen J, Yang Y, Guo S, Peng J, Liu Z, Li J, Lin J, Cheng G. Molecular cloning and expression profiles of Argonaute proteins in Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:889-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Eosinophilia in returning travellers and migrants from the tropics: UK recommendations for investigation and initial management. J Infect 2010; 60:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cerebral schistosomiasis--an unusual presentation of an intracranial mass lesion. Can J Neurol Sci 2009; 36:244-7. [PMID: 19378723 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100006624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abe M, Muhoho ND, Sunahara T, Moji K, Yamamoto T, Aoki Y. Effect of communal piped water supply on pattern of water use and transmission of schistosomiasis haematobia in an endemic area of Kenya. Trop Med Health 2009. [DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2009-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Katayama syndrome is an early clinical manifestation of schistosomiasis that occurs several weeks post-infection with Schistosoma spp (trematode) worms. Because of this temporal delay and its non-specific presentation, it is the form of schistosomiasis most likely to be misdiagnosed by travel medicine physicians and infectious disease specialists in non-endemic countries. Katayama syndrome appears between 14-84 days after non-immune individuals are exposed to first schistosome infection or heavy reinfection. Disease onset appears to be related to migrating schistosomula and egg deposition with individuals typically presenting with nocturnal fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and abdominal tenderness. Serum antibodies and schistosome egg excretion often substantiate infection if detected. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates are found radiologically, and almost all cases have eosinophilia and a history of water contact 14-84 days before presentation of clinical symptoms; patients respond well to regimens of praziquantel with and without steroids. Artemisinin treatment given early after exposure may decrease the risk of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Ross
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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de Araújo SC, de Mattos ACA, Teixeira HF, Coelho PMZ, Nelson DL, de Oliveira MC. Improvement of in vitro efficacy of a novel schistosomicidal drug by incorporation into nanoemulsions. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:307-15. [PMID: 17292573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article included the development and evaluation of the capacity of nanoemulsions to improve the activity of the novel schistosomicidal drug-2-(butylamino)-1-phenyl-1-ethanethiosulfuric acid (BphEA). BphEA is a compound with a poor solubility in water, which makes its application as a drug difficult. Nanoemulsion formulations presenting anionic (NANOSTOA, NANOST and NANOLP) and cationic (NANOSTE) interfacial charges were prepared to encapsulate BphEA. These formulations were characterized by the encapsulation rate, diameter, and zeta potential. NANOSTOA, NANOST, and NANOLP presented an entrapment efficiency and zeta potential of 18.7+/-1.8% and -33.6+/-1.2 mV; 20.5+/-3.0% and -31.5+/-5.7 mV; as well as 33.8+/-7.2% and -62.6+/-1.3 mV, respectively. NANOSTE presented an entrapment efficiency of 51.8+/-5.0% and a zeta potential of 25.7+/-3.9 mV. The mean droplet size (between 200 and 252 nm) and polydispersity index (between 0.158 and 0.294) were similar for all formulations. The stability study showed no alteration in these formulations' zeta potential and size. The in vitro schistosomicidal activity of BphEA was higher with the use of NANOSTE than with free BphEA. In addition, release studies revealed a good stability of NANOSTE containing BphEA in a biological medium. These results indicate that cationic nanoemulsions can represent an interesting delivery system for the pharmaceutical formulation of BphEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávia Caldeira de Araújo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Toovey S, Moerman F, van Gompel A. Special infectious disease risks of expatriates and long-term travelers in tropical countries. Part II: infections other than malaria. J Travel Med 2007; 14:50-60. [PMID: 17241254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases pose risk to long-term tropical travelers. Risk varies geographically and with lifestyle. For some infections, risk increases with duration of stay, coming to resemble that of the local population. Risk management strategies include vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, avoidance measures, and screening, where appropriate. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B, typhoid, and rabies is recommended for all long-term travelers to (sub-)tropical areas. Lowering of the vaccination threshold for Japanese encephalitis is suggested. Meningococcal disease is rare in travelers, but vaccination is safe and acceptable. The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is uncertain; immunological testing avoids BCG's confounding of tuberculin testing. Diarrhea is common, and self-treatment may be recommended. Sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are serious risks; education, screening, and HIV postexposure prophylaxis following involuntary exposure are recommended. Many infections are chronic or asymptomatic, and appropriate screening is recommended on return or after prolonged exposure.
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A. Ali S, . MAH. Effect of Ailanthus altissima and Zizyphus spina-christi on Bilharzial Infestation in Mice: Histological and Histopathological Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2006.1437.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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